连贯复句关系标记研究
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摘要
关系标记是复句中标明前后分句语义关系的单位。在复句研究方面,越来越多的人开始关注关系标记的研究。对不同复句的关系标记进行研究,既可以更好地了解复句语义连接的各种问题,也能够对促进计算机识别汉语复句的识别产生一定的作用。本文针对语法学界关注较少的连贯复句关系标记进行研究。以笔者搜集到的语料为基础,结合“三个平面”理论,利用统计分析和对比分析的方法,对连贯复句关系标记的句法、语义、语用和具体个例的对比做出分析。
文章首先讨论了连贯复句关系标记的分类。依据前人已有的研究成果,我们确定了“然后”等27个连贯复句关系标记。这些连贯复句关系标记根据表明复句所表示的事件或动作的先后顺序,分为起始标记、接续标记和结尾标记三类。在接续标记当中,又可以根据标示前后分句语义关系是否明确或单独使用用例的多少,再分成甲类接续标记“然后”、“接着”、“随后”等和乙类接续标记“又”、“再”、“就”等。
其次,从句法层面讨论了连贯复句关系标记的单用、连用和搭配使用的情况。连贯标记中只有接续标记以及“一……就……”等固定结构可以单用。单用时在分句中的位置与词性以及后一分句是否有主语有关。连贯关系标记的连用可以分为两项连用和三项连用,而且只有接续标记内部以及接续标记和结尾标记见存在连用式。连用式只能用在后一分句的谓语之前,做分句的状语。连贯标记的连用机制是一方面起到了突出、强化的作用,使语义内容表现得更加明显；另一方面满足了语言表达精确化的要求,使语义更加明确。在搭配使用时,起始标记和结尾标记并不是搭配组合中必须的,而接续标记在每一类搭配形式中都必须出现。连贯关系标记搭配使用的复句与接续标记单用的复句相比,更能把事件或者状态前后相继发生的完整状态表现出来,更加有步骤感和调理感。
接着,文章讨论了连贯关系标记在复句中表明的语义关系。“先后相继”是有标连贯复句突显的事件之间的一种认识关系。分句语义间的认识关系形成要以事理关系为基础,所以连贯关系标记除了反映“先后相继”的认识关系外,也反映了不同的事理关系。这类事理关系主要包括连贯关系和并列关系。在事理关系的基础之上,人们对前后分句所表达的语义关系在认识关系层面还可以有不用的理解。连贯复句当中突显的是先后顺承的认识关系,但也隐含其他类型的认识关系。这类认识关系主要有因果关系和转折关系。连贯关系标记在反映这些不用层面的语义关系是主要起到了显示、选示和转化的作用。
最后,我们讨论了“然后”和“后来”这一对容易混用的连贯标记,以及“于是”与一般连贯关系标记和因果关系标记的异同。我们借助前面讨论的结果,从句法和语义两个层面对这些关系标记做出分析,并具体指出它们在语用上的特点。
Relation marker is a semantic unit which marks the semantic relations between clauses before and after in Chinese compound sentences. More and more researchers began to pay close attention on the research of relation markers in compound sentences. By doing the research of different kinds of relation markers, it will help us to gain a better understanding of semantic connections as well as to have some positive effects on the computer recognition of Chinese compound sentences.In this paper, I intend to do some researches of the relation markers which arisen less attention in the grammar field. My research is based on the materials I have collected and related to the theory known as "Three Levels" in grammar. By using the methods of statistic analysis and comparative analysis, I will give the analysis of syntactic structures, semantic content and pragmatic function of the temporal relation markers in compound sentences.
There are four parts in my paper. In part one, I discussed the classification of temporal relation markers. Based on the existing research results, we defined27relation markers such as "然后". According to the orders of the events and actions in the compound sentences, these relation markers are divided into three categories which are the starting markers, the ensuing markers, and the ending markers.This classification depends on the order of the events or actions. At the same time, ensuing markers can be divided into two subclasses according to the clearness of the semantic relations between clauses and the amount of examples which are used alone, such as ensuing markers A,"然后","接着","随后"and ensuing markers B,"又","再","就"
In part two, I discussed the use of three kinds of temporal relation markers from the syntactic level. Firstly, among all the temporal markers only some fixed structures such as "-一……”就……”can be used alone.And its position in the compound sentences depends on the parts of speech and the subjects in the following clause. Secondly, the collocation of temporal relation markers can be divided into two forms,such as two words collocation and three words collocation. And such kinds of collocation only exists in ensuing markers and ending markers. The collocation can only be used before the predicate as an adverbial in the following clause.The temporal relation markers has two main functions. On one hand, it play a key role in bringing out the semantic content; on the other hand, it meets the requirements to express the language more clearly and makes the semantic representation more accurate. When the temporal relation markers collocate together, it is not necessary to use the starting markers and ending markers together, while the temporal relation markers must be used together in every kind of collocation. Compared with the single use of the temporal relation markers, the collocation form of temporal relation markers can make a complete expression of the situations or events and seems to be more logical.
In part three, I discussed the semantic relations which are indicated by the temporal relation markers.The most obvious cognitive relation of the temporal compound sentences is that all the events happened successively. As the foundation of cognitive relations, we can also draw some reflections of the subjective relations of compound sentences from the temporal relation markers besides the cognitive relation. Such kinds of subjective relation can be divided into coherence relation and coordinative relation. Meanwhile,there are different kinds of understandings of the cognitive relations. The obvious cognitive relation in compound sentences is the successiveness, but it can also implys to other kinds of cognitive relation such as causal relation and adversative relation. The temporal relation markers play the role as indication, selection and transformation when reflecting these different semantic relations.
In the last part of my paper, I discussed one pair of confusing temporal relation markers ":然后”and“后来”as well as the similarities and differences between "J" 是”and the normal temporal relation markers and causal relation markers. I gave the analysis from both of the syntactic and nematic level and especially pointed out their pragmatically characteristics based on our former results.
文章首先讨论了连贯复句关系标记的分类。依据前人已有的研究成果,我们确定了“然后”等27个连贯复句关系标记。这些连贯复句关系标记根据表明复句所表示的事件或动作的先后顺序,分为起始标记、接续标记和结尾标记三类。在接续标记当中,又可以根据标示前后分句语义关系是否明确或单独使用用例的多少,再分成甲类接续标记“然后”、“接着”、“随后”等和乙类接续标记“又”、“再”、“就”等。
其次,从句法层面讨论了连贯复句关系标记的单用、连用和搭配使用的情况。连贯标记中只有接续标记以及“一……就……”等固定结构可以单用。单用时在分句中的位置与词性以及后一分句是否有主语有关。连贯关系标记的连用可以分为两项连用和三项连用,而且只有接续标记内部以及接续标记和结尾标记见存在连用式。连用式只能用在后一分句的谓语之前,做分句的状语。连贯标记的连用机制是一方面起到了突出、强化的作用,使语义内容表现得更加明显；另一方面满足了语言表达精确化的要求,使语义更加明确。在搭配使用时,起始标记和结尾标记并不是搭配组合中必须的,而接续标记在每一类搭配形式中都必须出现。连贯关系标记搭配使用的复句与接续标记单用的复句相比,更能把事件或者状态前后相继发生的完整状态表现出来,更加有步骤感和调理感。
接着,文章讨论了连贯关系标记在复句中表明的语义关系。“先后相继”是有标连贯复句突显的事件之间的一种认识关系。分句语义间的认识关系形成要以事理关系为基础,所以连贯关系标记除了反映“先后相继”的认识关系外,也反映了不同的事理关系。这类事理关系主要包括连贯关系和并列关系。在事理关系的基础之上,人们对前后分句所表达的语义关系在认识关系层面还可以有不用的理解。连贯复句当中突显的是先后顺承的认识关系,但也隐含其他类型的认识关系。这类认识关系主要有因果关系和转折关系。连贯关系标记在反映这些不用层面的语义关系是主要起到了显示、选示和转化的作用。
最后,我们讨论了“然后”和“后来”这一对容易混用的连贯标记,以及“于是”与一般连贯关系标记和因果关系标记的异同。我们借助前面讨论的结果,从句法和语义两个层面对这些关系标记做出分析,并具体指出它们在语用上的特点。
Relation marker is a semantic unit which marks the semantic relations between clauses before and after in Chinese compound sentences. More and more researchers began to pay close attention on the research of relation markers in compound sentences. By doing the research of different kinds of relation markers, it will help us to gain a better understanding of semantic connections as well as to have some positive effects on the computer recognition of Chinese compound sentences.In this paper, I intend to do some researches of the relation markers which arisen less attention in the grammar field. My research is based on the materials I have collected and related to the theory known as "Three Levels" in grammar. By using the methods of statistic analysis and comparative analysis, I will give the analysis of syntactic structures, semantic content and pragmatic function of the temporal relation markers in compound sentences.
There are four parts in my paper. In part one, I discussed the classification of temporal relation markers. Based on the existing research results, we defined27relation markers such as "然后". According to the orders of the events and actions in the compound sentences, these relation markers are divided into three categories which are the starting markers, the ensuing markers, and the ending markers.This classification depends on the order of the events or actions. At the same time, ensuing markers can be divided into two subclasses according to the clearness of the semantic relations between clauses and the amount of examples which are used alone, such as ensuing markers A,"然后","接着","随后"and ensuing markers B,"又","再","就"
In part two, I discussed the use of three kinds of temporal relation markers from the syntactic level. Firstly, among all the temporal markers only some fixed structures such as "-一……”就……”can be used alone.And its position in the compound sentences depends on the parts of speech and the subjects in the following clause. Secondly, the collocation of temporal relation markers can be divided into two forms,such as two words collocation and three words collocation. And such kinds of collocation only exists in ensuing markers and ending markers. The collocation can only be used before the predicate as an adverbial in the following clause.The temporal relation markers has two main functions. On one hand, it play a key role in bringing out the semantic content; on the other hand, it meets the requirements to express the language more clearly and makes the semantic representation more accurate. When the temporal relation markers collocate together, it is not necessary to use the starting markers and ending markers together, while the temporal relation markers must be used together in every kind of collocation. Compared with the single use of the temporal relation markers, the collocation form of temporal relation markers can make a complete expression of the situations or events and seems to be more logical.
In part three, I discussed the semantic relations which are indicated by the temporal relation markers.The most obvious cognitive relation of the temporal compound sentences is that all the events happened successively. As the foundation of cognitive relations, we can also draw some reflections of the subjective relations of compound sentences from the temporal relation markers besides the cognitive relation. Such kinds of subjective relation can be divided into coherence relation and coordinative relation. Meanwhile,there are different kinds of understandings of the cognitive relations. The obvious cognitive relation in compound sentences is the successiveness, but it can also implys to other kinds of cognitive relation such as causal relation and adversative relation. The temporal relation markers play the role as indication, selection and transformation when reflecting these different semantic relations.
In the last part of my paper, I discussed one pair of confusing temporal relation markers ":然后”and“后来”as well as the similarities and differences between "J" 是”and the normal temporal relation markers and causal relation markers. I gave the analysis from both of the syntactic and nematic level and especially pointed out their pragmatically characteristics based on our former results.
引文
①姚双云.复句关系标记的搭配研究武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2008: 20
②本文一律使用"关系标记"来替代关联词语、联系词等术语。
③邢福义.汉语复句研究[M].北京：商务印书馆，2001: 26
⑥参见：张学成.论复句语义的三种关系[J].杭州师范学院学报，1992(4)
⑦张斌.新编现代汉语上海：复旦大学出版社，2001: 265
[1]侯学超.现代汉语虚词词典[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1999
[2]黄伯荣,廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002
[3]黎锦熙.新著国语文法[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社,2007
[4]廖秋忠.廖秋忠文集.[M].北京：北京语言学院出版社,1992
[5]吕叔湘,王海菜.《马氏文通》读本[M].上海：上海教育出版社,2005
[6]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982
[7]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词(增订本)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999
[8]邢福义.汉语复句研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001
[9]徐阳春.现代汉语复句句式研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002
[10]姚双云.复句关系标记的搭配研究[M].武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2008
[11]张斌.现代汉语虚词词典[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001
[12]张斌.新编现代汉语[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2001
[13]张谊生.现代汉语虚词[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2000
[14]赵恩芳,唐雪凝.现代汉语复句研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1998
[15]周刚.连词与相关问题[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2004
[1]丁志丛.汉语有标转折复句的关系标记模式及使用情况考察[D].长沙：湖南师范大学博士论文,2008
[2]高文.接着及同类词的多角度研究[D].上海师范大学硕士论文,2009
[3]郭志良.汉语复句问题的思考[J].语言研究,2002(1)
[4]胡金柱,舒江波,罗进军.汉语复句中分句的语义关联特征[J].语言文字应用,2010(4)
[5]金慧婷.连接词“后来”及其衔接功能[J].长春师范学院学报(人文社会科学版),2011(1)
[6]金晓艳,马庆株.汉语时间连接成分的位置考察[J].语言科学,2010(3)
[7]金晓艳,彭爽.后时连接成分辨析[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2005(4)
[8]金晓艳.后时连接成分的连用与合用[J].汉语学习,2006(2)
[9]刘育雁.时间连接成分“然后、以后、后来”的篇章功能与习得情况考察[D].吉林：吉林大学硕士论文,2011
[10]刘云.复句关系词语离析度考察[J].语言教学与研究,2008(6)
[11]王琳.基于本体的汉语复句语义分析[D].武汉：华中师范大学硕十论文,2006
[12]谢晓明.假设类复句关系词语连用情况考察[J].汉语学报,2010(2)
[13]张学成.论复句语义的三种关系[J].杭州师范学院学报,1992(4)
[14]张学成.再论复句语义的三种关系[J].杭州师范学院学报,1999(5)
[15]周绍珩.马丁内的语言功能观和语言经济原则[J].当代语言学,1980(4)
[16]祝克懿.并列复句和承接复句的话语结构[J].信阳师范学院院报(哲学社会科学版),1988(8)
②本文一律使用"关系标记"来替代关联词语、联系词等术语。
③邢福义.汉语复句研究[M].北京：商务印书馆，2001: 26
⑥参见：张学成.论复句语义的三种关系[J].杭州师范学院学报，1992(4)
⑦张斌.新编现代汉语上海：复旦大学出版社，2001: 265
[1]侯学超.现代汉语虚词词典[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1999
[2]黄伯荣,廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002
[3]黎锦熙.新著国语文法[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社,2007
[4]廖秋忠.廖秋忠文集.[M].北京：北京语言学院出版社,1992
[5]吕叔湘,王海菜.《马氏文通》读本[M].上海：上海教育出版社,2005
[6]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982
[7]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词(增订本)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999
[8]邢福义.汉语复句研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001
[9]徐阳春.现代汉语复句句式研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002
[10]姚双云.复句关系标记的搭配研究[M].武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2008
[11]张斌.现代汉语虚词词典[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001
[12]张斌.新编现代汉语[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2001
[13]张谊生.现代汉语虚词[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2000
[14]赵恩芳,唐雪凝.现代汉语复句研究[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1998
[15]周刚.连词与相关问题[M].合肥：安徽教育出版社,2004
[1]丁志丛.汉语有标转折复句的关系标记模式及使用情况考察[D].长沙：湖南师范大学博士论文,2008
[2]高文.接着及同类词的多角度研究[D].上海师范大学硕士论文,2009
[3]郭志良.汉语复句问题的思考[J].语言研究,2002(1)
[4]胡金柱,舒江波,罗进军.汉语复句中分句的语义关联特征[J].语言文字应用,2010(4)
[5]金慧婷.连接词“后来”及其衔接功能[J].长春师范学院学报(人文社会科学版),2011(1)
[6]金晓艳,马庆株.汉语时间连接成分的位置考察[J].语言科学,2010(3)
[7]金晓艳,彭爽.后时连接成分辨析[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2005(4)
[8]金晓艳.后时连接成分的连用与合用[J].汉语学习,2006(2)
[9]刘育雁.时间连接成分“然后、以后、后来”的篇章功能与习得情况考察[D].吉林：吉林大学硕士论文,2011
[10]刘云.复句关系词语离析度考察[J].语言教学与研究,2008(6)
[11]王琳.基于本体的汉语复句语义分析[D].武汉：华中师范大学硕十论文,2006
[12]谢晓明.假设类复句关系词语连用情况考察[J].汉语学报,2010(2)
[13]张学成.论复句语义的三种关系[J].杭州师范学院学报,1992(4)
[14]张学成.再论复句语义的三种关系[J].杭州师范学院学报,1999(5)
[15]周绍珩.马丁内的语言功能观和语言经济原则[J].当代语言学,1980(4)
[16]祝克懿.并列复句和承接复句的话语结构[J].信阳师范学院院报(哲学社会科学版),1988(8)