普通高校排球选项课中实施9人制排球竞赛法的实践研究
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摘要
随着百余年来排球运动的发展,衍生出了各种不同形式的排球活动,排球运动也成为了体育课程中主要所教授的运动项目之一。排球选项课作为体育课程中公共选项课的主干课程之一,应在提高学生身体素质的同时,提高学生学习排球运动的兴趣、培养学生养成体育锻炼的良好习惯,为形成终身体育锻炼的意识打下坚固的基础。
在现今的排球体育教学中,更多的是采用了6人制排球作为教学内容。9人制排球有着参与人数多、对排球技术水平的要求并不太高、比赛规则比较容易理解掌握以及观赏性高等特点,适合作为6人制竞技排球之前的过渡形式。
本论文以9人制排球作为教学内容,明确教学目的与任务,在提高学生身体素质的同时,提高学生的排球技术水平,采用灵活多样的教学方法,在教学组织上多采用教学比赛的方法,使学生在9人制排球的活动中体验分工不同而承担的任务不同,为学生将来进入社会、适应社会提供帮助,同时培养起学生之间互相尊重、互相协作的团队精神。
通过在普通高校排球选项课上9人制排球的实施,与学习6人制排球的学生之间进行了对比,对开设9人制排球在提高学生学习排球运动的兴趣、动机、态度以及身体素质、基本技术等方面进行了分析对比,为9人制排球在中小学中的普及与开展、以及能够成为大众健身、群众所喜闻乐见的体育活动项目之一提供有力的参考依据。
本论文中将唐山师范学院排球选项课的班级依照9人制排球教学和6人制排球教学的不同,抽选了4个班级,各2个实验班和2个对照班,通过对学生所发放的154份问卷调查以及各种测试成绩的分析对比,采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、对比实验法、数理统计法以及资料分析法等得到了以‘下的结论和建议：
结论：
1.学生选修排球选项课的主要目的是提高身体素质的同时为了学习排球的基本技术,其中女生希望掌握的基本技术主要是发球、垫球和传球,而男生还更希望掌握扣球和拦网的技术。通过在普通高校中9人制排球教学或6人制排球教学在排球选项课上的实施,都能够使学生实现自己的目标,掌握基本的技术。
2.在排球选项课程中,可以采用基本技术与教学比赛相结合的形式,通过教学比赛使学生了解需要掌握的基本技术,从而激发学生学习的主动积极性,通过9人制排球教学或6人制排球的教学,学生大部分认为也希望能够更多地进行教学比赛。通过9人制排球的教学比赛的进行,男女生除了认为在身体素质和基本技术方而得到了提高以外,在“培养团队精神”、“享受体育、愉悦身心”“增强了自信心”以及“增进了友谊、结交朋友”等情感方面都得到了明显的增强,特别是男生出现了明显的差异。
3.作为9人制排球特点的“回合球次数多”,没有位置轮转的“可以在场内自由站位”以及“可多人进行扣球”和“可多人进行拦网”的趣味性等得到了大多数学生的认同,在教学比赛中大部分学生也都找到了自己的位置,认为发挥出了自己的水平。由于受到人数和外界环境条件等的影响,更多的学生表示“有条件的话”会继续进行9人制的比赛。
4.9人制排球教学与6人制排球教学通过调查问卷各项内容的结果来看,经检验并没有明显的差异。教师应根据教学比赛进行的情况,可适时地在9人制排球与6人制排球之间进行调整,特别是女生应当进行9人制排球教学形式更为适宜：。
5.通过9人制排球教学和6人制排球教学结束时的身体素质以及基本技术的测试,身体素质是男生1000米,女生800米；基本技术的考核内容是双手自垫球,经对比检验,在身体素质方面无明显差异；在基本技术方面,9人制排球教学的实验班成绩好于6人制排球教学的对照班,并且有明显的差异。
建议：
1.9人制排球作为排球演变过程中的一种形式,具有对排球基本技术要求不高、规则简单易懂、能够进行多岗位角色设置以及观赏性等特点,对于排球运动的初学者或中小学生来说是一种简便易行的体育活动形式,由于9人制排球的特点,应在中小学的体育课程中大力推广9人制排球,以扩大排球运动的基础普及范围。
2.在各高校中积极地导入9人制排球,提高学生喜爱排球运动的兴趣,同时可以开展男子、女子或男女混合等多种形式的9人制排球比赛,营造良好的外部环境条件,为学生终身体育意识的形成提供帮助的同时,打造成具有特色的高校群体运动项目。
3.在排球选项课程中,采用技术学习与教学比赛相结合的形式,使学生理解各种基本技术在比赛中是如何应用的,以及要达到如何的效果,从而调动学生主动学习基本技术的积极性。在基本技术学习的内容中,应结合学生所希望掌握的技术内容进行制定,灵活运用比赛的规则,使学生通过排球选项课体会到运动所带来的快乐,愉悦身心。
4.在每次选项课临近结束之前,穿插安排一般或者专项的身体素质练习,以提高学生的基础身体素质。
5.教师应当根据排球选项课的实际进展情况,根据人数、学生掌握技术的水平等适时地调整9人制排球成为6人制排球、或在同一学时内同时进行9人制排球比赛和6人制排球比赛,同时灵活运用各种教学组织方法。
With the development of volleyball more than a century, derived from a variety of different forms of volleyball, volleyball has become a physical education curriculum taught in the major sports projects. Volleyball lessons as physical education classes in the public option is one of the main course should improve students'physical fitness while increasing student interest in learning volleyball, students develop good exercise habits for lifelong physical activity awareness and lay a solid foundation.
In today's volleyball physical education, more of a 6-a-volleyball as teaching content. 9-a-Volleyball with the number of participants and more demand for the skills of volleyball is not too high, the rules of the game easier to understand and master the advanced features and ornamental, suitable for 6-a form of competitive volleyball before the transition.
The nine papers in volleyball as a system of teaching content, a clear teaching objectives and tasks in improving the physical fitness of students at the same time, improve their volleyball skills, using flexible teaching methods, teaching organization in the game use more teaching methods, so that students in the 9-a division of volleyball experience different activities and tasks undertaken by different students in the future into the community, to help adapt to society, while cultivating mutual respect among students, collaborate with each other's spirit.
Options through the college volleyball volleyball class system, the implementation of nine people, six people with learning volleyball system were compared between students, volleyball system on the opening nine in improving student learning volleyball interest, motivation, attitudes, and body quality, technology and other aspects of basic analysis and comparison of nine systems in the popularity of volleyball in the school and to carry out, and the ability to become a popular fitness, sports loved by the masses of one of providing a strong reference.
The thesis option will Tangshan college volleyball class in accordance with Section 9-a-6-a-Volleyball Volleyball teaching and the teaching of different selected four classes, the two experimental classes and two control classes, by students issued 154 questionnaires and a variety of analysis and comparison of test scores, using literature and data, questionnaires, comparative experiments and mathematical statistical methods and data analysis method obtained the following conclusions and recommendations:
Conclusion:
1. Student elective course the main purpose of Volleyball is to improve the physical fitness at the same time to learn the basic skills of volleyball, in which girls want to master the basic techniques mainly serve, cushion the ball and passing, while the boys also hope to master the spike and blocking technology. By nine in the system of colleges and universities in teaching or 6-a-Volleyball Volleyball Volleyball class teaching in the implementation, can enable students to achieve their goals, master the basic techniques.
2. In Volleyball program, you can use the basic technology and teaching in the form of a combination of competition, through teaching the game to enable students to understand the need to master basic techniques in order to stimulate student learning motivation, through teaching or 9-a-6 Volleyball Volleyball teaching system, most students also hope that more teaching the game.9 system by teaching the game of volleyball for boys and girls except that the basic physical and technical aspects have been improved and, in the "team spirit", "enjoy sports, mental and physical pleasure," "enhanced self-confidence" and "enhance friendship, making friends "and other emotional aspects have been significantly enhanced, especially in boys there is a clear difference.
3. As a 9-a-Volleyball features the "round ball more times", there is no rotation of the position "in the venue free station," and "people can be spike" and "can block people for" fun and so be most students agree that most of the game in teaching all students to find their own position, that play their own level. Due to the number and impact of external environmental conditions, more students said, "able to do so" will continue the system of nine games.
4.9 a-6-a-Volleyball Volleyball teaching and teaching through the various elements of the questionnaire results, the test and no significant difference. Teachers should be conducted according to the teaching of the game, can the system in a timely manner in nine and six-a-Volleyball Volleyball between the adjustment, especially girls should be 9-a more appropriate form of teaching volleyball.
5.9 system by 6-a-Volleyball Volleyball teaching and teaching at the end of physical fitness and basic skills test, physical fitness is the boys 1,000 meters, the girls 800 meters; basic skills assessment from the content of cushion the ball with both hands, by contrast test, in no significant difference in physical fitness; in basic technology,9-a-Volleyball teaching experimental class was better than 6 of the control system of volleyball teaching classes, and there are significant differences.
Recommendation:
1.9-a-Volleyball Volleyball as a form of evolution, the basic techniques of volleyball with less demanding rules easy to understand, to set up multiple job roles and ornamental characteristics, for beginners or in volleyball students in sports activities is a simple form, due to the characteristics of 9-a volleyball, the physical education curriculum in schools should vigorously promote the 9-a-Volleyball to expand the popularity of volleyball based range.
2. In the universities in the active system into nine volleyball, to improve student interest in sports like volleyball, and can carry out man, woman or mixed-sex and other forms of 9-a volleyball game, create a favorable external environment conditions for student awareness of the formation of lifelong physical help at the same time, playing a distinctive college sports groups.
3. In volleyball option courses, learning and teaching using technology in the form of a combination of competition, so that students understand the basic techniques of how to apply is in the game, as well as how to achieve the effect, in order to mobilize students to take the initiative to learn basic techniques enthusiasm. In the context of learning basic skills, students should be combined with the desired skills are developed content, flexible use of the rules of the game, so that students understand the lesson by Volleyball movement to bring happiness, mental and physical pleasure.
4. Near the end of each option before the class, interspersed with the general or special arrangements for the physical exercises to improve their basic physical fitness.
5. Teachers should be based on the actual progress of Volleyball lesson, according to the number of students to master the technology level and to adjust the system 9 as 6-a-Volleyball volleyball, or simultaneously in the same hours of 9 and 6-a-Volleyball the person volleyball game, and flexible use of various methods of teaching organization.
在现今的排球体育教学中,更多的是采用了6人制排球作为教学内容。9人制排球有着参与人数多、对排球技术水平的要求并不太高、比赛规则比较容易理解掌握以及观赏性高等特点,适合作为6人制竞技排球之前的过渡形式。
本论文以9人制排球作为教学内容,明确教学目的与任务,在提高学生身体素质的同时,提高学生的排球技术水平,采用灵活多样的教学方法,在教学组织上多采用教学比赛的方法,使学生在9人制排球的活动中体验分工不同而承担的任务不同,为学生将来进入社会、适应社会提供帮助,同时培养起学生之间互相尊重、互相协作的团队精神。
通过在普通高校排球选项课上9人制排球的实施,与学习6人制排球的学生之间进行了对比,对开设9人制排球在提高学生学习排球运动的兴趣、动机、态度以及身体素质、基本技术等方面进行了分析对比,为9人制排球在中小学中的普及与开展、以及能够成为大众健身、群众所喜闻乐见的体育活动项目之一提供有力的参考依据。
本论文中将唐山师范学院排球选项课的班级依照9人制排球教学和6人制排球教学的不同,抽选了4个班级,各2个实验班和2个对照班,通过对学生所发放的154份问卷调查以及各种测试成绩的分析对比,采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、对比实验法、数理统计法以及资料分析法等得到了以‘下的结论和建议：
结论：
1.学生选修排球选项课的主要目的是提高身体素质的同时为了学习排球的基本技术,其中女生希望掌握的基本技术主要是发球、垫球和传球,而男生还更希望掌握扣球和拦网的技术。通过在普通高校中9人制排球教学或6人制排球教学在排球选项课上的实施,都能够使学生实现自己的目标,掌握基本的技术。
2.在排球选项课程中,可以采用基本技术与教学比赛相结合的形式,通过教学比赛使学生了解需要掌握的基本技术,从而激发学生学习的主动积极性,通过9人制排球教学或6人制排球的教学,学生大部分认为也希望能够更多地进行教学比赛。通过9人制排球的教学比赛的进行,男女生除了认为在身体素质和基本技术方而得到了提高以外,在“培养团队精神”、“享受体育、愉悦身心”“增强了自信心”以及“增进了友谊、结交朋友”等情感方面都得到了明显的增强,特别是男生出现了明显的差异。
3.作为9人制排球特点的“回合球次数多”,没有位置轮转的“可以在场内自由站位”以及“可多人进行扣球”和“可多人进行拦网”的趣味性等得到了大多数学生的认同,在教学比赛中大部分学生也都找到了自己的位置,认为发挥出了自己的水平。由于受到人数和外界环境条件等的影响,更多的学生表示“有条件的话”会继续进行9人制的比赛。
4.9人制排球教学与6人制排球教学通过调查问卷各项内容的结果来看,经检验并没有明显的差异。教师应根据教学比赛进行的情况,可适时地在9人制排球与6人制排球之间进行调整,特别是女生应当进行9人制排球教学形式更为适宜：。
5.通过9人制排球教学和6人制排球教学结束时的身体素质以及基本技术的测试,身体素质是男生1000米,女生800米；基本技术的考核内容是双手自垫球,经对比检验,在身体素质方面无明显差异；在基本技术方面,9人制排球教学的实验班成绩好于6人制排球教学的对照班,并且有明显的差异。
建议：
1.9人制排球作为排球演变过程中的一种形式,具有对排球基本技术要求不高、规则简单易懂、能够进行多岗位角色设置以及观赏性等特点,对于排球运动的初学者或中小学生来说是一种简便易行的体育活动形式,由于9人制排球的特点,应在中小学的体育课程中大力推广9人制排球,以扩大排球运动的基础普及范围。
2.在各高校中积极地导入9人制排球,提高学生喜爱排球运动的兴趣,同时可以开展男子、女子或男女混合等多种形式的9人制排球比赛,营造良好的外部环境条件,为学生终身体育意识的形成提供帮助的同时,打造成具有特色的高校群体运动项目。
3.在排球选项课程中,采用技术学习与教学比赛相结合的形式,使学生理解各种基本技术在比赛中是如何应用的,以及要达到如何的效果,从而调动学生主动学习基本技术的积极性。在基本技术学习的内容中,应结合学生所希望掌握的技术内容进行制定,灵活运用比赛的规则,使学生通过排球选项课体会到运动所带来的快乐,愉悦身心。
4.在每次选项课临近结束之前,穿插安排一般或者专项的身体素质练习,以提高学生的基础身体素质。
5.教师应当根据排球选项课的实际进展情况,根据人数、学生掌握技术的水平等适时地调整9人制排球成为6人制排球、或在同一学时内同时进行9人制排球比赛和6人制排球比赛,同时灵活运用各种教学组织方法。
With the development of volleyball more than a century, derived from a variety of different forms of volleyball, volleyball has become a physical education curriculum taught in the major sports projects. Volleyball lessons as physical education classes in the public option is one of the main course should improve students'physical fitness while increasing student interest in learning volleyball, students develop good exercise habits for lifelong physical activity awareness and lay a solid foundation.
In today's volleyball physical education, more of a 6-a-volleyball as teaching content. 9-a-Volleyball with the number of participants and more demand for the skills of volleyball is not too high, the rules of the game easier to understand and master the advanced features and ornamental, suitable for 6-a form of competitive volleyball before the transition.
The nine papers in volleyball as a system of teaching content, a clear teaching objectives and tasks in improving the physical fitness of students at the same time, improve their volleyball skills, using flexible teaching methods, teaching organization in the game use more teaching methods, so that students in the 9-a division of volleyball experience different activities and tasks undertaken by different students in the future into the community, to help adapt to society, while cultivating mutual respect among students, collaborate with each other's spirit.
Options through the college volleyball volleyball class system, the implementation of nine people, six people with learning volleyball system were compared between students, volleyball system on the opening nine in improving student learning volleyball interest, motivation, attitudes, and body quality, technology and other aspects of basic analysis and comparison of nine systems in the popularity of volleyball in the school and to carry out, and the ability to become a popular fitness, sports loved by the masses of one of providing a strong reference.
The thesis option will Tangshan college volleyball class in accordance with Section 9-a-6-a-Volleyball Volleyball teaching and the teaching of different selected four classes, the two experimental classes and two control classes, by students issued 154 questionnaires and a variety of analysis and comparison of test scores, using literature and data, questionnaires, comparative experiments and mathematical statistical methods and data analysis method obtained the following conclusions and recommendations:
Conclusion:
1. Student elective course the main purpose of Volleyball is to improve the physical fitness at the same time to learn the basic skills of volleyball, in which girls want to master the basic techniques mainly serve, cushion the ball and passing, while the boys also hope to master the spike and blocking technology. By nine in the system of colleges and universities in teaching or 6-a-Volleyball Volleyball Volleyball class teaching in the implementation, can enable students to achieve their goals, master the basic techniques.
2. In Volleyball program, you can use the basic technology and teaching in the form of a combination of competition, through teaching the game to enable students to understand the need to master basic techniques in order to stimulate student learning motivation, through teaching or 9-a-6 Volleyball Volleyball teaching system, most students also hope that more teaching the game.9 system by teaching the game of volleyball for boys and girls except that the basic physical and technical aspects have been improved and, in the "team spirit", "enjoy sports, mental and physical pleasure," "enhanced self-confidence" and "enhance friendship, making friends "and other emotional aspects have been significantly enhanced, especially in boys there is a clear difference.
3. As a 9-a-Volleyball features the "round ball more times", there is no rotation of the position "in the venue free station," and "people can be spike" and "can block people for" fun and so be most students agree that most of the game in teaching all students to find their own position, that play their own level. Due to the number and impact of external environmental conditions, more students said, "able to do so" will continue the system of nine games.
4.9 a-6-a-Volleyball Volleyball teaching and teaching through the various elements of the questionnaire results, the test and no significant difference. Teachers should be conducted according to the teaching of the game, can the system in a timely manner in nine and six-a-Volleyball Volleyball between the adjustment, especially girls should be 9-a more appropriate form of teaching volleyball.
5.9 system by 6-a-Volleyball Volleyball teaching and teaching at the end of physical fitness and basic skills test, physical fitness is the boys 1,000 meters, the girls 800 meters; basic skills assessment from the content of cushion the ball with both hands, by contrast test, in no significant difference in physical fitness; in basic technology,9-a-Volleyball teaching experimental class was better than 6 of the control system of volleyball teaching classes, and there are significant differences.
Recommendation:
1.9-a-Volleyball Volleyball as a form of evolution, the basic techniques of volleyball with less demanding rules easy to understand, to set up multiple job roles and ornamental characteristics, for beginners or in volleyball students in sports activities is a simple form, due to the characteristics of 9-a volleyball, the physical education curriculum in schools should vigorously promote the 9-a-Volleyball to expand the popularity of volleyball based range.
2. In the universities in the active system into nine volleyball, to improve student interest in sports like volleyball, and can carry out man, woman or mixed-sex and other forms of 9-a volleyball game, create a favorable external environment conditions for student awareness of the formation of lifelong physical help at the same time, playing a distinctive college sports groups.
3. In volleyball option courses, learning and teaching using technology in the form of a combination of competition, so that students understand the basic techniques of how to apply is in the game, as well as how to achieve the effect, in order to mobilize students to take the initiative to learn basic techniques enthusiasm. In the context of learning basic skills, students should be combined with the desired skills are developed content, flexible use of the rules of the game, so that students understand the lesson by Volleyball movement to bring happiness, mental and physical pleasure.
4. Near the end of each option before the class, interspersed with the general or special arrangements for the physical exercises to improve their basic physical fitness.
5. Teachers should be based on the actual progress of Volleyball lesson, according to the number of students to master the technology level and to adjust the system 9 as 6-a-Volleyball volleyball, or simultaneously in the same hours of 9 and 6-a-Volleyball the person volleyball game, and flexible use of various methods of teaching organization.
引文
[1]黄汉升主编.球类运动(排球第二版)[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2009.
[2]陈子锐,宋晴.文化视野下岭南地区九人制排球运动的调查研究[J].广州体育学院学报,2009,29(5)：26-29.
[3]骆冰,王红英.9人制排球纳入中学体育“校本课程”的可行性分析[J].上海体育学院学报,2006,30(4)：92-94.
[4]何稀翎,宋晴,招乐辉.台山9人制排球发展现状的调查研究[J].军事体育进修学院学报,2007,26(2)：28-30.
[5]李沛立.浅谈排球运动项目创新发展模式[J].体育教学,2004,(1)：48.
[6]黄辉.论高校女生共体排球课的教学改革[J].广东教育学院学报,2003,(3)：112-115.
[7]黄世光.普通高校大学生参与排球运动的动机及培养途径的研究[J].体育科技文献通报,2009,17(7)：63-66.
[8]黄衍铿.高校学生排球项目选课动机对参与行为的影响[J].泉州师范学院学报,2007,25(6)：125-128.
[9]陈焕坤.沈阳大学女生排球项目学习动机的调查研究[J].鞍山师范学院学报,2005,8(2)：76-78.
[10]侯占营.对高校排球教学中学生良好学习动机培养的研究[J].体育科技文献通报,2007,15(11)：113-114.
[11]李逸涛.对东莞高校大学生排球兴趣的调查研究[J].科技信息,2009,(1)：215.
[12]林明祥.对高中排球选项模块教学引入9人制排球内容的可行性研究[J].体育成人教育学刊,2006,22(6)：91-93.
[13]安晓红.培养大学生对排球课持久兴趣的方法探究[J].伊犁师范学院学报(自然科学版),2008,(3)：34-36.
[14]孙韬.大学生排球学习动机与学习兴趣浅析[J].河北体育学院学报,2008,22(4)：51 -53.
[15]朱大梅.浅析普通高校大学生排球兴趣的培养[J].考试周刊,2008,(43)：155-156.
[16]文瑾.论大学生排球学习兴趣和动机的培养[J].洛阳师范学院学报,2009,28(5)：112-114.
[17]肖飒.大学生排球学习动机和学习兴趣初探[J].洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2001,11(3)：62-63,
[18]张云波,金玉珠.浅谈如何激发女大学生学习排球的兴趣[J].吉林华侨外国语学院学报,2009,(1)：128-130.
[19]周典明.九人制排球竞赛规则知识问答[J].中国学校体育,1989,(4)：54-55.
[2]陈子锐,宋晴.文化视野下岭南地区九人制排球运动的调查研究[J].广州体育学院学报,2009,29(5)：26-29.
[3]骆冰,王红英.9人制排球纳入中学体育“校本课程”的可行性分析[J].上海体育学院学报,2006,30(4)：92-94.
[4]何稀翎,宋晴,招乐辉.台山9人制排球发展现状的调查研究[J].军事体育进修学院学报,2007,26(2)：28-30.
[5]李沛立.浅谈排球运动项目创新发展模式[J].体育教学,2004,(1)：48.
[6]黄辉.论高校女生共体排球课的教学改革[J].广东教育学院学报,2003,(3)：112-115.
[7]黄世光.普通高校大学生参与排球运动的动机及培养途径的研究[J].体育科技文献通报,2009,17(7)：63-66.
[8]黄衍铿.高校学生排球项目选课动机对参与行为的影响[J].泉州师范学院学报,2007,25(6)：125-128.
[9]陈焕坤.沈阳大学女生排球项目学习动机的调查研究[J].鞍山师范学院学报,2005,8(2)：76-78.
[10]侯占营.对高校排球教学中学生良好学习动机培养的研究[J].体育科技文献通报,2007,15(11)：113-114.
[11]李逸涛.对东莞高校大学生排球兴趣的调查研究[J].科技信息,2009,(1)：215.
[12]林明祥.对高中排球选项模块教学引入9人制排球内容的可行性研究[J].体育成人教育学刊,2006,22(6)：91-93.
[13]安晓红.培养大学生对排球课持久兴趣的方法探究[J].伊犁师范学院学报(自然科学版),2008,(3)：34-36.
[14]孙韬.大学生排球学习动机与学习兴趣浅析[J].河北体育学院学报,2008,22(4)：51 -53.
[15]朱大梅.浅析普通高校大学生排球兴趣的培养[J].考试周刊,2008,(43)：155-156.
[16]文瑾.论大学生排球学习兴趣和动机的培养[J].洛阳师范学院学报,2009,28(5)：112-114.
[17]肖飒.大学生排球学习动机和学习兴趣初探[J].洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2001,11(3)：62-63,
[18]张云波,金玉珠.浅谈如何激发女大学生学习排球的兴趣[J].吉林华侨外国语学院学报,2009,(1)：128-130.
[19]周典明.九人制排球竞赛规则知识问答[J].中国学校体育,1989,(4)：54-55.