国有煤矿煤工尘肺患者中结核的流行病学及控制措施的研究
|
摘要
肺结核是尘肺主要的并发症,也是尘肺患者死亡的主要原因之一。大量的流行病学资料表明,尘肺患者是发生肺结核的高危人群。尘肺结核是多因素共同作用引起的疾病。这些因素包括环境因素、当地矿区和居民结核的流行情况、尘肺结核的控制措施、尘肺患者的遗传因素、感染的结核杆菌的菌型特征等。本研究应用现况调查研究方法,在国有煤矿中选取6个煤矿的所有存活尘肺患者进行问卷调查,采集血液标本、收集结核菌株,分析煤工尘肺结核流行的现状和分布特征；采用现况调查和访谈的方式分析煤工尘肺结核控制的现状,存在的问题,提出有针对性的尘肺结核的控制策略和措施；采用1：1配比的病例对照研究方法,应用限制性片断长度多态性聚合酶链反应方法(PCR-RFLP)检测TNF-α-238G/A、-308G/A的基因多态性,分析遗传因素和环境因素的交互作用；采用MIRU分型方法分析尘肺结核菌株的基因型特征和影响因素；从而为尘肺结核的防制提供理论依据。本研究的主要结果如下：
1.6个煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率为13.63%。不同地区煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率不同(P<0.0001),安徽C矿尘肺结核的合并率最高,达23.26%；其次是辽宁D矿、北京B矿、山东F矿和河北A矿,其尘肺结核的合并率分别为17.47%、17.02%、10.99%、8.90%；河南E矿的尘肺结核合并率最低为1.41%。影响尘肺合并结核的因素有人均月收入、人均居住面积、尘肺发病的病程、结核接触史、工种、尘肺期别、煤矿别、开始接尘年代。
2.煤工尘肺患者结核病知识／意识差；煤工尘肺结核患者以被动发现为主；煤矿企业的职防与结防机构防治尘肺结核的工作有待改善,职防与结防工作人员学历偏低,非专业人员挤占专业岗位。
3.病例组中,TNF-α-308位点GG、GA、AA三种基因型频率分别为53.10%、40.71%和6.19%；对照组中这三种基因型频率分别为68.14%、28.32%和3.54%,两组人群基因型频率差异无显著性(x2=5.44,P=0.07)。病例组和对照组携带TNF-α-308A等位基因的频率分别为26.55%和17.70%,病例组比对照组高,差异有显著性(x2=5.14,P=0.02)。病例组中,TNF-α-238位点GG、GA、AA三种基因型频率分别为87.61%、10.62%和1.77%,对照组中这三种基因型频率分别为92.92%、7.08%和0,两组基因型频率分布差别无统计学意义(x2=1.81,P=0.19)。病例组和对照组携带TNF-α-238A等位基因的频率分别为7.08%和3.54%,病例组比对照组高,但差异无显著性(x2=2.82,P=0.09)。经年龄、体质指数、卡介苗接种史、结核接触史、开始接尘年龄、接尘工龄等因素调整后,携带TNF-α-238GA/AA型者发生肺结核的危险性与携带TNF-α-238GG型者发生肺结核的危险性差异无显著性(OR=4.295,x2=1.27,P=0.2598)；TNF-a-308GA/AA发生肺结核的危险性是TNF-a-308GG型的3.959(95%CI：1.297-12.086)倍,呈明显的等位基因效应关系。以TTNF-a-238GG和TNF-a-308GG为参照组,TNF-a-238GG和TNF-a-308GA发生肺结核的风险是参照组的1.98(95%CI：1.06-3.71,P=0.0118)倍；其他组合与参照组比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。基因与环境交互作用的病例对照研究设计分析结果表明以BMI<20和TNF-a-308GG基因型为参照组,BMI≥20和TNF-a-308GA或AA基因型共同存在时,交互作用产生的ORint为26.85,提示此基因变异与BMI之间存在正交互作用(似然比检验,P=0.0024)。TNF-a-238位点和TNF-a-308位点与卡介苗接种史及结核接触史存在负交互作用。
4.结核杆菌临床分离株按是否成簇分为两型。成簇菌株可根据聚类分型的结果分为10型。在成簇菌株中,以Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ型所占比例较大。北京B矿收集到的菌株多聚集在Ⅲ型(7／42)、Ⅳ型(6／42)和Ⅶ型(7／42)；安徽C矿收集到的菌株多聚集在第V型(9／18)和Ⅳ型(4／18)。尘肺患者结核菌株多聚集在Ⅳ型(7／20)；非尘肺患者结核菌株多聚集在Ⅲ型(5／40)、Ⅴ型(9／40)和Ⅶ型(5／40)。北京B矿和安徽C矿的研究菌株基因型分布差异无显著性；尘肺结核菌株与非尘肺结核菌株基因型分布差异亦无显著性。结核分枝杆菌MIRU分型的结果显示菌型成簇与否在尘肺患者、煤矿、文化程度、吸烟、结核接触史、初治／复治情况、耐药与否等因素间分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。
结论
1.6个煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率为13.63%。不同地区煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率不同；影响尘肺合并结核的因素有人均月收入、人均居住面积、尘肺发病的病程、结核接触史、工种、尘肺期别、煤矿别、开始接尘年代。
2.煤工尘肺患者结核病知识／意识差；煤工尘肺结核患者以被动发现为主；煤矿企业的职防与结防机构防治尘肺结核的工作有待改善,职防与结防工作人员学历偏低,非专业人员挤占专业岗位；
3.TNF-a-308位点基因多态性与尘肺结核发生有关,携带TNF-a-308GG基因型的不易感染结核,携带TNF-a-308GA或AA基因型者感染结核的危险性增加。本研究未发现TNF-a-238位点基因多态性与尘肺结核发生有关。TNF-a-238位点和TNF-a-308位点基因与卡介苗接种史、结核接触史、BMI间存在交互作用；
4.尘肺结核菌株与非尘肺结核菌株基因型之间未见差异,结核杆菌的基因型未发现不同地区煤矿分布的差异,说明结核菌株可能有相同的来源。
Tuberculosis harmed health of human being seriously, and is one of the serious diseases of control in our country and is also the concerned problem to public health and society all over the world. Coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a disease that pulmonary tissue occurred fibrosis because of inhaling powder and dust for a long time and a law occupational diseases of harming physical and mental health of coal miners. Occupational epidemiology data showed that CWP patients were the high risk population of tuberculosis. How to control effectively CWP complicated with tuberculosis has become an important problem to public health and society. At present, studies on CWP complicated with tuberculosis were very limited. And there is no sweeping investigation in our country after the reform in 1998. So we selected CWP patients of six main coal mines all over the country as subjects and made an analysis of the prevalence and risk factors, control measure, susceptibility to tuberculosis and genotype character of mycobacterium of tuberculosis of CWP patients so as to provide theory basis for prevention and control of CWP complicated with tuberculosis. The results of the study are as follows:
1. The total prevalence of CWP complicated with tuberculosis was 13.63%. The prevalence of PTB varied with the different region (P＜0.0001). The prevalence of PTB in Anhui was the highest (23.26%), and that of Henan was the lowest (1.41%). We made an analysis of the prevalence of CWP combined with tuberculosis and discovered significant difference between the prevalence of CWP of years, type of work, exposure dusty time, cumulative exposure time, sicken years, sicken area, education years, and so on (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the prevalence of CWP combined with tuberculosis of the inoculation history (P>0.05). Average income monthly every person, average housing area every person, the attack period of CWP, the contact of tuberculosis, type of work, the stage of CWP, the different coal mine and the begin time of exposure were determinants factors by non-condition logistic regression analysis.
2. TB knowledge and awareness in CWP is poor, attitude to TB or TB patients is not right and. And it is short of the therapy and management to CWP TB patients. Most of pneumoconiosis patients complicated with tuberculosis were detected by the passive way. 52.24% patients were detected because they had some symptoms to see a doctor. Most of the education years of medical staff were short in institute of Prevention and Control of occupational disease and tuberculosis, and non-professional personnel hold professional post.
3.60 clinical separated strains were classified into two types according to the situation of cluster, including cluster type and non-cluster type. TheⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅶgenotype families was most among the cluster type which were classified into 10 types. The main genotype families of tuberculosis strains from CWP and non-CWP was respectivelyⅣandⅤ. The main genotype of families of tuberculosis strains from Anhui and Beijing was respectivelyⅤ,ⅢandⅦ. The distribution nof genotype of strains of CWP complicated with tuberculosis has no significant difference between the different districts after years, marriage status, the situation of therapy and so on (P>0.05). There was significant difference in the genotype between tuberculosis strains of CWP and non-CWP (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference between them after adjusting years, culture, smoking, the situation of therapy and so on. There were no significant difference in the association of district, years, gender, marriage status, culture, the history of tuberculosis contact, the situation of therapy, the pathological part, the symptoms and the genotype (P>0.05).
4. The frequency of TNF-a-308GG, GA, AA genotype in the case group and control group was respectively 53.10%,40.71%,6.19% and 68.14%,28.32%,3.54%. There was no significant difference of TNF-a-308 locus genotype frequency between the case group and the control group (χ2=5.44,P=0.07). There was significant difference of TNF-a-308 A allele frequency between the case and control group and, A allele frequency of case group was higher than that of the control group (χ2=5.14, P=0.02). There was no significant difference of TNF-a-238 locus genotype frequency and allele frequency between the case and control group (P=0.23 and P=0.09). There was no association of polymorphism of TNF-a-238(G→A) and TNF-a-308(G→A) with CWP complicated with tuberculosis (P>0.05). TNF-a-308GG and AA were demonstrated to be risk of factors of tuberculosis (OR=3.959,95%CI: 1.297-12.086), while TNF-a-238GG and AA not to be risk of factors of tuberculosis (OR=4.295,χ2=1.27, P=0.2598) after years, body mass index, the contact history of tuberculosis, the start exposure time of dust and cumulative exposure time were adjusted by logistic regression analysis. It was found that multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) for TNF-a-238GG and.TNF-a-308GA compared with the combination of TNF-a-238GG and TNF-a-308GG were 1.98(1.06-3.71). While there was no significant association between other combination compared with the combination of TNF-a238GG and TNF-a-308GG (P>0.05). A case-control study was used to analyze gene-environment interactions in the CWP complicated with tuberculosis and the pneumoconiosis. There was positive interaction between TNF-a-308GG genotype and body mass index (ORint=26.85). While there was negative interactions between TNF-a-308 GG genotype and the inoculating history of BCG vaccine or the contact history of tuberculosis, and so was between TNF-α-238GG genotype and the mark of BCG vaccine or the contact history of tuberculosis. Conclusions
1. The prevalence of CWP complicated with tuberculosis was 13.63% in six coal mines. The prevalence of CWP complicated with tuberculosis varied with the stage of CWP, type of coal mine and type of work and so on. Average income monthly every person, average housing area every person, the attack period of CWP, the contact of tuberculosis, type of work, the stage of CWP, the different coal mine and the begin time of exposure were determinant factors.
2. TB knowledge and awareness in CWP is poor, attitude to TB or TB patients is not right and. And it is short of the therapy and management to CWP TB patients. Systematic measures for CWP TB patients and health service providers like strengthening health education and improving TB related health service are necessary. The manage model of CWP tuberculosis is that the special institute of prevention and control of tuberculosis manages tuberculosis..
3. The subjects with TNF-α-308 A alleles are associated with susceptibility to pneumoconiosis complicated with tuberculosis, whije TNF-α-238 A alleles are not discovered an association with susceptibility to CWP complicated with tuberculosis. Interaction was found that TNF-α-238GG or TNF-α-308GG and the inoculating history of BCG vaccine or the contact history of tuberculosis or body mass index.
4 There is no significant difference in the genotype between the isolated tuberculosis strains from CWP and non-CWP. There is no significant difference in the genotype between the isolated strains from Beijing and Anhui. There were no significant difference in the proportion of genotype cluster of tuberculosis strains between district, years, marriage status, culture, the history of tuberculosis contact, the situation of therapy, the pathological part, the symptoms and the genotype.
1.6个煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率为13.63%。不同地区煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率不同(P<0.0001),安徽C矿尘肺结核的合并率最高,达23.26%；其次是辽宁D矿、北京B矿、山东F矿和河北A矿,其尘肺结核的合并率分别为17.47%、17.02%、10.99%、8.90%；河南E矿的尘肺结核合并率最低为1.41%。影响尘肺合并结核的因素有人均月收入、人均居住面积、尘肺发病的病程、结核接触史、工种、尘肺期别、煤矿别、开始接尘年代。
2.煤工尘肺患者结核病知识／意识差；煤工尘肺结核患者以被动发现为主；煤矿企业的职防与结防机构防治尘肺结核的工作有待改善,职防与结防工作人员学历偏低,非专业人员挤占专业岗位。
3.病例组中,TNF-α-308位点GG、GA、AA三种基因型频率分别为53.10%、40.71%和6.19%；对照组中这三种基因型频率分别为68.14%、28.32%和3.54%,两组人群基因型频率差异无显著性(x2=5.44,P=0.07)。病例组和对照组携带TNF-α-308A等位基因的频率分别为26.55%和17.70%,病例组比对照组高,差异有显著性(x2=5.14,P=0.02)。病例组中,TNF-α-238位点GG、GA、AA三种基因型频率分别为87.61%、10.62%和1.77%,对照组中这三种基因型频率分别为92.92%、7.08%和0,两组基因型频率分布差别无统计学意义(x2=1.81,P=0.19)。病例组和对照组携带TNF-α-238A等位基因的频率分别为7.08%和3.54%,病例组比对照组高,但差异无显著性(x2=2.82,P=0.09)。经年龄、体质指数、卡介苗接种史、结核接触史、开始接尘年龄、接尘工龄等因素调整后,携带TNF-α-238GA/AA型者发生肺结核的危险性与携带TNF-α-238GG型者发生肺结核的危险性差异无显著性(OR=4.295,x2=1.27,P=0.2598)；TNF-a-308GA/AA发生肺结核的危险性是TNF-a-308GG型的3.959(95%CI：1.297-12.086)倍,呈明显的等位基因效应关系。以TTNF-a-238GG和TNF-a-308GG为参照组,TNF-a-238GG和TNF-a-308GA发生肺结核的风险是参照组的1.98(95%CI：1.06-3.71,P=0.0118)倍；其他组合与参照组比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。基因与环境交互作用的病例对照研究设计分析结果表明以BMI<20和TNF-a-308GG基因型为参照组,BMI≥20和TNF-a-308GA或AA基因型共同存在时,交互作用产生的ORint为26.85,提示此基因变异与BMI之间存在正交互作用(似然比检验,P=0.0024)。TNF-a-238位点和TNF-a-308位点与卡介苗接种史及结核接触史存在负交互作用。
4.结核杆菌临床分离株按是否成簇分为两型。成簇菌株可根据聚类分型的结果分为10型。在成簇菌株中,以Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ型所占比例较大。北京B矿收集到的菌株多聚集在Ⅲ型(7／42)、Ⅳ型(6／42)和Ⅶ型(7／42)；安徽C矿收集到的菌株多聚集在第V型(9／18)和Ⅳ型(4／18)。尘肺患者结核菌株多聚集在Ⅳ型(7／20)；非尘肺患者结核菌株多聚集在Ⅲ型(5／40)、Ⅴ型(9／40)和Ⅶ型(5／40)。北京B矿和安徽C矿的研究菌株基因型分布差异无显著性；尘肺结核菌株与非尘肺结核菌株基因型分布差异亦无显著性。结核分枝杆菌MIRU分型的结果显示菌型成簇与否在尘肺患者、煤矿、文化程度、吸烟、结核接触史、初治／复治情况、耐药与否等因素间分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。
结论
1.6个煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率为13.63%。不同地区煤矿煤工尘肺结核的合并率不同；影响尘肺合并结核的因素有人均月收入、人均居住面积、尘肺发病的病程、结核接触史、工种、尘肺期别、煤矿别、开始接尘年代。
2.煤工尘肺患者结核病知识／意识差；煤工尘肺结核患者以被动发现为主；煤矿企业的职防与结防机构防治尘肺结核的工作有待改善,职防与结防工作人员学历偏低,非专业人员挤占专业岗位；
3.TNF-a-308位点基因多态性与尘肺结核发生有关,携带TNF-a-308GG基因型的不易感染结核,携带TNF-a-308GA或AA基因型者感染结核的危险性增加。本研究未发现TNF-a-238位点基因多态性与尘肺结核发生有关。TNF-a-238位点和TNF-a-308位点基因与卡介苗接种史、结核接触史、BMI间存在交互作用；
4.尘肺结核菌株与非尘肺结核菌株基因型之间未见差异,结核杆菌的基因型未发现不同地区煤矿分布的差异,说明结核菌株可能有相同的来源。
Tuberculosis harmed health of human being seriously, and is one of the serious diseases of control in our country and is also the concerned problem to public health and society all over the world. Coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a disease that pulmonary tissue occurred fibrosis because of inhaling powder and dust for a long time and a law occupational diseases of harming physical and mental health of coal miners. Occupational epidemiology data showed that CWP patients were the high risk population of tuberculosis. How to control effectively CWP complicated with tuberculosis has become an important problem to public health and society. At present, studies on CWP complicated with tuberculosis were very limited. And there is no sweeping investigation in our country after the reform in 1998. So we selected CWP patients of six main coal mines all over the country as subjects and made an analysis of the prevalence and risk factors, control measure, susceptibility to tuberculosis and genotype character of mycobacterium of tuberculosis of CWP patients so as to provide theory basis for prevention and control of CWP complicated with tuberculosis. The results of the study are as follows:
1. The total prevalence of CWP complicated with tuberculosis was 13.63%. The prevalence of PTB varied with the different region (P＜0.0001). The prevalence of PTB in Anhui was the highest (23.26%), and that of Henan was the lowest (1.41%). We made an analysis of the prevalence of CWP combined with tuberculosis and discovered significant difference between the prevalence of CWP of years, type of work, exposure dusty time, cumulative exposure time, sicken years, sicken area, education years, and so on (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the prevalence of CWP combined with tuberculosis of the inoculation history (P>0.05). Average income monthly every person, average housing area every person, the attack period of CWP, the contact of tuberculosis, type of work, the stage of CWP, the different coal mine and the begin time of exposure were determinants factors by non-condition logistic regression analysis.
2. TB knowledge and awareness in CWP is poor, attitude to TB or TB patients is not right and. And it is short of the therapy and management to CWP TB patients. Most of pneumoconiosis patients complicated with tuberculosis were detected by the passive way. 52.24% patients were detected because they had some symptoms to see a doctor. Most of the education years of medical staff were short in institute of Prevention and Control of occupational disease and tuberculosis, and non-professional personnel hold professional post.
3.60 clinical separated strains were classified into two types according to the situation of cluster, including cluster type and non-cluster type. TheⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅶgenotype families was most among the cluster type which were classified into 10 types. The main genotype families of tuberculosis strains from CWP and non-CWP was respectivelyⅣandⅤ. The main genotype of families of tuberculosis strains from Anhui and Beijing was respectivelyⅤ,ⅢandⅦ. The distribution nof genotype of strains of CWP complicated with tuberculosis has no significant difference between the different districts after years, marriage status, the situation of therapy and so on (P>0.05). There was significant difference in the genotype between tuberculosis strains of CWP and non-CWP (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference between them after adjusting years, culture, smoking, the situation of therapy and so on. There were no significant difference in the association of district, years, gender, marriage status, culture, the history of tuberculosis contact, the situation of therapy, the pathological part, the symptoms and the genotype (P>0.05).
4. The frequency of TNF-a-308GG, GA, AA genotype in the case group and control group was respectively 53.10%,40.71%,6.19% and 68.14%,28.32%,3.54%. There was no significant difference of TNF-a-308 locus genotype frequency between the case group and the control group (χ2=5.44,P=0.07). There was significant difference of TNF-a-308 A allele frequency between the case and control group and, A allele frequency of case group was higher than that of the control group (χ2=5.14, P=0.02). There was no significant difference of TNF-a-238 locus genotype frequency and allele frequency between the case and control group (P=0.23 and P=0.09). There was no association of polymorphism of TNF-a-238(G→A) and TNF-a-308(G→A) with CWP complicated with tuberculosis (P>0.05). TNF-a-308GG and AA were demonstrated to be risk of factors of tuberculosis (OR=3.959,95%CI: 1.297-12.086), while TNF-a-238GG and AA not to be risk of factors of tuberculosis (OR=4.295,χ2=1.27, P=0.2598) after years, body mass index, the contact history of tuberculosis, the start exposure time of dust and cumulative exposure time were adjusted by logistic regression analysis. It was found that multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) for TNF-a-238GG and.TNF-a-308GA compared with the combination of TNF-a-238GG and TNF-a-308GG were 1.98(1.06-3.71). While there was no significant association between other combination compared with the combination of TNF-a238GG and TNF-a-308GG (P>0.05). A case-control study was used to analyze gene-environment interactions in the CWP complicated with tuberculosis and the pneumoconiosis. There was positive interaction between TNF-a-308GG genotype and body mass index (ORint=26.85). While there was negative interactions between TNF-a-308 GG genotype and the inoculating history of BCG vaccine or the contact history of tuberculosis, and so was between TNF-α-238GG genotype and the mark of BCG vaccine or the contact history of tuberculosis. Conclusions
1. The prevalence of CWP complicated with tuberculosis was 13.63% in six coal mines. The prevalence of CWP complicated with tuberculosis varied with the stage of CWP, type of coal mine and type of work and so on. Average income monthly every person, average housing area every person, the attack period of CWP, the contact of tuberculosis, type of work, the stage of CWP, the different coal mine and the begin time of exposure were determinant factors.
2. TB knowledge and awareness in CWP is poor, attitude to TB or TB patients is not right and. And it is short of the therapy and management to CWP TB patients. Systematic measures for CWP TB patients and health service providers like strengthening health education and improving TB related health service are necessary. The manage model of CWP tuberculosis is that the special institute of prevention and control of tuberculosis manages tuberculosis..
3. The subjects with TNF-α-308 A alleles are associated with susceptibility to pneumoconiosis complicated with tuberculosis, whije TNF-α-238 A alleles are not discovered an association with susceptibility to CWP complicated with tuberculosis. Interaction was found that TNF-α-238GG or TNF-α-308GG and the inoculating history of BCG vaccine or the contact history of tuberculosis or body mass index.
4 There is no significant difference in the genotype between the isolated tuberculosis strains from CWP and non-CWP. There is no significant difference in the genotype between the isolated strains from Beijing and Anhui. There were no significant difference in the proportion of genotype cluster of tuberculosis strains between district, years, marriage status, culture, the history of tuberculosis contact, the situation of therapy, the pathological part, the symptoms and the genotype.
引文
1.王宇.中国新闻两会特刊《控制结核刻不容缓》[EB/OL].中国结核网,http://www.chinatb.org
2. Donald AE, Hans LR, Thuridur A, et al. Management of Tuberculosis, A Guide for Low Income Countries, Fifth edition 2000. Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Paris,2000:3
3. World Health Organization. Ministerial Conference on tuberculosis and sustainable development, Amsterdam declaration to stop tuberculosis, adopted in Amsterdam, Netherlands,24 March 2002. Global tuberculosis control. WHO/CDS/STS/2000.4
4.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组。2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告。中国防痨杂志,2002,24(2)：65-107
5. Kochi A. The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization. Tubercle 1991;72:1-6
6. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis control in the WHO Western Pacific Region 2001. WHO/WPRO 2002
7.王簃兰,刚葆琪.现代劳动卫生学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1994.103.
8.孟昭阁.矿山矽肺与肺结核防治M].北京：能源出版社,1985.30.
9. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1460-1462.
10. Hnizdo E, Murray J. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners.Occup Environ Med 1998;55:496-502.
11. Sonnenberg P, Murray J, Glynn JR, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary disease due to culture-positive M.tuberculosis or nontuberculous mycobacteria in South African gold miners. Eur Respir J.2000;15:291-296.
12. SniderJR.The relationship between tuberculosis and silicosis. Am.Rev Respir.Dis,1978, 118:455-460.
13.宋文虎,肖志成,宋礼章.结核病学进展.北京：光明日报出版社.1995,290.
14.郑明德.肺结核对矽肺亚级和病死率影响的分析.中国职业医学2000,27(6)：56-57.
15.肖和平.结核病防治新进展.上海：复旦大学出版社,2004：1 11-112
16.邓雄良,李静茹,陈卫东.煤矿尘肺合并肺结核调查分析.劳动医学.1992,9(1)：23-24.
17.许天培,江华丰.云南省尘肺结核调查研究.职业卫生与病伤,1995,(2)：70-73
18.杨祖六,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.济南：山东中国医药科技出版社.1993：92-117
19.中华人民共和国卫生部.全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,25-49
20. Trasko V M. Some fact on the prevalence of silicosis in the United States. Arch indust health,1959,14:379.
21. Capezzuto A. Statistical analysis on the course of pulmonary silicosis. Considerations on 1,370 cases during a 20-year-period. Folia Med (Napoli).1969 Jan 1;52(1):23-37.
22. Burckhardt P. Silicotuberculosis and its prevention. Schweiz Med Wochenschr.1967, 29;97(30):980-2.
23. Dechoux J. Tuberculosis in pneumoconiosis victims in the Lorraine basin coal mines (radioclinical study) Rev Med Suisse Romande.1968 Feb;88(2):99-109.
24. Bruce T. Silicotuberculosis with special reference to Swedish conditions. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl.1968;65:139-46.
25.沈国安,陈兴华,王用民,等.四川省尘肺流行病学调查研究.全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,261-272
26. Bateman ED, Jithoo A. Lung diseases in South Africa:an overview. Novartis Found Symp.2006;279:4-11; discussion 11-6,216-9.
27. Sinder DE, Jr. Tuberculosis and body build. (Editorial). J Am Med Assoc 1987,258:3299.
28.董碧蓉,葛宁,周焱.吸烟、饮酒与肺结核病危险因素的配对病例-对照研究.华西医科大学学报,2001,32(1)：104-108
29.李子建,刘元东,靳晓红,等.济南军区肺结核危险因素的病例对照研究.中国防痨杂志，2001；23(3)：161-163.
30.岛尾忠男主编(肖成志译).新结核病学概论.北京市结核病研究所,石家庄市结核病防治所,1984.10：338.
31.彭卫生,王英年,肖成志主编.新编结核病学.第1版,北京：中国医药科技出版社,1994.1：455.
32. Yu G, Hsieh C, Peng J. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of pulmonary tuber-culosis among sanitary workers in Shanghai. Tubercle 1988,69:105-112
33. Lowe CR. An association between smoking and respiration tuberculosis. Br Med J 1956,2:1081-1086
34. Mehra JH. Contribution of cigarette between smoking and respiration tuberculosis. Br J Prev Soc Med 1957,11:10-21
35. Thorn PA,Brookes VS, Waterhouse JAH. Peptic ulcer, partial gastrectomy, and pulmon-ary tuberculosis. Br Med J.1956,1:603-608
36. Cantwell MF, Sinder DE, Jr., Cauthen GM, Onorato IM. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United states,1985 through 1992. J Am Med Assoc.1994,272:535-539
37.钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社.1993,45-116
38. Geiger FL, Kuemmerer JM. Seek and we shall find tuberculosis. J S C Med Assoc.1963, 59:234-40.
39. Comstock GW. Tuberculosis transmission-rogue pathogen, rogue patient, or the vagaries of change? Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2002,15; 166(8):1141-2.
40.谢惠安,阳国太,林善梓等,现代结核病学.第1版,北京：人民卫生出版社,2000.799.
41. Ng TP, Chan SL. Factors associated with massive fibrosis in silicosis.Thorax.1991,46 (4):229-32.
42. Goldsmith N, Beaumont JJ, Morrin LA, Schenker MB. Respiratory cancer and other chronic disease mortality among silicotics in California. Am J Ind Med.1995, 28(4):459-67.
43. Partanen T, Jaakkola J, Tossavainen A. Silica, silicosis and cancer in Finland.Scand J Work Environ Health.1995,21 Suppl 2:84-6.
44. Polzik EV, Katsnelson BA, Kochneva MYu, Kasantsev VS. The principles of predicting the individual risk of silicosis and silicotuberculosis. Comment in:Med Lav.1993,84 (3):249.
45. Afonin AP, Koval'chuk AA, Slinchenko NZ, Pavlenko ME, Beletskii VS. Risk factors for the development of siderosilicotubeculosis. Vrach Delo.1989,(7):102-3.
46. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.1994,,150(5 Pt 1):1460-2.
47. Peter A, heodos, et al. Tuberculosis in anthrocosilisis. Am J Rev tuberc 1952,65:24
48. Geoige W., Comstock. Epidemiology of tuberculosis. Am J Rev Respir Dis.1982,125:8
49. Victoria M. Trasko. Some facts on the prevalence of silicosis in the United States. Arch Indust Health.1956,14:379.
50. Carneiro AP, Barreto SM, Siqueira AL, Cavariani F, Forastiere F. Continued exposure to silica after diagnosis of silicosis in Brazilian gold miners. Am J Ind Med.2006, 49(10):811-8.
1. Shimao T. Global situation of TB and its control. Kekkaku.1999;74(2):83-90.
2. Mustafa Abu S. Al-Attiyah R. Tuberculosis:looking beyond BCG vaccines. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine.2003;49(2):134-40.
3. World health organization. WHO report 2002.Global tuberculosis control. WHO Geneva 2002.
4.王苏民,端木宏谨.从耐药结核病看加强结核控制工作的重要性.中国全科医学杂志,2000；3(6)：488-489.
5.刘剑君.结核病控制策略.结核病健康教育.2006,1：11-16.
6. World health organization. Tuberculosis control in the WHO Western Pacific Region 2002 Report. WHO Geneva 2002
7.王宇.中国新闻两会特刊《控制结核刻不容缓》[EB/OL].中国结核网http://www.chinatb.org
8.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志,2002,24(2)：65-108.
9.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.我国结核病疫情及变化趋势.结核病健康教育,2001,2：17-20
10.王陇德.中国结核病控制现状及展望.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2006,29(8)：505-506.
11. Yeager H Jr, Richardson MS. Tuberculosis elimination-what's to stop us? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1997,1(4):386.
12.钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社.1993,45-116.
13.邹级谦,施鸿生.结核病健康教育..健康教育.结核病分册.1995,7：3-9.
14.王黎霞,杨华林,张冬颖等.实施国家结核病控制规划经费需求的测算.中国防痨杂志.2002：24(1)：5-8.
15.赵大海,李洪娣,徐飚.上海市长宁区服务行业流动人口对结核病认知及影响因素的现状调查.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2005,28(3)：188-191.
16. Ailinger RL, Lasus H, Dear M. Americans' knowledge and Perceived risk of tuberculosis. Puiblic Health Num,2003,20:211-215.
17.杜素芝.煤矿工人尘肺结核化疗的健康教育效果分析.临床护理杂志.2003,24(3)：45-47
18.杨成凤,叶建君,熊昌富,等.湖北省2006年公众结核病防治知识信念行为调查结果分析.公共卫生与预防医学.2007,8(1)：39-43
19. Alvarez-Gordillo GC, Alvarez-Gordillo JF, Dorantes-Jimenez JE, et al. Perceptions and practices related with tuberculosis and treatment compliance in Chiapas, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex.2000;42(6):520-8
20. Bai LQ, Xiao SY. Factors associated with diagnostic delay for patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in rural Hunan, China. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi.2004;27(9):617-20
21. Lawn SD, Afful B, Acheampong WJ. Pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic delay in Ghanaian adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,1998,2 (8):635-640
22.李君华.“因症就诊”在肺结核病人早期发现中的作用和地位.上海预防医学杂志.1996,9(3)：141
23.任娟华.肺结核因症就诊发现工作的组织与管理.上海预防医学杂志,1996,9(3)：141.
24.戴元生,工克文,杜晰,等.世行贷款项目省结核病控制实施水平不均衡性及及其影响因素评析.结核病与胸部肿瘤.1997,2(3)：144
25.刘津兰,王小靖,汤光华,等.影响新发传染源发现率的有关因素探讨.中国防痨杂志.1995,17(1)：13
26. Wandwalo ER, Morkve O. Knowledge of disease and treatment among tuberculosis patients in Mwanza, Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2000,4:1041
27. Lonnroth K, Thuong LM, Linh PD, et al. Delay and discontinuity-a health survey of TB patient's search of a diagnosis in a diversified care system. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1999,3(11):992-1000
28. Christian Auer, Jesus Sarol Jr, Marcel Tanner, et al. Health seeking and perceived causes of tuberculosis among patients in Manila, Philippines. Tropical Medicine and International Health,2000,5 (9):648-656.
29.卫生部疾病控制司.中国结核病防治规划实施工作指南,2002：19
30. WHO. Treatment of tuberculosis, guidelines for nation,1997.
31.赵丰曾.结核病人的治疗与管理-DOTS策略.中国预防医学杂志.2001,2(2)：86-89.
32. Calder L, Gao W, Simmons G. Tuberculosis:reasons for diagnostic delay in Auckland. N Z Med J.2000 Nov 24; 113(1122):483-5
33. Yamamura J, Sawada T. A study on patients with tuberculosis among foreigners overstayed in Japan after expiration of visa-activities over three years. Kekkaku.2002, 77(10):671-7
34.汪雁鹤.DOTS策略的效果及影响因素评价.复旦大学博士学位论文.2004；76
35.白丽琼,肖水源,张玉等。县级综合医院肺结核患者的诊治和管理现况分析。中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25(4)：242
36. Amir Khan, John galley, James Newell et al. Tuberculosis in Pakistan:Socio-cultural constraints and opportunities in treatment. Social science & Medicine.2000,50:247-254
37. Johansson E, Divan VK, Huong ND, et al. Staff and patient attitudes to tuberculosis and compliance with treatment:an exploratory study in a district in Vietnam. Tubercle and Lung Disease,1996,77:178-83
38.林叔芳,陈求扬,薛朝红.452例新发涂阳肺结核病例延迟分析.海峡预防医学杂志,1997,3(4)：45
39.关于进一步加强全国结核病防治工作的通知卫生部文件卫疾控发[1996]第5号
40..Murray C JL, Styblo K, Rouillon A. tuberculosis in developing countries:burden, intervention and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Di s,1990,65:6
41.陈英耀,王立基,王华.卫生服务可及性评价.中国卫生资源.2000,3(6)：279-282
1. Lienhardt C. Bennett S, Prete GD. et al. Investigation of environmental and host-related risk factors for tuberculosis in Africa. Methodological aspects of a combined design. Am J Epidemiol 2002,155:1066-1073
2. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsittel DP, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with silicosis.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2001,172 (1):75-82.
3. Bean AGD, Roach DR, Briscoe, et al. Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF genetargeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin. J Immunol, 1999,162:3504-3511.
4.王德军,杨跃林,夏庆杰等.肿瘤坏死因子-α基因多态性与矽肺遗传易感性的研究.四川大学学报.2005,36(5)：679-682
5. Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate:a randomized phase III trial. Lancet,1999,354:1932-1939.
6. Zganiacz A, Santosuosso M, Wang J, et al. TNF-alpha is a critical negative regulator of type 1 immune activation during intracellular bacterial infection. J Clin Invest, 2004,13:401-413
7. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsittel DP, et al. Cytokine polymorphisms in silicosis and other pneumoconiosis[JJ. Mol-Cell-Biochem,2002; 234-235(1-2):219-224.
8. Selvaraj P, Sriram U, Mathan Kurian S, Reetha AM and Narayanan PR. Tumour necrosis factor alpha(-238 and-308) and beta gene polymorphisms in pulmonary tuberculosis: haplotype analysis with HLA-A,Band DR genes.Tuberculosis (Edinb),2001,81:335-341.
9. Delgado JC,Baena A,Thim S and Goldfeld AE.Ethnicspecific genetic associations with pulmonary tuberculosis .J Infect Dis,2002,186:1463-4168.
10.纪春梅,安雅臣,李军,王育华.肿瘤坏死因子α,β基因多态性与中国北方汉族肺结核发病的关系：l：1配对病例对照.中国临床康复.2006,10(28)：16-19
11.叶一秀,王巍,姜平,等.老年矽肺结核患者血清肿瘤坏死因子水平的临床观察.标记免疫分析与临床,2001,8(4)：200-201.
12.李立明.主编.流行病学.北京：人民卫生出版社,1999,66-68.
13.范雪云,冯福民等人.综合培训教材.华北煤炭医学院研究生内部使用教材.2006,67-89
14. Hughes JM.Radiographic evidence of silicosis in relation to silica exposure. Appl occur environ hyg,1995,10:1064-1069.
15.何风生,主编,中华职业医学.北京：人民卫生出版社,1999：810-813。
16. Corbett EL, Mozzato N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe silicosis in black South African miners. Am. Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-693.
17. Stead WW. Setuter JW. Reddick WT, et al. Racial differences in susceptibility to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.N Engl J Med 1990;322:422-427.
18. Comstock, G.W. Tuberculosis in twins:a re-analysis of the Prophit survey. Am. Rev. Respir Dis.1978:117:621-624
19. Wilson AG, Symons JA, Mcdowell TL, et al. Effects of polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor-a promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad, 1997,94:3195-3199
20. Louis E, Franchimont D, Piron A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)gene polymorphism influences TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy human. J Clin Exp Immunol,1998,113(3):401-406.
21. Higuchi T, Seki N, Kamizono S, et al. Polymorphism of the 5'flanking region of human tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α gene in Japanese. Tissue Antigens.199851:605-612.
22.李艳,黄宪章,张平安,等.雌激素受体基因多态性与急性心肌梗死关系的研究.中华医学杂志,2001,81：389-392.
23. Udalova IA, Richardson A, Denys A, et al. Functional consequences of a polymorphism affecting NFkB p50-p50 binding to the TNF promoter region. Mol Cell Biol,20:9113-2000.
24. Brinkman BM, Huizinga TW, Kurban SS, et al.Tumour necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis:association with susceptibility to, or severity of, disease? Br J Rheumatol.1997;36(5):516-521.
25. Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ. The-308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Mol Immunol.1997;34 (5):391-399
26. Louis E, Franchimont D, Piron A, et al. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism influences TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy humans. Clin Exp Immunol.1998;113 (3):401-406.
27. Keatings VM, Cave SJ, Henry, MJ,et al. A polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region may predispose to a poor prognosis in COPD. Chest.2000;118(4):971-975.
28. Whyte M, Hubbard R, Meliconi R, et al. Increased risk of fibrosisng alveolitis associated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2000; 162 (2suppl):755-758.
29. Riha RL, Yang IA, Rabnott GC, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Inter Med.2004;34(3):126-129.
30. Qian W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. The relationship between tumor necrosis factor A-308 gene polymorphism and susceptibility of severe periodontitis in adults. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi,2002,37(2):126-128.Chinese.
31. Zhai R, Jetten M, Schins RP, et al. Polymorphisms in the promoterof the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in coal miners. AM J Ind Med,1998(10),34(4):318-324.
32. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsitel DP, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with silicosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2001, 172(1):75-82.
33. Corbett EL, Mozzato-Chamay N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe solicosis in black South African miners. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-3.
34. Ding M, Chen F, Shi X, et al. Diseases caused by solica:mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immumo pharmacol,2002,2(2-3):173-182.Review.
35. Kim KA, Cho YY, Cho JS, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter polymorphism in coal workers'pneumoconiosis. Mol Cell Biochem,2002 May-Jun, 234-235(1-2):
36.王博蔚.肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性与疾病.国外医学免疫学分册,2000,23：89-92.
37. Lander ES, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science,1994; 265: 2037-2048
38. Evaves LJ. The resolution of genotype x environment interaction in segregation analysis of nuclear family. Genet Epidemiol,1984; 1:215-228
39. Campbell H. Gene environment interaction. J Epidemiol Community Health,1996; 50:397-400
40. Khoury MJ, Flanders WD. Nontraditional epidemiology approaches in the analysis of gene-environment interaction:Case-control studies with no controls! Am J Epidemiol, 1996; 144:207-213
41. Weinberg CR, Umbach DM. Choosing a retrospective design to access joint genetic and environmental contributions to risk. Am J Epidemiol,2000;152:197-203
42. Piegorsch WW, Weinberg CR, Taylor JA. Non-hierarchical logistic models and case-only design for assessing susceptibility in population-based case-control studies. Statistics Medicine,1994;13:153-162
43. Garcia-Closas M, Thompson WD, Robins JM. Differential misclassification and the assessment of gene-environmental interactions in case-control studies. Am J epidemiol, 1998; 147:426-433.
44. Rothman N, Lubin J. Misclassification in case-control studies of interactions:assessment of bias and sample size.Cancer epidemiol Biomar,1999；8:1043-1050.
1.孟昭阁,等.矿山矽肺与结核防治.北京,能源出版社,1985,18.
2. 金泰廙，主编.职业卫生与职业病学.北京,人民卫生出版社.2004,454-455
3. Supply P,Magdalena J,Himpens S,et al.Identification of novel intergenic repetitive units in a mycobacterial two-component system operon. Mol Microbiol,1997,26:991-1003.
4. Supply P, Mazars E, Lesjean S, et al. Variable humman minisatellite-like regions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. Mol Microbiol,2000,36:762-771.
5. Mazars E, Lesjean S, Banuls AL, et al. High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2001,98:1901-1906.
6. Supply P, Lesjean S, Savine E, et al. Automated high-throughput genotyping for study of global epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3563-3571.
7. Supply P, Lesjean S, Savine E. Automated high-throughput genotyping for studyof global epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3563-3571.
8. Kwara A, Schiro R, Cowan LS, et al. Evaluation of the epidemiologic utility of secondary typing methods for differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosisisolates. J Clin Microbiol 2003,41 (6):2683-2685.
9. Elizabeth P.Is it time to uproot the tree of life?Science,1999,284:1305.
10. Sola C, Filliol I, Legrand E, et al. Genotyping of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using MIRUs:association with VNTR and spoligotyping for molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics. Infect Genet Evol,2003,3:2438-2444.
11. Edlin BR, Tokars JI, Grieco MH, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med,1992,326:1514-1521.
12. Alland D, Kalkut CE, Moss AR, et al. Transmission of tuberculosis in New York City: An analysis by DNA fingerprinting and conventional epidemiologic methods. N Engl J Med,1994,330:1710-1716
13. Small PM, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco A population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N. Engl J Med.1994,330:1703-1709
14. Supply P,Mazars E, Lesjean V,et al.Variable human minisatellitelike regions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. Mol Microbiol,2000,36:762-771
15. Sola C, Filliol I, Legrand E,et al.Genotyping of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using MIRUs:association with VNTR and spoligotyping for molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics.Infect Genet Evol,2003,3:2438-2444.
16. Supply P,Lesjean S,Savine E. Automated high-throughput genotyping for study of global epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3563-3571
17..Small PM, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco.A population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N Engl J Med,1994,330:1703-1709.
18. Dale JW, Nor RM, Ramayah S, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Malaysia J Clin Microbiol,1999,37:1265-1268.
19. Djuretic T, Herbert J, Drobniewski F, et al. Antibiotic resistant tuberculosis in the United Kingdom:1993-1999. Thorax,2002.57:477-482.
20. Djuretic T, Herbert J, Drobniewski F, et al. Antibiotic resistant tuberculosis in the United Kingdom:1993-1999. Thorax,2002.57:477-482.
21. Drobniewski F, Balabanova Y, Ruddy M, et al. Rifampin-and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Russia civilians and prison inmates:dominance of the Beijing strain family. Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(11):1320-1326.
22. van Soolingen D,de Haas PE,Hermans PW,et al.Comparison of various repetitive DNA elements as genetic markers for strain differentiation and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J Clin Microbiol,1993,31:1987-1995.
23. Warren R,Richardson M,Sampson S,et al.Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with additional makers enhances accuracy in epidemiological studies.J Clin Microbiol,1996,34:2219-2224.
24. Cronin WA,Golub JE,Magder LS,et al.Epidemiologic usefulness of spoligotyping for secondary typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with low copy numbers of IS6110.J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3709-3711.
25. Goguet de la Salmoniere YO,Li HM,Torrea G,et al.Evaluation of spoligotyping in a study of the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J Clin Microbiol.1997,35:2210-2214.
26. Kwara A,Schiro R,Cowan LS,et al.Crawford evaluation of the epidemiologic utility of secondary typing methods for differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol,2003,41:2683-2685.
27. Steevatsan S, Pan X, Stockbauer KE, et al. Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the M ycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1997,94:9869-9874.
28. Marchal G. Recently transmitted tuberculosis is more frequent than reactivation of latent infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,1997,1:192.
29. Munsiff SS, Bassoff T, Nivin B, et al. Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, New York City 1995-1997. Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(11):1230-1237.
30. van Soolingen D, Borgdorff MW, de Haas PE, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Netherlands:A nationwide study from 1993 through 1997. J Infect Dis, 1999,180:726-736.
31. de Lourdes Garcia-Garcia M, Ponce-de-Leon A, Jimenez-Corona ME, et al. Clinical consequences and transmissibility of drug-resistant tuberculosis in southern Mexico. Arch Intern Med,2000,160:630-636.
32. Godfrey-Faussett P, Sonnenberg P, Shearer SC, et al. Tuberculosis control and molecular epidemiology in a South African gold-mining community. Lancet,2000,356:1066-1110
31. 王簃兰,刚葆琪.现代劳动卫生学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1994.103.
32. 孟昭阁.矿山矽肺与肺结核防治M].北京：能源出版社,1985.30.
33. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1460-1462.
34. Hnizdo E, Murray J. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:496-502.
35. Sonnenberg P, Murray J, Glynn JR, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary disease due to culture-positive M.tuberculosis or nontuberculous mycobacteria in South African gold miners. Eur Respir J.2000;15:291-296.
36. Trasko V M. Some fact on the prevalence of silicosis in the United States. Arch indust health,1959,14:379.
37. Capezzuto A. Statistical analysis on the course of pulmonary silicosis. Considerations on 1,370 cases during a 20-year-period. Folia Med (Napoli).1969 Jan 1;52(1):23-37.
38. Burckhardt P. Silicotuberculosis and its prevention. Schweiz Med Wochenschr.1967, 29;97(30):980-2.
39. Dechoux J. Tuberculosis in pneumoconiosis victims in the Lorraine basin coal mines (radioclinical study) Rev Med Suisse Romande.1968 Feb;88(2):99-109.
40. Bruce T. Silicotuberculosis with special reference to Swedish conditions. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl.1968;65:139-46.
41. 全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,261-272
42. 杨祖六,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.济南：山东中国医药科技出版社.1993：92-117
43. 沈国安,陈兴华,王用民,等.四川省尘肺流行病学调查研究.全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,261-272
44. 王朝龙,刘国礼,牛和军,等.淮南煤矿尘肺并发肺结核调查分析.中国职业医学,2006,33(6)：16-17.
45. 丁新平,陈卫东,王燕,等.皖北地区尘肺流行病学调查.中国职业医学,2005,32(4)：29-31.
46. 尹萸.2003年全国尘肺病报告发病情况分析[J].中国职业医学,2005,32(5)：20-22.
47. 全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.第四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25(1)：36
48. 周泽深,王飞云.矽肺与肺结核的关系.中国临床医生.2004,32(7)：10-11
49. Gernez Rieux C. Experimental steady of interactions between pneumoconiosis and mycobacterium infections. Amn.N.Y.Acad. Sci(c.w.p),1972,200:106
50. 沈国安.1706例煤工尘肺死因分析.职业卫生与病伤,1989,4(2)：3
51. 翁维楷.矽肺病人免疫学初步研究.医学研究通讯,1980,12(8)：15
52. Silva CL.Lowrie DB.Identification and characterization of murine cytotoxic T cells that kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect Immun,2000,68(6):3269-3274
53. 郭长轩,蒋文忠,丁新平,等.淮北矿区煤矿工人尘肺发病及现状调查[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2001,19(1)：20-23
54. 赵素英.阳泉市1230例尘肺合并肺结核特征分析.实用预防医学,2006,13(2)：373-374
55. 唐云霞,曲亚斌,李华,等.矽肺矿工肺结核患病情况及结核菌素反应的调查分析.环境与职业医学,2005,22(3)：261-263
56. 史化才.1230例尘肺合并肺结核回顾性分析.宁夏医学院学报,2004,26(3)：207-208
57. 马永志.287例煤工尘肺合并肺结核回顾分析.河南医药信息,2002,1 0(17)：93
58. 郑明德.肺结核对矽肺亚级和病死率影响的分析.中国职业医学,2000,27(6)：56-57
59. 陈安启,郭长轩,韩素敏,严敏.139例煤工尘肺合并活动性肺结核住院疗效分析.中国职业医学,2003,30(2)：41-42
60. 严碧崖.浅议耐多药结核病.中华结核和呼吸杂志,1997,6：325
61. 陈东进,李洪敏,姜平,王仲元.煤工尘肺结核耐药菌的基因分析.中国防痨杂志,2003,25(6)：385-387
62. Snider J R.The relationship between tuberculosis and silicosis.Am Rev Respir Dis,1979,118:455
63. 陈启安,程振,韩素敏.煤工尘肺复治肺结核两种治疗方案疗效分析.中国防痨杂志,2001,23(3)：178-180
64. 崔兰英,陈裕华,唐天兰.中山市老年肺结核患者情况分析.中国防痨杂志,2001,23(3)：188
65. 宋文虎,肖志成,宋礼章.结核病学进展.北京：光明日报出版社,1995,290
66. 钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社,1993,45-116
67. 宋峰,张学.肺结核对矽肺进展和死亡率影响的观察.职业与健康,2003,19(5)：60-61
68. 洪流.煤工尘肺的生存分析.中国工业医学杂志,1996,9(1)：15-17
69. 韩向午,张志坤.煤矿尘肺结核的预后分析.中华流行病学杂志,1997,18特辑1号
70. 邓雄良,李静茹,陈卫东.煤矿尘肺合并肺结核调查分析.劳动医学.1992,9(1)：23-24.
71. 许天培,江华丰.云南省尘肺结核调查研究.职业卫生与病伤,1995,(2)：70-73
72. Ng TP, Chan SL. Factors associated with massive fibrosis in silicosis.Thorax.1991, 46(4):229-32.
73. Goldsmith DF, Beaumont JJ, Morrin LA, Schenker MB. Respiratory cancer and other chronic disease mortality among silicotics in California. Am J Ind Med.1995,28(4): 459-67.
7.4. Partanen T, Jaakkola J, Tossavainen A. Silica, silicosis and cancer in Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health.1995,21 Suppl 2:84-6.
75. Polzik EV, Katsnelson BA, Kochneva MYu, Kasantsev VS. The principles of predicting the individual risk of silicosis and silicotuberculosis. Comment in:Med Lav. 1993,84(3):249.
76. Afonin AP, Koval'chuk AA, Slinchenko NZ, Pavlenko ME, Beletskii VS. Risk factors for the development of siderosilicotubeculosis. Vrach Delo.1989,(7):102-3.
77. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.1994,,150(5 Pt 1):1460-2.
78. Carneiro AP, Barreto SM, Siqueira AL, Cavariani F, Forastiere F. Continued exposure to silica after diagnosis of silicosis in Brazilian gold miners. Am J Ind Med.2006,49(10): 811-8.
79. 王陇德.中国结核病控制现状及展望.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2006,29(8)：505-506.
80. Yeager H Jr, Richardson MS. Tuberculosis elimination-what's to stop us? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1997,1(4):386.
81. 钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社.1993,45-116.
82. Stanford JL, Bahr GM, Rood GAW, et al. Immunotherapy with mycobacterium vaccae as an adjunct chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercule,1990, 71(2):87
83. 杨祖六,段连山,关砚生.母牛分枝杆菌预防尘肺并发结核的实验研究.中华结核和呼吸杂志.1994,20(6)：350-353
1. JM Grange. Immunotherapy-a new strategy for tuberculosis control. Respiratory Med-icine,1997,91:1
2. Hadiarto Mangunnegoro. Resurgence of TB in Asia. Medical Progress SEA,1996,23(8): 10
3.殷大奎.在“世界结核病防治日”座谈会上的讲话.中国防痨杂志,2000,13(2)：57
4. World Health Organization. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. Report No.2. prevalence and trends. Geneva:WHO,2000.
5. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control. WHO report 2000. Geneva: WHO,2000
6. Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, et al. Global burden of tuberculosis:estimated incidence, pre-valence and mortality by country. WHO global surveillance and monitoring project. JAMA,1999,282:677
7. Isman MD. TB elimination in the 21st century, a quixotic dream. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2000,4 suppl:s109
8. Schraufnagel DE. Tuberculosis treatment for the beginning of the next century. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,1999,3:651
9. Binkin NJ, Vernon AA, Smone PM, et al. Tuberculosis prevention and control activities in the United States:an overview of the organization of tuberculosis services. Int J
Tuberc Lung Dis,1999,3:663
10.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查领导小组.1979年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查综合简报.中华结核和呼吸系疾病杂志,1982,(2)：67
11.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查领导小组.全国第二次结核病流行病学抽样调查综合简报.中华结核和呼吸杂志,1990,(2)：67
12.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.第三次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中华结核和呼吸杂志,1992,(2)：69
13.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.第四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25：3
14. Pilheu JA.Tuberculosis 2000:problems and solutions. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1998; 2(9): 696-703.
15.张立兴,屠德华,阚冠卿.国际结核病流行出现的严重问题和我们的对策.中国防痨杂志,1996；18(3)：97
16.谢惠安,阳国太,林善梓等.现代结核病学.北京：人民卫生出版社,第一版,2000：274,731
17. Shigeru Omi.遏制西太平洋地区的结核病危机.WHO/WPRO/2000.3
18.中华医学会结核病分会.中国结核病学科防治史.第1版.北京：当代中国出版社,1997：1
19.肖和平主编.结核病防治新进展.上海：复旦大学出版社,2004：313-315
20.马屿.要重视人类免疫缺陷病毒感染／爱滋病并发的结核病.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2000；23(11)：645-646.
21.王陇德.中国结核病控制现状及展望.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2006,29(8)：505-506.
45. Wilson AG, Symons JA, Mcdowell TL, et al. Effects of polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor-a promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad,1997,94: 3185-3199.
46. Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ, et al. The-308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription Mol Immunol,1997,34:391-399.
47. Stuber F, Udalova IA, Book M, et al.-308 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)Polymorphism is not associated with survival in severe sepsis and is unrelated to lipopolysaccharide inducibility of the human TNF promoter. J Inflamm,1996,46:42-50.
48. Louis E, Franchimont D, Piron A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism influences TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharde (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy human. J Clin Exp Immunol,1998,113(3):401-406.
49. Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ. The-308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Mol Immunol.1997,34 (5):391-399
50. Keatings VM, Cave SJ, Henry MJ,et al. A polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region may predispose to a poor prognosis in COPD. Chest.2000,118(4):971-975.
51. Whyte M, Hubbard R, Meliconi R, et al. Increased risk of fibrosisng alveolitis associated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2000,162 (2suppl):755-758.
52. Riha RL, Yang IA, Rabnott GC, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Inter Med.2004,34(3):126-129.
53. Qian W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. The relationship between tumor necrosis factor A-308 gene polymorphism and susceptibility of severe periodontitis in adults. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi,2002,37(2):126-128.
54. Zhai R, Jetten M, Schins RP, et al. Polymorphisms in the promoterof the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in coal miners. AM J Ind Med,1998(10),34(4):318-324.
55. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsitel DP, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with silicosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2001, 172(1):75-82.
56. Corbett EL, Mozzato-Chamay N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe solicosis in black South African miners. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-3.
57. Ding M, Chen F, Shi X, et al. Diseases caused by solica:mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immumo pharmacol,2002,2(2-3):173-182.Review.
58. Kim KA, Cho YY, Cho JS, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter polymorphism in coal workers'pneumoconiosis. Mol Cell Biochem,2002 May-Jun, 234-235(1-2):
59.王博蔚.肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性与疾病.国外医学免疫学分册,2000,23：89-92.
60. Bean AGD, Roach DR, Briscoe, et al. Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF genetargeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin. J Immunol,1999, 162:3504-3511.
61. Elias JA, Freundlich B, Kirn JA et al. Cytokine networks in the regulation of inflammation and fibrosis in the Lung. Chest,1990,97:1439.
62. Bollert FCE, Imrie M, Smith J, et al. TNF release from alvemacrophages in response to bypoxia in a rat model. Eur Resp,1994,7:18.
63. Lassalle P, Gosset P, Aerts C. Abnormal secretion of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by alveolar macrophages in coal worker's pneumoconiosis:comparison between simple pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis. EXP Lung Res, 1990,16(1):73-80.
64. Borm PJ, Palmen N, Engelen JJ, et al. Spontaneous and stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) from blood monocytes of miners with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Am Rev Respir Dis,1988,138(6):1589.
65. Borm PJ, et al. Basis for differences in Susceptibility to Coal. Toxicol Lett,1992, Dec: 64.
66. Rolfe MW, Paine R, Davenport RB, et al. Hard metal pneumoconiosis and the association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Am Rev Respir Dis,1992,146(6):1600.
67. Borm PJ, Meijers JM, Swaen GM. Molecular epidemiology of coal worker's pneumoconiosis:application to risk assessment of oxidant and monokine generation by mineral dusts. EXP Lung Res,1990,16(1):57-71
68. Piguet PF, Collart MA, Grau GE, et al. Requirement of tumour necrosis factor for develop-ment of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Nature,1990,344(15):245.
69. Piguet PF, Collart MA, Grau GE, et al. Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin plays a key role in bleomycin-induced pneumopathy and fibrosis. J EXP Med,1989,170:655.
70. Piguet PF. Is "tumor necrosis factor" the major effector of pulmonary fibrosis? Eur Cytokine Netw,1990,1(4):257.
71. Piguet PF, Vesin C. Treatment by human recombinant soluble TNF receptor of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin or silica in mice. Eur Respir J,1994,7(3):551.
72. Bissonette E, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of asbestosis and silicosis. Possible role of tumor necrosis factor. Inflammation 1989,13(3):329-339.
73. Mohr C, Davis GS, Graebner C, et al. Enhanced release of prostaglandin E2 from macro-phages of rats with silicosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Bid,1992,6(4):390.
74. Mohr C, Davis GS, Graebner C, et al. Reduced release of leukotrienes B4 and C4 from alveolar macrophages of rats with silicosis. Am J Respir Cello Biol,1992,7(5):542.
75. Zhai R, Jetten M, Schins RP, et al. Polymorphisms in the promoter of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in coal miners. AM-J-Ind-Med,1998(10),34(4):318-324.
76. Whyte M, Hubbard R, Meliconi R, et al. Increased risk of fibrosing alveolitis associated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2000(8),162(2 pt 1):755-758.
77. Corbett EL, Mozzato-Chamay N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe silicosis in black South African miners. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-693.
78. Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate:a randomized phase III trial. Lancet,1999,354:1932-1939.
79. Zganiacz A, Santosuosso M, Wang J, et al. TNF-alpha is a critical negative regulator of type 1 immune activation during intracellular bacterial infection. J Clin Invest, 2004,13:401-413
80. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsittel DP, et al. Cytokine polymorphisms in silicosis and other pneumoconiosis. Mol-Cell-Biochem,2002; 234-235(1-2):219-224.
81. Selvaraj P, Sriram U, Mathan Kurian S, Reetha AM and Narayanan PR. Tumor necrosis factor alpha(-238 and-308) and beta gene polymorphisms in pulmonary tuberculosis: haplotype analysis with HLA-A, Band DR genes. Tuberculosis (Edinb),2001,81:335-341.
82.纪春梅,安雅臣,李军,王育华.肿瘤坏死因子α,β基因多态性与中国北方汉族肺结核发病的关系：1：1配对病例对照.中国临床康复.2006,10(28)：16-19
1. Cole ST, Brosch R, Parkhill J, et al. Deciphering the biology of mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence.Nature,1998,356:190.
2. Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae RD. Science,1995,269,:449-512
3. Sutton GG, White O, Adams MD, et al. TIGR assembler:a new tool for assembling large shotgun sequencing projects. Genome Sci Tech.1995,1:9-19
4. Cole ST, Brosch R, Parkhill J, et al. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature,1998,396:190-191
5. Primm TP, Anderden SJ, Mizrahi V, et al. The stringent response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis id required for long-term survival. J Bacteriol,2000,182:4889-4898.
6. Elizabeth P. Is it time to uproot the tree of life? Science,1999,284:1305.
7. Dubnau E, Chan J, Rayand C. Oxygenated mycoli acids are necessary for virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Mol Microbiol,2000,36(3):630.
8. Mazurek GH, Cave MD, Eisenach KD, et al. Chromosomal DNA fingerprint pattens produced with IS6110 as strain specific markers for epidemiologic study of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol,1991,29:2030-2033.
9. Niemann S, Richter E, Rusch Gerdes S, et al. Stability of IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains inactual chains of transmission. J Clin Microbiol,2000,38:2563-2567.
10. Van Embden JD, Cave MD, Crawford J T, et al. Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA finger printing:recommendations for a standardized methodology. J Clin Microbiol,1993,31:406-409.
11.李书琳,金德福,韩中波,田花子,矫庆辉,张永胜.延边州结核分枝杆菌DNA指纹图谱特征分析.中国防痨杂志,2005,27(1)：23-25.
12..闫国蕊,程豪为,李为民,等.河南省结核分枝杆菌IS6110 DNA指纹图谱特征分析.中国卫生检验杂志.2005,15(9)：1033-1034.
13.李卫民,端木宏谨,王黎霞,等.2000年中国结核病流行病学抽样调查菌株分子流行病学特征.中华医学杂志.2003，83(14)：1210-1213.
14.裴秀英,王民,朱桂林等；IS6110-限制性片段长度多态性DNA分型在结核分子流行病学研究中的应.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25(1)：18-20.
15. Krousov I, Narvskaya O, Limeschenko E, et al. Novel IS6110 insertion sites in the direct repeat locus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical strains from the St. Petersburg area of Russia and evolutionary and epidemiological considerations. J Clin Microbiol,2002,40: 1504-1507.
16. Welsh J, Mc Clelland M. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Res,1990,18:7213-7218.
17. Williams JG, Kubeilk AR, Livak KJ, et al. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res,1990,18:6531-6535.
18.钟敏,温博海,陈炜等.结核分枝杆菌随机扩增多态性DNA指纹分型技术及应用研究.中华检验医学杂志,2003,25(2)：91-94.
19. Inton CJ, Jalal H, Leeming JP, et al. Efficient discrimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol, 1994,32:2169-2174.
20. Mazars E, Lesjena S, Banuls Annel-Laure, et al. High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology. PNAS,2001,98:1901-1906.
21.钟敏,刘清华,杨小红.结核分枝杆菌对利福平及利福喷丁平衡药敏测试.中国实用内科杂志,2001；21(7)：411.
22. Scrpellin P, Braglia S, Carrera P, et al. Detection of Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by double Gradient-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Antimcrobiol Agents and Chemotherapy,1999,43:2550-2554
23. Madhumita Patnaik, Karsten Liegmann, James B. Peter. Rapid detection of Smear-negetive Mycobacterium buberculosis by PCR and sequencing for rafampin resistance with DNA extracted directly from slides. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:51-52
24. Hiyam H, El-Hajj, Salvatore A.E. Marras, Sanjay Tyagi, et al. Detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a single tube with molecular beacons. J Clin Microbiol.2001,39:4131-4137.
25. Elitringham IJ, Drobniewski FA, Mangan JA, et al. Evaluation of reverse transcription-PCR and a bacteriophage-based assay for rapid phenotypical detection of rifampin resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol.1999,37:3524-3527
26. Vladimir Mikhailovich, Sergey Lapa, Dimitry Gryadnov, et al. Identification of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains by hybridization, PCR, and ligase detection reaction on ologongcleotide microchips. J Clin Microbiol.2001,39:2531-2540
27.洪晓平.矽肺结核与单纯肺结核患者的结核杆菌药敏观察.中国职业医学,2000,27(1)：38
28.姜平,李洪敏,陈东进,王巍,冯柏,王仲元,王国杨,李素梅,韩惠新.煤工尘肺结核病耐药性的研究.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2002,20(2)：100-102.
2. Donald AE, Hans LR, Thuridur A, et al. Management of Tuberculosis, A Guide for Low Income Countries, Fifth edition 2000. Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Paris,2000:3
3. World Health Organization. Ministerial Conference on tuberculosis and sustainable development, Amsterdam declaration to stop tuberculosis, adopted in Amsterdam, Netherlands,24 March 2002. Global tuberculosis control. WHO/CDS/STS/2000.4
4.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组。2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告。中国防痨杂志,2002,24(2)：65-107
5. Kochi A. The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization. Tubercle 1991;72:1-6
6. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis control in the WHO Western Pacific Region 2001. WHO/WPRO 2002
7.王簃兰,刚葆琪.现代劳动卫生学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1994.103.
8.孟昭阁.矿山矽肺与肺结核防治M].北京：能源出版社,1985.30.
9. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1460-1462.
10. Hnizdo E, Murray J. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners.Occup Environ Med 1998;55:496-502.
11. Sonnenberg P, Murray J, Glynn JR, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary disease due to culture-positive M.tuberculosis or nontuberculous mycobacteria in South African gold miners. Eur Respir J.2000;15:291-296.
12. SniderJR.The relationship between tuberculosis and silicosis. Am.Rev Respir.Dis,1978, 118:455-460.
13.宋文虎,肖志成,宋礼章.结核病学进展.北京：光明日报出版社.1995,290.
14.郑明德.肺结核对矽肺亚级和病死率影响的分析.中国职业医学2000,27(6)：56-57.
15.肖和平.结核病防治新进展.上海：复旦大学出版社,2004：1 11-112
16.邓雄良,李静茹,陈卫东.煤矿尘肺合并肺结核调查分析.劳动医学.1992,9(1)：23-24.
17.许天培,江华丰.云南省尘肺结核调查研究.职业卫生与病伤,1995,(2)：70-73
18.杨祖六,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.济南：山东中国医药科技出版社.1993：92-117
19.中华人民共和国卫生部.全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,25-49
20. Trasko V M. Some fact on the prevalence of silicosis in the United States. Arch indust health,1959,14:379.
21. Capezzuto A. Statistical analysis on the course of pulmonary silicosis. Considerations on 1,370 cases during a 20-year-period. Folia Med (Napoli).1969 Jan 1;52(1):23-37.
22. Burckhardt P. Silicotuberculosis and its prevention. Schweiz Med Wochenschr.1967, 29;97(30):980-2.
23. Dechoux J. Tuberculosis in pneumoconiosis victims in the Lorraine basin coal mines (radioclinical study) Rev Med Suisse Romande.1968 Feb;88(2):99-109.
24. Bruce T. Silicotuberculosis with special reference to Swedish conditions. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl.1968;65:139-46.
25.沈国安,陈兴华,王用民,等.四川省尘肺流行病学调查研究.全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,261-272
26. Bateman ED, Jithoo A. Lung diseases in South Africa:an overview. Novartis Found Symp.2006;279:4-11; discussion 11-6,216-9.
27. Sinder DE, Jr. Tuberculosis and body build. (Editorial). J Am Med Assoc 1987,258:3299.
28.董碧蓉,葛宁,周焱.吸烟、饮酒与肺结核病危险因素的配对病例-对照研究.华西医科大学学报,2001,32(1)：104-108
29.李子建,刘元东,靳晓红,等.济南军区肺结核危险因素的病例对照研究.中国防痨杂志，2001；23(3)：161-163.
30.岛尾忠男主编(肖成志译).新结核病学概论.北京市结核病研究所,石家庄市结核病防治所,1984.10：338.
31.彭卫生,王英年,肖成志主编.新编结核病学.第1版,北京：中国医药科技出版社,1994.1：455.
32. Yu G, Hsieh C, Peng J. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of pulmonary tuber-culosis among sanitary workers in Shanghai. Tubercle 1988,69:105-112
33. Lowe CR. An association between smoking and respiration tuberculosis. Br Med J 1956,2:1081-1086
34. Mehra JH. Contribution of cigarette between smoking and respiration tuberculosis. Br J Prev Soc Med 1957,11:10-21
35. Thorn PA,Brookes VS, Waterhouse JAH. Peptic ulcer, partial gastrectomy, and pulmon-ary tuberculosis. Br Med J.1956,1:603-608
36. Cantwell MF, Sinder DE, Jr., Cauthen GM, Onorato IM. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United states,1985 through 1992. J Am Med Assoc.1994,272:535-539
37.钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社.1993,45-116
38. Geiger FL, Kuemmerer JM. Seek and we shall find tuberculosis. J S C Med Assoc.1963, 59:234-40.
39. Comstock GW. Tuberculosis transmission-rogue pathogen, rogue patient, or the vagaries of change? Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2002,15; 166(8):1141-2.
40.谢惠安,阳国太,林善梓等,现代结核病学.第1版,北京：人民卫生出版社,2000.799.
41. Ng TP, Chan SL. Factors associated with massive fibrosis in silicosis.Thorax.1991,46 (4):229-32.
42. Goldsmith N, Beaumont JJ, Morrin LA, Schenker MB. Respiratory cancer and other chronic disease mortality among silicotics in California. Am J Ind Med.1995, 28(4):459-67.
43. Partanen T, Jaakkola J, Tossavainen A. Silica, silicosis and cancer in Finland.Scand J Work Environ Health.1995,21 Suppl 2:84-6.
44. Polzik EV, Katsnelson BA, Kochneva MYu, Kasantsev VS. The principles of predicting the individual risk of silicosis and silicotuberculosis. Comment in:Med Lav.1993,84 (3):249.
45. Afonin AP, Koval'chuk AA, Slinchenko NZ, Pavlenko ME, Beletskii VS. Risk factors for the development of siderosilicotubeculosis. Vrach Delo.1989,(7):102-3.
46. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.1994,,150(5 Pt 1):1460-2.
47. Peter A, heodos, et al. Tuberculosis in anthrocosilisis. Am J Rev tuberc 1952,65:24
48. Geoige W., Comstock. Epidemiology of tuberculosis. Am J Rev Respir Dis.1982,125:8
49. Victoria M. Trasko. Some facts on the prevalence of silicosis in the United States. Arch Indust Health.1956,14:379.
50. Carneiro AP, Barreto SM, Siqueira AL, Cavariani F, Forastiere F. Continued exposure to silica after diagnosis of silicosis in Brazilian gold miners. Am J Ind Med.2006, 49(10):811-8.
1. Shimao T. Global situation of TB and its control. Kekkaku.1999;74(2):83-90.
2. Mustafa Abu S. Al-Attiyah R. Tuberculosis:looking beyond BCG vaccines. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine.2003;49(2):134-40.
3. World health organization. WHO report 2002.Global tuberculosis control. WHO Geneva 2002.
4.王苏民,端木宏谨.从耐药结核病看加强结核控制工作的重要性.中国全科医学杂志,2000；3(6)：488-489.
5.刘剑君.结核病控制策略.结核病健康教育.2006,1：11-16.
6. World health organization. Tuberculosis control in the WHO Western Pacific Region 2002 Report. WHO Geneva 2002
7.王宇.中国新闻两会特刊《控制结核刻不容缓》[EB/OL].中国结核网http://www.chinatb.org
8.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志,2002,24(2)：65-108.
9.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.我国结核病疫情及变化趋势.结核病健康教育,2001,2：17-20
10.王陇德.中国结核病控制现状及展望.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2006,29(8)：505-506.
11. Yeager H Jr, Richardson MS. Tuberculosis elimination-what's to stop us? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1997,1(4):386.
12.钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社.1993,45-116.
13.邹级谦,施鸿生.结核病健康教育..健康教育.结核病分册.1995,7：3-9.
14.王黎霞,杨华林,张冬颖等.实施国家结核病控制规划经费需求的测算.中国防痨杂志.2002：24(1)：5-8.
15.赵大海,李洪娣,徐飚.上海市长宁区服务行业流动人口对结核病认知及影响因素的现状调查.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2005,28(3)：188-191.
16. Ailinger RL, Lasus H, Dear M. Americans' knowledge and Perceived risk of tuberculosis. Puiblic Health Num,2003,20:211-215.
17.杜素芝.煤矿工人尘肺结核化疗的健康教育效果分析.临床护理杂志.2003,24(3)：45-47
18.杨成凤,叶建君,熊昌富,等.湖北省2006年公众结核病防治知识信念行为调查结果分析.公共卫生与预防医学.2007,8(1)：39-43
19. Alvarez-Gordillo GC, Alvarez-Gordillo JF, Dorantes-Jimenez JE, et al. Perceptions and practices related with tuberculosis and treatment compliance in Chiapas, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex.2000;42(6):520-8
20. Bai LQ, Xiao SY. Factors associated with diagnostic delay for patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in rural Hunan, China. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi.2004;27(9):617-20
21. Lawn SD, Afful B, Acheampong WJ. Pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic delay in Ghanaian adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,1998,2 (8):635-640
22.李君华.“因症就诊”在肺结核病人早期发现中的作用和地位.上海预防医学杂志.1996,9(3)：141
23.任娟华.肺结核因症就诊发现工作的组织与管理.上海预防医学杂志,1996,9(3)：141.
24.戴元生,工克文,杜晰,等.世行贷款项目省结核病控制实施水平不均衡性及及其影响因素评析.结核病与胸部肿瘤.1997,2(3)：144
25.刘津兰,王小靖,汤光华,等.影响新发传染源发现率的有关因素探讨.中国防痨杂志.1995,17(1)：13
26. Wandwalo ER, Morkve O. Knowledge of disease and treatment among tuberculosis patients in Mwanza, Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2000,4:1041
27. Lonnroth K, Thuong LM, Linh PD, et al. Delay and discontinuity-a health survey of TB patient's search of a diagnosis in a diversified care system. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1999,3(11):992-1000
28. Christian Auer, Jesus Sarol Jr, Marcel Tanner, et al. Health seeking and perceived causes of tuberculosis among patients in Manila, Philippines. Tropical Medicine and International Health,2000,5 (9):648-656.
29.卫生部疾病控制司.中国结核病防治规划实施工作指南,2002：19
30. WHO. Treatment of tuberculosis, guidelines for nation,1997.
31.赵丰曾.结核病人的治疗与管理-DOTS策略.中国预防医学杂志.2001,2(2)：86-89.
32. Calder L, Gao W, Simmons G. Tuberculosis:reasons for diagnostic delay in Auckland. N Z Med J.2000 Nov 24; 113(1122):483-5
33. Yamamura J, Sawada T. A study on patients with tuberculosis among foreigners overstayed in Japan after expiration of visa-activities over three years. Kekkaku.2002, 77(10):671-7
34.汪雁鹤.DOTS策略的效果及影响因素评价.复旦大学博士学位论文.2004；76
35.白丽琼,肖水源,张玉等。县级综合医院肺结核患者的诊治和管理现况分析。中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25(4)：242
36. Amir Khan, John galley, James Newell et al. Tuberculosis in Pakistan:Socio-cultural constraints and opportunities in treatment. Social science & Medicine.2000,50:247-254
37. Johansson E, Divan VK, Huong ND, et al. Staff and patient attitudes to tuberculosis and compliance with treatment:an exploratory study in a district in Vietnam. Tubercle and Lung Disease,1996,77:178-83
38.林叔芳,陈求扬,薛朝红.452例新发涂阳肺结核病例延迟分析.海峡预防医学杂志,1997,3(4)：45
39.关于进一步加强全国结核病防治工作的通知卫生部文件卫疾控发[1996]第5号
40..Murray C JL, Styblo K, Rouillon A. tuberculosis in developing countries:burden, intervention and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Di s,1990,65:6
41.陈英耀,王立基,王华.卫生服务可及性评价.中国卫生资源.2000,3(6)：279-282
1. Lienhardt C. Bennett S, Prete GD. et al. Investigation of environmental and host-related risk factors for tuberculosis in Africa. Methodological aspects of a combined design. Am J Epidemiol 2002,155:1066-1073
2. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsittel DP, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with silicosis.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2001,172 (1):75-82.
3. Bean AGD, Roach DR, Briscoe, et al. Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF genetargeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin. J Immunol, 1999,162:3504-3511.
4.王德军,杨跃林,夏庆杰等.肿瘤坏死因子-α基因多态性与矽肺遗传易感性的研究.四川大学学报.2005,36(5)：679-682
5. Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate:a randomized phase III trial. Lancet,1999,354:1932-1939.
6. Zganiacz A, Santosuosso M, Wang J, et al. TNF-alpha is a critical negative regulator of type 1 immune activation during intracellular bacterial infection. J Clin Invest, 2004,13:401-413
7. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsittel DP, et al. Cytokine polymorphisms in silicosis and other pneumoconiosis[JJ. Mol-Cell-Biochem,2002; 234-235(1-2):219-224.
8. Selvaraj P, Sriram U, Mathan Kurian S, Reetha AM and Narayanan PR. Tumour necrosis factor alpha(-238 and-308) and beta gene polymorphisms in pulmonary tuberculosis: haplotype analysis with HLA-A,Band DR genes.Tuberculosis (Edinb),2001,81:335-341.
9. Delgado JC,Baena A,Thim S and Goldfeld AE.Ethnicspecific genetic associations with pulmonary tuberculosis .J Infect Dis,2002,186:1463-4168.
10.纪春梅,安雅臣,李军,王育华.肿瘤坏死因子α,β基因多态性与中国北方汉族肺结核发病的关系：l：1配对病例对照.中国临床康复.2006,10(28)：16-19
11.叶一秀,王巍,姜平,等.老年矽肺结核患者血清肿瘤坏死因子水平的临床观察.标记免疫分析与临床,2001,8(4)：200-201.
12.李立明.主编.流行病学.北京：人民卫生出版社,1999,66-68.
13.范雪云,冯福民等人.综合培训教材.华北煤炭医学院研究生内部使用教材.2006,67-89
14. Hughes JM.Radiographic evidence of silicosis in relation to silica exposure. Appl occur environ hyg,1995,10:1064-1069.
15.何风生,主编,中华职业医学.北京：人民卫生出版社,1999：810-813。
16. Corbett EL, Mozzato N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe silicosis in black South African miners. Am. Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-693.
17. Stead WW. Setuter JW. Reddick WT, et al. Racial differences in susceptibility to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.N Engl J Med 1990;322:422-427.
18. Comstock, G.W. Tuberculosis in twins:a re-analysis of the Prophit survey. Am. Rev. Respir Dis.1978:117:621-624
19. Wilson AG, Symons JA, Mcdowell TL, et al. Effects of polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor-a promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad, 1997,94:3195-3199
20. Louis E, Franchimont D, Piron A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)gene polymorphism influences TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy human. J Clin Exp Immunol,1998,113(3):401-406.
21. Higuchi T, Seki N, Kamizono S, et al. Polymorphism of the 5'flanking region of human tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α gene in Japanese. Tissue Antigens.199851:605-612.
22.李艳,黄宪章,张平安,等.雌激素受体基因多态性与急性心肌梗死关系的研究.中华医学杂志,2001,81：389-392.
23. Udalova IA, Richardson A, Denys A, et al. Functional consequences of a polymorphism affecting NFkB p50-p50 binding to the TNF promoter region. Mol Cell Biol,20:9113-2000.
24. Brinkman BM, Huizinga TW, Kurban SS, et al.Tumour necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis:association with susceptibility to, or severity of, disease? Br J Rheumatol.1997;36(5):516-521.
25. Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ. The-308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Mol Immunol.1997;34 (5):391-399
26. Louis E, Franchimont D, Piron A, et al. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism influences TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy humans. Clin Exp Immunol.1998;113 (3):401-406.
27. Keatings VM, Cave SJ, Henry, MJ,et al. A polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region may predispose to a poor prognosis in COPD. Chest.2000;118(4):971-975.
28. Whyte M, Hubbard R, Meliconi R, et al. Increased risk of fibrosisng alveolitis associated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2000; 162 (2suppl):755-758.
29. Riha RL, Yang IA, Rabnott GC, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Inter Med.2004;34(3):126-129.
30. Qian W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. The relationship between tumor necrosis factor A-308 gene polymorphism and susceptibility of severe periodontitis in adults. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi,2002,37(2):126-128.Chinese.
31. Zhai R, Jetten M, Schins RP, et al. Polymorphisms in the promoterof the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in coal miners. AM J Ind Med,1998(10),34(4):318-324.
32. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsitel DP, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with silicosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2001, 172(1):75-82.
33. Corbett EL, Mozzato-Chamay N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe solicosis in black South African miners. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-3.
34. Ding M, Chen F, Shi X, et al. Diseases caused by solica:mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immumo pharmacol,2002,2(2-3):173-182.Review.
35. Kim KA, Cho YY, Cho JS, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter polymorphism in coal workers'pneumoconiosis. Mol Cell Biochem,2002 May-Jun, 234-235(1-2):
36.王博蔚.肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性与疾病.国外医学免疫学分册,2000,23：89-92.
37. Lander ES, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science,1994; 265: 2037-2048
38. Evaves LJ. The resolution of genotype x environment interaction in segregation analysis of nuclear family. Genet Epidemiol,1984; 1:215-228
39. Campbell H. Gene environment interaction. J Epidemiol Community Health,1996; 50:397-400
40. Khoury MJ, Flanders WD. Nontraditional epidemiology approaches in the analysis of gene-environment interaction:Case-control studies with no controls! Am J Epidemiol, 1996; 144:207-213
41. Weinberg CR, Umbach DM. Choosing a retrospective design to access joint genetic and environmental contributions to risk. Am J Epidemiol,2000;152:197-203
42. Piegorsch WW, Weinberg CR, Taylor JA. Non-hierarchical logistic models and case-only design for assessing susceptibility in population-based case-control studies. Statistics Medicine,1994;13:153-162
43. Garcia-Closas M, Thompson WD, Robins JM. Differential misclassification and the assessment of gene-environmental interactions in case-control studies. Am J epidemiol, 1998; 147:426-433.
44. Rothman N, Lubin J. Misclassification in case-control studies of interactions:assessment of bias and sample size.Cancer epidemiol Biomar,1999；8:1043-1050.
1.孟昭阁,等.矿山矽肺与结核防治.北京,能源出版社,1985,18.
2. 金泰廙，主编.职业卫生与职业病学.北京,人民卫生出版社.2004,454-455
3. Supply P,Magdalena J,Himpens S,et al.Identification of novel intergenic repetitive units in a mycobacterial two-component system operon. Mol Microbiol,1997,26:991-1003.
4. Supply P, Mazars E, Lesjean S, et al. Variable humman minisatellite-like regions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. Mol Microbiol,2000,36:762-771.
5. Mazars E, Lesjean S, Banuls AL, et al. High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2001,98:1901-1906.
6. Supply P, Lesjean S, Savine E, et al. Automated high-throughput genotyping for study of global epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3563-3571.
7. Supply P, Lesjean S, Savine E. Automated high-throughput genotyping for studyof global epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3563-3571.
8. Kwara A, Schiro R, Cowan LS, et al. Evaluation of the epidemiologic utility of secondary typing methods for differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosisisolates. J Clin Microbiol 2003,41 (6):2683-2685.
9. Elizabeth P.Is it time to uproot the tree of life?Science,1999,284:1305.
10. Sola C, Filliol I, Legrand E, et al. Genotyping of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using MIRUs:association with VNTR and spoligotyping for molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics. Infect Genet Evol,2003,3:2438-2444.
11. Edlin BR, Tokars JI, Grieco MH, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med,1992,326:1514-1521.
12. Alland D, Kalkut CE, Moss AR, et al. Transmission of tuberculosis in New York City: An analysis by DNA fingerprinting and conventional epidemiologic methods. N Engl J Med,1994,330:1710-1716
13. Small PM, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco A population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N. Engl J Med.1994,330:1703-1709
14. Supply P,Mazars E, Lesjean V,et al.Variable human minisatellitelike regions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. Mol Microbiol,2000,36:762-771
15. Sola C, Filliol I, Legrand E,et al.Genotyping of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using MIRUs:association with VNTR and spoligotyping for molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics.Infect Genet Evol,2003,3:2438-2444.
16. Supply P,Lesjean S,Savine E. Automated high-throughput genotyping for study of global epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3563-3571
17..Small PM, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco.A population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N Engl J Med,1994,330:1703-1709.
18. Dale JW, Nor RM, Ramayah S, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Malaysia J Clin Microbiol,1999,37:1265-1268.
19. Djuretic T, Herbert J, Drobniewski F, et al. Antibiotic resistant tuberculosis in the United Kingdom:1993-1999. Thorax,2002.57:477-482.
20. Djuretic T, Herbert J, Drobniewski F, et al. Antibiotic resistant tuberculosis in the United Kingdom:1993-1999. Thorax,2002.57:477-482.
21. Drobniewski F, Balabanova Y, Ruddy M, et al. Rifampin-and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Russia civilians and prison inmates:dominance of the Beijing strain family. Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(11):1320-1326.
22. van Soolingen D,de Haas PE,Hermans PW,et al.Comparison of various repetitive DNA elements as genetic markers for strain differentiation and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J Clin Microbiol,1993,31:1987-1995.
23. Warren R,Richardson M,Sampson S,et al.Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with additional makers enhances accuracy in epidemiological studies.J Clin Microbiol,1996,34:2219-2224.
24. Cronin WA,Golub JE,Magder LS,et al.Epidemiologic usefulness of spoligotyping for secondary typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with low copy numbers of IS6110.J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:3709-3711.
25. Goguet de la Salmoniere YO,Li HM,Torrea G,et al.Evaluation of spoligotyping in a study of the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J Clin Microbiol.1997,35:2210-2214.
26. Kwara A,Schiro R,Cowan LS,et al.Crawford evaluation of the epidemiologic utility of secondary typing methods for differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol,2003,41:2683-2685.
27. Steevatsan S, Pan X, Stockbauer KE, et al. Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the M ycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1997,94:9869-9874.
28. Marchal G. Recently transmitted tuberculosis is more frequent than reactivation of latent infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,1997,1:192.
29. Munsiff SS, Bassoff T, Nivin B, et al. Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, New York City 1995-1997. Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(11):1230-1237.
30. van Soolingen D, Borgdorff MW, de Haas PE, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Netherlands:A nationwide study from 1993 through 1997. J Infect Dis, 1999,180:726-736.
31. de Lourdes Garcia-Garcia M, Ponce-de-Leon A, Jimenez-Corona ME, et al. Clinical consequences and transmissibility of drug-resistant tuberculosis in southern Mexico. Arch Intern Med,2000,160:630-636.
32. Godfrey-Faussett P, Sonnenberg P, Shearer SC, et al. Tuberculosis control and molecular epidemiology in a South African gold-mining community. Lancet,2000,356:1066-1110
31. 王簃兰,刚葆琪.现代劳动卫生学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1994.103.
32. 孟昭阁.矿山矽肺与肺结核防治M].北京：能源出版社,1985.30.
33. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1460-1462.
34. Hnizdo E, Murray J. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:496-502.
35. Sonnenberg P, Murray J, Glynn JR, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary disease due to culture-positive M.tuberculosis or nontuberculous mycobacteria in South African gold miners. Eur Respir J.2000;15:291-296.
36. Trasko V M. Some fact on the prevalence of silicosis in the United States. Arch indust health,1959,14:379.
37. Capezzuto A. Statistical analysis on the course of pulmonary silicosis. Considerations on 1,370 cases during a 20-year-period. Folia Med (Napoli).1969 Jan 1;52(1):23-37.
38. Burckhardt P. Silicotuberculosis and its prevention. Schweiz Med Wochenschr.1967, 29;97(30):980-2.
39. Dechoux J. Tuberculosis in pneumoconiosis victims in the Lorraine basin coal mines (radioclinical study) Rev Med Suisse Romande.1968 Feb;88(2):99-109.
40. Bruce T. Silicotuberculosis with special reference to Swedish conditions. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl.1968;65:139-46.
41. 全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,261-272
42. 杨祖六,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.济南：山东中国医药科技出版社.1993：92-117
43. 沈国安,陈兴华,王用民,等.四川省尘肺流行病学调查研究.全国尘肺流行病学调查研究资料集(1946-1986).中国协和医科大学北京医科大学联合出版社.1992,261-272
44. 王朝龙,刘国礼,牛和军,等.淮南煤矿尘肺并发肺结核调查分析.中国职业医学,2006,33(6)：16-17.
45. 丁新平,陈卫东,王燕,等.皖北地区尘肺流行病学调查.中国职业医学,2005,32(4)：29-31.
46. 尹萸.2003年全国尘肺病报告发病情况分析[J].中国职业医学,2005,32(5)：20-22.
47. 全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.第四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25(1)：36
48. 周泽深,王飞云.矽肺与肺结核的关系.中国临床医生.2004,32(7)：10-11
49. Gernez Rieux C. Experimental steady of interactions between pneumoconiosis and mycobacterium infections. Amn.N.Y.Acad. Sci(c.w.p),1972,200:106
50. 沈国安.1706例煤工尘肺死因分析.职业卫生与病伤,1989,4(2)：3
51. 翁维楷.矽肺病人免疫学初步研究.医学研究通讯,1980,12(8)：15
52. Silva CL.Lowrie DB.Identification and characterization of murine cytotoxic T cells that kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infect Immun,2000,68(6):3269-3274
53. 郭长轩,蒋文忠,丁新平,等.淮北矿区煤矿工人尘肺发病及现状调查[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2001,19(1)：20-23
54. 赵素英.阳泉市1230例尘肺合并肺结核特征分析.实用预防医学,2006,13(2)：373-374
55. 唐云霞,曲亚斌,李华,等.矽肺矿工肺结核患病情况及结核菌素反应的调查分析.环境与职业医学,2005,22(3)：261-263
56. 史化才.1230例尘肺合并肺结核回顾性分析.宁夏医学院学报,2004,26(3)：207-208
57. 马永志.287例煤工尘肺合并肺结核回顾分析.河南医药信息,2002,1 0(17)：93
58. 郑明德.肺结核对矽肺亚级和病死率影响的分析.中国职业医学,2000,27(6)：56-57
59. 陈安启,郭长轩,韩素敏,严敏.139例煤工尘肺合并活动性肺结核住院疗效分析.中国职业医学,2003,30(2)：41-42
60. 严碧崖.浅议耐多药结核病.中华结核和呼吸杂志,1997,6：325
61. 陈东进,李洪敏,姜平,王仲元.煤工尘肺结核耐药菌的基因分析.中国防痨杂志,2003,25(6)：385-387
62. Snider J R.The relationship between tuberculosis and silicosis.Am Rev Respir Dis,1979,118:455
63. 陈启安,程振,韩素敏.煤工尘肺复治肺结核两种治疗方案疗效分析.中国防痨杂志,2001,23(3)：178-180
64. 崔兰英,陈裕华,唐天兰.中山市老年肺结核患者情况分析.中国防痨杂志,2001,23(3)：188
65. 宋文虎,肖志成,宋礼章.结核病学进展.北京：光明日报出版社,1995,290
66. 钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社,1993,45-116
67. 宋峰,张学.肺结核对矽肺进展和死亡率影响的观察.职业与健康,2003,19(5)：60-61
68. 洪流.煤工尘肺的生存分析.中国工业医学杂志,1996,9(1)：15-17
69. 韩向午,张志坤.煤矿尘肺结核的预后分析.中华流行病学杂志,1997,18特辑1号
70. 邓雄良,李静茹,陈卫东.煤矿尘肺合并肺结核调查分析.劳动医学.1992,9(1)：23-24.
71. 许天培,江华丰.云南省尘肺结核调查研究.职业卫生与病伤,1995,(2)：70-73
72. Ng TP, Chan SL. Factors associated with massive fibrosis in silicosis.Thorax.1991, 46(4):229-32.
73. Goldsmith DF, Beaumont JJ, Morrin LA, Schenker MB. Respiratory cancer and other chronic disease mortality among silicotics in California. Am J Ind Med.1995,28(4): 459-67.
7.4. Partanen T, Jaakkola J, Tossavainen A. Silica, silicosis and cancer in Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health.1995,21 Suppl 2:84-6.
75. Polzik EV, Katsnelson BA, Kochneva MYu, Kasantsev VS. The principles of predicting the individual risk of silicosis and silicotuberculosis. Comment in:Med Lav. 1993,84(3):249.
76. Afonin AP, Koval'chuk AA, Slinchenko NZ, Pavlenko ME, Beletskii VS. Risk factors for the development of siderosilicotubeculosis. Vrach Delo.1989,(7):102-3.
77. Cowie RL. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.1994,,150(5 Pt 1):1460-2.
78. Carneiro AP, Barreto SM, Siqueira AL, Cavariani F, Forastiere F. Continued exposure to silica after diagnosis of silicosis in Brazilian gold miners. Am J Ind Med.2006,49(10): 811-8.
79. 王陇德.中国结核病控制现状及展望.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2006,29(8)：505-506.
80. Yeager H Jr, Richardson MS. Tuberculosis elimination-what's to stop us? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1997,1(4):386.
81. 钟明,鲍含诚,王文举,等.尘肺合并症.北京：中国医药科技出版社.1993,45-116.
82. Stanford JL, Bahr GM, Rood GAW, et al. Immunotherapy with mycobacterium vaccae as an adjunct chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercule,1990, 71(2):87
83. 杨祖六,段连山,关砚生.母牛分枝杆菌预防尘肺并发结核的实验研究.中华结核和呼吸杂志.1994,20(6)：350-353
1. JM Grange. Immunotherapy-a new strategy for tuberculosis control. Respiratory Med-icine,1997,91:1
2. Hadiarto Mangunnegoro. Resurgence of TB in Asia. Medical Progress SEA,1996,23(8): 10
3.殷大奎.在“世界结核病防治日”座谈会上的讲话.中国防痨杂志,2000,13(2)：57
4. World Health Organization. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. Report No.2. prevalence and trends. Geneva:WHO,2000.
5. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control. WHO report 2000. Geneva: WHO,2000
6. Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, et al. Global burden of tuberculosis:estimated incidence, pre-valence and mortality by country. WHO global surveillance and monitoring project. JAMA,1999,282:677
7. Isman MD. TB elimination in the 21st century, a quixotic dream. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2000,4 suppl:s109
8. Schraufnagel DE. Tuberculosis treatment for the beginning of the next century. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,1999,3:651
9. Binkin NJ, Vernon AA, Smone PM, et al. Tuberculosis prevention and control activities in the United States:an overview of the organization of tuberculosis services. Int J
Tuberc Lung Dis,1999,3:663
10.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查领导小组.1979年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查综合简报.中华结核和呼吸系疾病杂志,1982,(2)：67
11.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查领导小组.全国第二次结核病流行病学抽样调查综合简报.中华结核和呼吸杂志,1990,(2)：67
12.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.第三次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中华结核和呼吸杂志,1992,(2)：69
13.全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组.第四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25：3
14. Pilheu JA.Tuberculosis 2000:problems and solutions. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1998; 2(9): 696-703.
15.张立兴,屠德华,阚冠卿.国际结核病流行出现的严重问题和我们的对策.中国防痨杂志,1996；18(3)：97
16.谢惠安,阳国太,林善梓等.现代结核病学.北京：人民卫生出版社,第一版,2000：274,731
17. Shigeru Omi.遏制西太平洋地区的结核病危机.WHO/WPRO/2000.3
18.中华医学会结核病分会.中国结核病学科防治史.第1版.北京：当代中国出版社,1997：1
19.肖和平主编.结核病防治新进展.上海：复旦大学出版社,2004：313-315
20.马屿.要重视人类免疫缺陷病毒感染／爱滋病并发的结核病.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2000；23(11)：645-646.
21.王陇德.中国结核病控制现状及展望.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2006,29(8)：505-506.
45. Wilson AG, Symons JA, Mcdowell TL, et al. Effects of polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor-a promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad,1997,94: 3185-3199.
46. Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ, et al. The-308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription Mol Immunol,1997,34:391-399.
47. Stuber F, Udalova IA, Book M, et al.-308 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)Polymorphism is not associated with survival in severe sepsis and is unrelated to lipopolysaccharide inducibility of the human TNF promoter. J Inflamm,1996,46:42-50.
48. Louis E, Franchimont D, Piron A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism influences TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharde (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy human. J Clin Exp Immunol,1998,113(3):401-406.
49. Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ. The-308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Mol Immunol.1997,34 (5):391-399
50. Keatings VM, Cave SJ, Henry MJ,et al. A polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region may predispose to a poor prognosis in COPD. Chest.2000,118(4):971-975.
51. Whyte M, Hubbard R, Meliconi R, et al. Increased risk of fibrosisng alveolitis associated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2000,162 (2suppl):755-758.
52. Riha RL, Yang IA, Rabnott GC, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Inter Med.2004,34(3):126-129.
53. Qian W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. The relationship between tumor necrosis factor A-308 gene polymorphism and susceptibility of severe periodontitis in adults. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi,2002,37(2):126-128.
54. Zhai R, Jetten M, Schins RP, et al. Polymorphisms in the promoterof the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in coal miners. AM J Ind Med,1998(10),34(4):318-324.
55. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsitel DP, et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with silicosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2001, 172(1):75-82.
56. Corbett EL, Mozzato-Chamay N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe solicosis in black South African miners. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-3.
57. Ding M, Chen F, Shi X, et al. Diseases caused by solica:mechanisms of injury and disease development. Int Immumo pharmacol,2002,2(2-3):173-182.Review.
58. Kim KA, Cho YY, Cho JS, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter polymorphism in coal workers'pneumoconiosis. Mol Cell Biochem,2002 May-Jun, 234-235(1-2):
59.王博蔚.肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性与疾病.国外医学免疫学分册,2000,23：89-92.
60. Bean AGD, Roach DR, Briscoe, et al. Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF genetargeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin. J Immunol,1999, 162:3504-3511.
61. Elias JA, Freundlich B, Kirn JA et al. Cytokine networks in the regulation of inflammation and fibrosis in the Lung. Chest,1990,97:1439.
62. Bollert FCE, Imrie M, Smith J, et al. TNF release from alvemacrophages in response to bypoxia in a rat model. Eur Resp,1994,7:18.
63. Lassalle P, Gosset P, Aerts C. Abnormal secretion of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by alveolar macrophages in coal worker's pneumoconiosis:comparison between simple pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis. EXP Lung Res, 1990,16(1):73-80.
64. Borm PJ, Palmen N, Engelen JJ, et al. Spontaneous and stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) from blood monocytes of miners with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Am Rev Respir Dis,1988,138(6):1589.
65. Borm PJ, et al. Basis for differences in Susceptibility to Coal. Toxicol Lett,1992, Dec: 64.
66. Rolfe MW, Paine R, Davenport RB, et al. Hard metal pneumoconiosis and the association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Am Rev Respir Dis,1992,146(6):1600.
67. Borm PJ, Meijers JM, Swaen GM. Molecular epidemiology of coal worker's pneumoconiosis:application to risk assessment of oxidant and monokine generation by mineral dusts. EXP Lung Res,1990,16(1):57-71
68. Piguet PF, Collart MA, Grau GE, et al. Requirement of tumour necrosis factor for develop-ment of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Nature,1990,344(15):245.
69. Piguet PF, Collart MA, Grau GE, et al. Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin plays a key role in bleomycin-induced pneumopathy and fibrosis. J EXP Med,1989,170:655.
70. Piguet PF. Is "tumor necrosis factor" the major effector of pulmonary fibrosis? Eur Cytokine Netw,1990,1(4):257.
71. Piguet PF, Vesin C. Treatment by human recombinant soluble TNF receptor of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin or silica in mice. Eur Respir J,1994,7(3):551.
72. Bissonette E, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of asbestosis and silicosis. Possible role of tumor necrosis factor. Inflammation 1989,13(3):329-339.
73. Mohr C, Davis GS, Graebner C, et al. Enhanced release of prostaglandin E2 from macro-phages of rats with silicosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Bid,1992,6(4):390.
74. Mohr C, Davis GS, Graebner C, et al. Reduced release of leukotrienes B4 and C4 from alveolar macrophages of rats with silicosis. Am J Respir Cello Biol,1992,7(5):542.
75. Zhai R, Jetten M, Schins RP, et al. Polymorphisms in the promoter of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in coal miners. AM-J-Ind-Med,1998(10),34(4):318-324.
76. Whyte M, Hubbard R, Meliconi R, et al. Increased risk of fibrosing alveolitis associated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2000(8),162(2 pt 1):755-758.
77. Corbett EL, Mozzato-Chamay N, Butterworth AE, et al. Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter may predispose to severe silicosis in black South African miners. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165(5):690-693.
78. Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate:a randomized phase III trial. Lancet,1999,354:1932-1939.
79. Zganiacz A, Santosuosso M, Wang J, et al. TNF-alpha is a critical negative regulator of type 1 immune activation during intracellular bacterial infection. J Clin Invest, 2004,13:401-413
80. Yucesoy B, Vallyathan V, Landsittel DP, et al. Cytokine polymorphisms in silicosis and other pneumoconiosis. Mol-Cell-Biochem,2002; 234-235(1-2):219-224.
81. Selvaraj P, Sriram U, Mathan Kurian S, Reetha AM and Narayanan PR. Tumor necrosis factor alpha(-238 and-308) and beta gene polymorphisms in pulmonary tuberculosis: haplotype analysis with HLA-A, Band DR genes. Tuberculosis (Edinb),2001,81:335-341.
82.纪春梅,安雅臣,李军,王育华.肿瘤坏死因子α,β基因多态性与中国北方汉族肺结核发病的关系：1：1配对病例对照.中国临床康复.2006,10(28)：16-19
1. Cole ST, Brosch R, Parkhill J, et al. Deciphering the biology of mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence.Nature,1998,356:190.
2. Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae RD. Science,1995,269,:449-512
3. Sutton GG, White O, Adams MD, et al. TIGR assembler:a new tool for assembling large shotgun sequencing projects. Genome Sci Tech.1995,1:9-19
4. Cole ST, Brosch R, Parkhill J, et al. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature,1998,396:190-191
5. Primm TP, Anderden SJ, Mizrahi V, et al. The stringent response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis id required for long-term survival. J Bacteriol,2000,182:4889-4898.
6. Elizabeth P. Is it time to uproot the tree of life? Science,1999,284:1305.
7. Dubnau E, Chan J, Rayand C. Oxygenated mycoli acids are necessary for virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Mol Microbiol,2000,36(3):630.
8. Mazurek GH, Cave MD, Eisenach KD, et al. Chromosomal DNA fingerprint pattens produced with IS6110 as strain specific markers for epidemiologic study of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol,1991,29:2030-2033.
9. Niemann S, Richter E, Rusch Gerdes S, et al. Stability of IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains inactual chains of transmission. J Clin Microbiol,2000,38:2563-2567.
10. Van Embden JD, Cave MD, Crawford J T, et al. Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA finger printing:recommendations for a standardized methodology. J Clin Microbiol,1993,31:406-409.
11.李书琳,金德福,韩中波,田花子,矫庆辉,张永胜.延边州结核分枝杆菌DNA指纹图谱特征分析.中国防痨杂志,2005,27(1)：23-25.
12..闫国蕊,程豪为,李为民,等.河南省结核分枝杆菌IS6110 DNA指纹图谱特征分析.中国卫生检验杂志.2005,15(9)：1033-1034.
13.李卫民,端木宏谨,王黎霞,等.2000年中国结核病流行病学抽样调查菌株分子流行病学特征.中华医学杂志.2003，83(14)：1210-1213.
14.裴秀英,王民,朱桂林等；IS6110-限制性片段长度多态性DNA分型在结核分子流行病学研究中的应.中华结核和呼吸杂志,2002,25(1)：18-20.
15. Krousov I, Narvskaya O, Limeschenko E, et al. Novel IS6110 insertion sites in the direct repeat locus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical strains from the St. Petersburg area of Russia and evolutionary and epidemiological considerations. J Clin Microbiol,2002,40: 1504-1507.
16. Welsh J, Mc Clelland M. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Res,1990,18:7213-7218.
17. Williams JG, Kubeilk AR, Livak KJ, et al. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res,1990,18:6531-6535.
18.钟敏,温博海,陈炜等.结核分枝杆菌随机扩增多态性DNA指纹分型技术及应用研究.中华检验医学杂志,2003,25(2)：91-94.
19. Inton CJ, Jalal H, Leeming JP, et al. Efficient discrimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol, 1994,32:2169-2174.
20. Mazars E, Lesjena S, Banuls Annel-Laure, et al. High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology. PNAS,2001,98:1901-1906.
21.钟敏,刘清华,杨小红.结核分枝杆菌对利福平及利福喷丁平衡药敏测试.中国实用内科杂志,2001；21(7)：411.
22. Scrpellin P, Braglia S, Carrera P, et al. Detection of Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by double Gradient-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Antimcrobiol Agents and Chemotherapy,1999,43:2550-2554
23. Madhumita Patnaik, Karsten Liegmann, James B. Peter. Rapid detection of Smear-negetive Mycobacterium buberculosis by PCR and sequencing for rafampin resistance with DNA extracted directly from slides. J Clin Microbiol,2001,39:51-52
24. Hiyam H, El-Hajj, Salvatore A.E. Marras, Sanjay Tyagi, et al. Detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a single tube with molecular beacons. J Clin Microbiol.2001,39:4131-4137.
25. Elitringham IJ, Drobniewski FA, Mangan JA, et al. Evaluation of reverse transcription-PCR and a bacteriophage-based assay for rapid phenotypical detection of rifampin resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol.1999,37:3524-3527
26. Vladimir Mikhailovich, Sergey Lapa, Dimitry Gryadnov, et al. Identification of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains by hybridization, PCR, and ligase detection reaction on ologongcleotide microchips. J Clin Microbiol.2001,39:2531-2540
27.洪晓平.矽肺结核与单纯肺结核患者的结核杆菌药敏观察.中国职业医学,2000,27(1)：38
28.姜平,李洪敏,陈东进,王巍,冯柏,王仲元,王国杨,李素梅,韩惠新.煤工尘肺结核病耐药性的研究.中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2002,20(2)：100-102.