榉树的生物学特性和微繁技术研究
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摘要
榉属隶属榆科,我国有3种,分别是大叶榉Zelkova schneideriana Hand. -Mazz.,光叶榉Z. serrata(Thunb.)Makino和大果榉(小叶榉)Z.sinica Schneid。它们不仅是珍贵的硬质阔叶用材树种,也是良好的造园树种。榉木材质优良,花纹美丽,抗压能力、耐水湿性和耐腐朽性强,是室内装饰和高档家具的首选材料,也是船舰、桥梁、建筑、车辆等的高档用材,深受国际国内欢迎,市场价格昂贵。由于过度采伐,我国的野生榉树资源已经相当匮乏,国家已将它列为二类保护植物。
     国内外对榉属植物的研究,一直停留在形态描述、生长发育的一般规律和常规栽培技术上,尚未见到系统和更深层次的研究报道。因此,本文从植物形态学、分子生物学和细胞工程的角度出发,研究榉树的生物学和细胞生物学特性,阐明榉树遗传变异的规律,为开展榉树原生质体培养、细胞融合等细胞工程的研究提供理论依据;进行榉树组织培养快速繁殖技术研究,为保护我国珍贵的榉树资源和榉树苗木的产业化提供思路和技术。在理论研究和实际应用中都具有十分重要的意义。
     本研究以大叶榉为主要材料,大果榉和光叶榉作为辅助研究材料,通过组织培养技术,利用大叶榉的不同外植体,成功地诱导了愈伤组织并获得再生植株;采用染色体制片技术观察榉属植物的细胞分裂过程,按李懋学等规定的标准进行染色体计数并结合Leica Qwin软件分析染色体的核型;研究大叶榉不同继代时间的愈伤组织、不同诱导途径形成的再生植株染色体数目的稳定性;采用RAPD技术,研究榉属植物、大叶榉愈伤组织和再生植株等在DNA水平上的差异;利用松散的愈伤组织,采用细胞悬浮培养技术,建立细胞悬浮体系,并进行悬浮培养动力学研究;采用石蜡切片技术和细胞活体观察技术,研究大叶榉组织培养物和再生植株的形态发生过程。研究结果表明,分布于我国的3种榉属植物,在形态特征和生物学特性上都有很大的相似性,同时又存在着较明显的区别,主要表现在树干颜色、叶质和叶形、冬芽的形状以及果实的形态和大小等方面。光叶榉和大叶榉叶尖为渐尖型,叶面积系数较大,分别为0.735和0.728,大果榉的叶尖为尾尖,叶面积系数相对较小,为0.714,说明叶面积系数与叶片的形态特征直接相关;光叶榉叶质为薄纸质,其它两种均为厚纸质。果实的千粒重分别为:大果榉26.89g、大叶榉15.86g和光叶榉13.30g。榉属3种植物都有典型的植物细胞的有丝分裂过程。它们的染色体数目均为28,但在核型组成上有差异,它们的核型公式分别为:大叶榉2n=2x=28=7m+7sm;光叶榉2n=2x=28=13m+1sm;大果榉2n=2x=28=10m+4sm。它们在DNA的组成
    
    博l:学位论文:禅树的生物学特性和微繁技术研究
    上存在差别,采用改良Cl…AB法抽提3种植物的DNA,从180个引物中筛选到8个
    引物,这8个引物都能将3种样属植物一次性区分开来。从形态特征、生物学特性
    和遗传学特性等方面分析,大叶样和光叶样的遗传距离较近,大果样与它们的距离
    相对较远。
     大叶样愈伤组织诱导、继代培养和植株再生的适宜培养基为WPM培养基。细
    胞分裂素BA、生长素NAA为适合大叶样组织培养的植物激素。外植体的来源和取
    材季节、光照强度和pH等因素都对大叶样愈伤组织的诱导和继代培养有影响。聚乙
    烯毗咯烷酮(PvP)和硝酸银(AgNO:)对大叶样愈伤组织的褐变有很好的抑制作用,
    抗坏血酸(Vc)也具有一定的抑制作用,而活性炭的抑制效果不明显。大叶样茎段
    和成熟胚等外植体可以通过直接器官发生途径获得再生植株。一般先分化形成芽,
    再通过诱导生根获得完整再生植株,实生苗幼嫩茎段在wPM十BAI.o mg.L一‘培养基
    直接形成丛生芽,成熟胚在wPM+B AZ.o mg,L一‘+N AAI.o mg.L一‘培养基直接形成丛
    生芽,成年树当年萌发嫩枝的带节茎段,在Ms十BA3,0 mg.L一,中直接形成侧芽。大
    叶样的子叶、胚轴、叶片、顶芽和茎段等外植体,可以通过愈伤组织再分化的间接
    器官发生途径获得再生植株。不同外植体诱导的愈伤组织不定芽的分化培养基不同,
    子时一、胚轴等的最适分化培养基为wPM+NAAZ.o mg.L一’十BAZ.o mg.L一’,芽的诱导率
    分别为56.2%和48.6%;各个时期的胚和茎段诱导的愈伤组织最适分化培养基为
    wPM+B Al .0 mg.L一,,芽的诱导率分别为47.3%和68.9%。诱导生根培养基为:
    wpM+扭A0,5 mg.L一’+2.0g.L’‘活性炭,生根率为46.7%。根系发达的再生苗移栽到红
    黄壤与珍珠岩混合的营养钵中,成活率达82.0%。将小苗移栽到装有田土的花盆中
    定植,于常温下培养,成活率达91.2%,当年苗木平均高度68.Icm,最高达到95.6cm。
     通过染色体数目观察和DNA的RAPD分析,发现大叶样愈伤组织的染色体数目
    的变异率随着继代培养时间的延长而增加。茎段分生组织通过直接诱导成苗途径形
    成的再生植株,未发现染色体数目变异,遗传稳定性好。通过愈伤组织再分化的间
    接发生途径形成的再生植株,染色体数目发生了变异,变异率为3.3%一6.7%。RAPD
    分析结果表明,继代17次的愈伤组织和茎段愈伤组织形成的再生植株在DNA水平
    上都发生了变异。
     建立了大叶样的悬浮培养体系,悬浮培养最佳条件为:最适接种量30g.L一,(鲜
    重),继代周期7~8天,摇床转速
The genus Zelkova, belongs to family Ulmaceae, has 10 spicies, of which 3 distribute in China. They are Zelkova schneideriana Hand. -Mazz., Z. Serrrata(Thunb.) Makino and Z sinica Schneid. Among them, Z. schneideriana is not only a broad-leaf hard-wood species, but also a high-value one for gardening. Due to its high quality with beautiful veins, and physical properties in timber, Z schneideriana is popular in both international and domestical market for indoors' decoration, furniture making, as well as for architectures and vehicles' making. Becused of uncontrolled commercial logging, Zelkova is now an endengour spicies and listed in 2nd class in the red book of endengour spicies in Chian.
    Up to now, there was no systematic research work on Zelkova reported, and only morphology describing, basical biological peroperties, sivilculture, nurses techniques contucted.. It is important to conduct a systematic studies on its ecology, and genetics, cell biology, and microprogate technology of Z. schneideeriana on the level of molecule and cell engineering, which can provide theory and technology for plant cell engineering and contemporarily provide industrialization technology for protecting and plantation the Zelkova recourses in China.
    Z,. schneideriana, Z. serrata and Z. sinica Schneid were the research material in our work. We developed a technology of tissue culture and regenerating saplings, observed and analyzed the process of cell splitting, chromosome characters of plants, callus and regenerated plant.. RAPD was applied to analyze the differences under DNA level among Zelkova plants, callus and regenerated saplings. The incompact callus was used to conduct cell suspension culture and then the cell-suspend-system and its dynamic was set up and studied. The conformation process of the culture callus and regenerated plantlet was analyzed.
    The results showed that there were distinct differences in characteristics of both morphology and biology among the three Zelkova species distributed in China, such as trunk color, leaf quality and shape, winter buds and their fruit shape and size, etc. Leaf-area coefficient had direct correlation with leaf morphology. Z. schneideriana Hand.-Mazz. and Z. serrata(Thunb.) Makino have a acuminate leaf with leaf-area coefficient of 0.735 and 0.728, while Z. sinica Schneid was trail-tine shaped leaf, with coefficient of 0.714. The leaf of Zelkova schneideriana was thiner than those of others . The weight of per-thousand-seed was 26.89g of Z. sinica Schneid, 15.86g of Z. schneideriana Hand.-Mazz and and 13.30g of Z. serrata (Thunb.), respectively.
    The cell of the three species was typical karyokinesis. Although they had the same chromosome number of 28, the build up of chromosome type were different. The formula of chromosome type were
    
    
    
    
    as followed: Z.schneideriana 2n = 2x = 28 = 7m + 7sm; Z serrata 2n = 2x = 28 =13m +1sm; Z sinica 2n = 2x = 28 = 10m +4sm. Furthermore, the differences of their DNA build up could be distinguished immediately form the DNA extraction by improved CTAB method and by 8 primers which were screened out from 180 primers.
    WPM was the optimum media for inducting callus , subculture and regenerate of plant on Zelkova schneideriana. Induction and subculture of callus of Zelkova schneideriana was affected by sorts of auxin, its concentration, the source and season of the explant collection, illumination intensity and pH, etc. PVP and AgNO3 were effective to restrain browning of callus, and Vc had less effectiveness while active carbon had no effect.
    Regeneration plantlet was obtained from ex-plant of stem and mature embryo by means of direct organ-developing.. At first, a , bud developed from the explant and then an integrity saplings occurred by root inducement. The young stem of seedlings developed cluster buds on WPM+1.0 mg.L-1BA media, and mature embryo did so on WPM+2.0 mg.L-1BA+1.0 mg.L-1NAA media; the bourgeon of mature tree developed side buds on MS+3.0 mg.L-1BA media. The other explant such as cotyledon, hypocotyls, leaf, top-bud and stem, etc., devel
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