从文化冲突到文化融合
|
摘要
亨利·詹姆斯(Henry James，1843-1916)是美国19世纪伟大的小说家、戏剧家和文艺理论家。在其众多文学作品中，以美国人的“单纯”(innocence)与欧洲人的“腐朽”(sophistication)之间的冲突为背景的国际题材小说颇受评论界的重视。这些作品反映了新旧两个大陆之间文化风尚的碰撞。在前人成就的基础上，本文旨在采用文化批评的某些思想观点，探讨詹姆斯在这一题材的小说中所表现的文化观，其发展过程，以及解决文化冲突的方法。
论文首先简要介绍了詹姆斯的文学创作情况以及国内外对其作品，特别是“国际题材”小说的评论情况。鉴于詹姆斯在这一题材小说中主要涉及到欧美两种文化现象，论文随后介绍了文化批评有关文化的定义、文化的功用、文化冲突以及文化冲突解决方法的一些理论。
论文接着探讨了詹姆斯自身独特的成长经历、美国历史、社会、文化大背景以及马修·阿诺德的哲学思想对其“理想文化”观念的形成所起的作用，认为詹姆斯这一题材的小说并不仅仅只是描述了两大陆文化风俗之间的差异，而是曲折地表达了他对美国文化中的某些因素，如物质主义、爱默生所倡导的个人主义等的反思，以及建立美国文化的努力。美国人的“单纯”一方面意味着纯洁的道德感，另一方面则意味着无知；而欧洲人的“腐朽”背后流露出成熟与智慧，只有欧美两大陆的文化精粹——欧洲的知识、经验和美国的道德感——的完美融合才是詹姆斯所追求的“理想文化”。本文作者不同意某些评论家将这一“文化”等同于“高雅文化”或“文明”的观点，认为其含义既包括艺术、历史、文学等代表的“高雅文化”，也包括社会实践中所获得的人生智慧，特别是对人生中“恶”的知识。詹姆斯的文化观并不是一成不变的。在早期作品中，他看到的更多的是两大陆之间激烈的文化冲突和不可相融，这一观点从《贵妇画像》起开始转变，在该作品中，他探讨了文化相融的可能性，但这一理想的文化融合一直到后期作品中才得以实现。因此，本文作者根据詹姆斯文化观的发展将其“国际题材”小说分为三个阶段，认为《贵妇画像》应属于中期作品，而不是通常所认为的早期作品。
⑧糕糕s
论文作者其次借鉴了文化批评的某些思想观点对詹姆斯不同阶段的三部
小说—《黛茜·米勒》、《贵妇画像》和《金碗》进行了文本分析。在对《黛
茜‘米勒》的文本分析中，本文作者依据文化批评所提出的“冲突是文化行为”
的原则将黛茜在欧洲的遭遇理解为文化冲突的结果，并由此探讨了欧美文化之
间的种种差异，’认为最后的悲剧是由于双方的“种族中心主义”产生的偏见所
造成的。在对《贵妇画像》的文本分析中，论文作者认为詹姆斯通过伊莎贝尔
的塑造探讨了其理想的文化融合实现的可能性。伊莎贝尔与奥斯浪德的婚姻表
明了伊莎贝尔对高雅文化的追求，对人生经验的渴望以及她高尚的道德观.而
其婚姻的失败则暗示了文化融合之路上的陷阱，表明詹姆斯此时尚未找到实现
这一理想的途径。在对《金碗》的文本分析中，论文作者认为詹姆斯此时的焦
点已不再是欧美文化之间的差异和冲突，而是如何解决这一冲突，实现和谐的
文化触合，因此他在小说中特别注重人与人之间关系的重建与协调。美国人与
欧洲人只有在平等、承认差异和林或彼此利益的基础上进行交流、交往，才能
实现真正的文化融合。论文作者认为詹姆斯在该小说中处理文化冲突的方式与
文化批评所提倡的“多元文化主义”原则以及哈贝马斯提出的“交往行为理论”
不谋而合。阿梅里格与玛吉的婚姻危机的成功化解表明了两大陆文化融合的实
现，而二人的小孩也具有一种文化象征意义，表明异质文化之间的冲突是可以
克服的，多元文化并存是可能的。
最后，论文作者认为詹姆斯“国际题材”小说反映了其文化观的动态发展
过程，表达了他对美国文化的美好期望。詹姆斯在小说中所探讨的文化冲突，
以及他所提出的如何对待、吸收异己文化，实现文化融合对当今世界各国在日
益频繁的跨文化交流中具有现实意义。
As a novelist, dramatist, and literary critic, Henry James(1843-1916) occupies an important position in American literary history. Of all James's literary works, the novels of the "international theme" dealing with the transatlantic conflict between American "innocence" and European "sophistication" are the most conspicuous and widely discussed. Cultural studies is used as the theoretical methodology in the present thesis, which attempts to explore the following issues: James's conception of culture, James's attitude towards American culture and Europeans culture and
?
James's solution to cultural conflicts.
This thesis first of all concisely introduces James's literary career and makes a brief literary review of the Jamesian studies home and abroad, especially those on the novels of the "international theme". Since the international novels mainly concern the cultural phenomena in America and Europe, the thesis then introduces the relevant cultural criticism theories on the definition of culture, the function of culture, cultural conflict as well as the solution to cultural conflict.
Then, the thesis traces several forces which help shape James's conception of "culture"-his particular growing-up experience, the large historical, social and cultural background and the influence of Mathew Arnold's philosophical ideas on culture. The author of the thesis believes that James does not put the two continents and cultures together just for comparison and contrast, but expresses his reflection over some elements of American culture such as materialism, individualism advocated by Emerson, etc., and his effort in establishing the national culture. The American "innocence" on the one hand means pure morality, while on the other hand means ignorance. And the European "sophistication" can refer to corruption, slyness as well as maturity and intelligence. Only the combination of the best of the two cultures-European intelligence, experience and American morality-is the
ideal culture that James longs for. Here, the writer does not agree to some critics' opinions that "culture equals civilization, and is high culture". She believes that James's notion of culture covers both high culture represented by art, history and literature and knowledge of life, esp. evil in life which is obtained through concrete social practices. However, this ideal of cultural fusion is not put forward at the very beginning of his literary creation. James's cultural outlook has undergone certain changes; it is dynamic rather than static. In his early works of the international theme, James sees more about the incompatible conflicts between two cultures. That attitude begins to change from The Portrait of a Lady on, in which he sees some possibility of cultural fusion, but it is in his last works that this ideal cultural fusion comes true. Accordingly, the writer of this thesis divides the international novels into three stages and claims that The Portrait of a Lady serves as a transitional point and should belong to the middle stage rather than the early stage thought by some critics.
In the following parts, the writer does a textual study of three novels belonging to different stages respectively-Daisy Miller, The Portrait of a Lady and The Golden Bowl-in the light of some cultural criticism theories. In analyzing Daisy Miller, the writer views what Daisy experiences in Europe as the result of cultural conflicts according to the principle that "conflict occurs in cultural context" proposed by cultural critics. She further discusses the differences between two cultures and concludes that the tragedy is mainly due to the two parties' prejudice against each other resulted from "ethnocentrism". In analyzing The Portrait of a Lady, the writer thinks that James expresses his quest for ideal cultural fusion through the image of Isabel Archer. The marriage between Isabel and Osmond entails rich cultural meanings. It embodies Isabel's pursuit for high culture, longing for knowledge about life and shows her moral integrity. The frustration in
论文首先简要介绍了詹姆斯的文学创作情况以及国内外对其作品，特别是“国际题材”小说的评论情况。鉴于詹姆斯在这一题材小说中主要涉及到欧美两种文化现象，论文随后介绍了文化批评有关文化的定义、文化的功用、文化冲突以及文化冲突解决方法的一些理论。
论文接着探讨了詹姆斯自身独特的成长经历、美国历史、社会、文化大背景以及马修·阿诺德的哲学思想对其“理想文化”观念的形成所起的作用，认为詹姆斯这一题材的小说并不仅仅只是描述了两大陆文化风俗之间的差异，而是曲折地表达了他对美国文化中的某些因素，如物质主义、爱默生所倡导的个人主义等的反思，以及建立美国文化的努力。美国人的“单纯”一方面意味着纯洁的道德感，另一方面则意味着无知；而欧洲人的“腐朽”背后流露出成熟与智慧，只有欧美两大陆的文化精粹——欧洲的知识、经验和美国的道德感——的完美融合才是詹姆斯所追求的“理想文化”。本文作者不同意某些评论家将这一“文化”等同于“高雅文化”或“文明”的观点，认为其含义既包括艺术、历史、文学等代表的“高雅文化”，也包括社会实践中所获得的人生智慧，特别是对人生中“恶”的知识。詹姆斯的文化观并不是一成不变的。在早期作品中，他看到的更多的是两大陆之间激烈的文化冲突和不可相融，这一观点从《贵妇画像》起开始转变，在该作品中，他探讨了文化相融的可能性，但这一理想的文化融合一直到后期作品中才得以实现。因此，本文作者根据詹姆斯文化观的发展将其“国际题材”小说分为三个阶段，认为《贵妇画像》应属于中期作品，而不是通常所认为的早期作品。
⑧糕糕s
论文作者其次借鉴了文化批评的某些思想观点对詹姆斯不同阶段的三部
小说—《黛茜·米勒》、《贵妇画像》和《金碗》进行了文本分析。在对《黛
茜‘米勒》的文本分析中，本文作者依据文化批评所提出的“冲突是文化行为”
的原则将黛茜在欧洲的遭遇理解为文化冲突的结果，并由此探讨了欧美文化之
间的种种差异，’认为最后的悲剧是由于双方的“种族中心主义”产生的偏见所
造成的。在对《贵妇画像》的文本分析中，论文作者认为詹姆斯通过伊莎贝尔
的塑造探讨了其理想的文化融合实现的可能性。伊莎贝尔与奥斯浪德的婚姻表
明了伊莎贝尔对高雅文化的追求，对人生经验的渴望以及她高尚的道德观.而
其婚姻的失败则暗示了文化融合之路上的陷阱，表明詹姆斯此时尚未找到实现
这一理想的途径。在对《金碗》的文本分析中，论文作者认为詹姆斯此时的焦
点已不再是欧美文化之间的差异和冲突，而是如何解决这一冲突，实现和谐的
文化触合，因此他在小说中特别注重人与人之间关系的重建与协调。美国人与
欧洲人只有在平等、承认差异和林或彼此利益的基础上进行交流、交往，才能
实现真正的文化融合。论文作者认为詹姆斯在该小说中处理文化冲突的方式与
文化批评所提倡的“多元文化主义”原则以及哈贝马斯提出的“交往行为理论”
不谋而合。阿梅里格与玛吉的婚姻危机的成功化解表明了两大陆文化融合的实
现，而二人的小孩也具有一种文化象征意义，表明异质文化之间的冲突是可以
克服的，多元文化并存是可能的。
最后，论文作者认为詹姆斯“国际题材”小说反映了其文化观的动态发展
过程，表达了他对美国文化的美好期望。詹姆斯在小说中所探讨的文化冲突，
以及他所提出的如何对待、吸收异己文化，实现文化融合对当今世界各国在日
益频繁的跨文化交流中具有现实意义。
As a novelist, dramatist, and literary critic, Henry James(1843-1916) occupies an important position in American literary history. Of all James's literary works, the novels of the "international theme" dealing with the transatlantic conflict between American "innocence" and European "sophistication" are the most conspicuous and widely discussed. Cultural studies is used as the theoretical methodology in the present thesis, which attempts to explore the following issues: James's conception of culture, James's attitude towards American culture and Europeans culture and
?
James's solution to cultural conflicts.
This thesis first of all concisely introduces James's literary career and makes a brief literary review of the Jamesian studies home and abroad, especially those on the novels of the "international theme". Since the international novels mainly concern the cultural phenomena in America and Europe, the thesis then introduces the relevant cultural criticism theories on the definition of culture, the function of culture, cultural conflict as well as the solution to cultural conflict.
Then, the thesis traces several forces which help shape James's conception of "culture"-his particular growing-up experience, the large historical, social and cultural background and the influence of Mathew Arnold's philosophical ideas on culture. The author of the thesis believes that James does not put the two continents and cultures together just for comparison and contrast, but expresses his reflection over some elements of American culture such as materialism, individualism advocated by Emerson, etc., and his effort in establishing the national culture. The American "innocence" on the one hand means pure morality, while on the other hand means ignorance. And the European "sophistication" can refer to corruption, slyness as well as maturity and intelligence. Only the combination of the best of the two cultures-European intelligence, experience and American morality-is the
ideal culture that James longs for. Here, the writer does not agree to some critics' opinions that "culture equals civilization, and is high culture". She believes that James's notion of culture covers both high culture represented by art, history and literature and knowledge of life, esp. evil in life which is obtained through concrete social practices. However, this ideal of cultural fusion is not put forward at the very beginning of his literary creation. James's cultural outlook has undergone certain changes; it is dynamic rather than static. In his early works of the international theme, James sees more about the incompatible conflicts between two cultures. That attitude begins to change from The Portrait of a Lady on, in which he sees some possibility of cultural fusion, but it is in his last works that this ideal cultural fusion comes true. Accordingly, the writer of this thesis divides the international novels into three stages and claims that The Portrait of a Lady serves as a transitional point and should belong to the middle stage rather than the early stage thought by some critics.
In the following parts, the writer does a textual study of three novels belonging to different stages respectively-Daisy Miller, The Portrait of a Lady and The Golden Bowl-in the light of some cultural criticism theories. In analyzing Daisy Miller, the writer views what Daisy experiences in Europe as the result of cultural conflicts according to the principle that "conflict occurs in cultural context" proposed by cultural critics. She further discusses the differences between two cultures and concludes that the tragedy is mainly due to the two parties' prejudice against each other resulted from "ethnocentrism". In analyzing The Portrait of a Lady, the writer thinks that James expresses his quest for ideal cultural fusion through the image of Isabel Archer. The marriage between Isabel and Osmond entails rich cultural meanings. It embodies Isabel's pursuit for high culture, longing for knowledge about life and shows her moral integrity. The frustration in
引文
Anderson, Quentin. The American Henry James[M]. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1957.
Arnold, Matthew. Culture and Anarchy[M]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
Bentley, Nancy. The Ethnography of Manners: Hawthorne, James Wharton[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Berland, Alwyn. Culture and Conduct in the Novels of Henry James[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Billington, Rosamund. Culture and Society[M]. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1991.
Brooks, Cleanth et al. American Literature: The Makers and the Making[M]. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1974.
Buitenhuis, Peter. The Grasping Imagination: The American Writings of Henry James[M]. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970.
Edel, Leon. Henry James, A Life[M]. N.Y.: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985.
Emerson, R. W. The Young American[DB/OL]. http://www.farid-hajji.net/books/en/Emerson-Ralph-Waldo/ya-all.html
Fogel, Daniel Mark. A Companion to Henry James Studies[C]. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993.
Fowler, Virginia C. Henry James's American Girl: The Embroidery on the Canvas[M]. London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.
Freedman, Jonathan. The Cambridge Companion to Henry James[C]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.
Freedman, Jonathan. Professions of Taste[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Hadley, Tessa. Henry James and the Imagination of Pleasure[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
James, Henry. Hawthorne[DB/OL]. http://209.11.144.105/eldritchpress/nhhj.html
James, Henry. The Uolden Bowl[M]. Ware: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2000.
James, Henry. The Portrait of a Lady[M]. New York: Bantam Books, 1987.
James, Henry. Selected Lettersledited by Leon Edel[M]. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, 1987.
James, Henry. Tales of Henry, James/edited by Christ of Wegelin[M]. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1984.
Leavis, F. R. The Ureat Tradition[M]. N.Y.: New York University Press, 1960.
Lee, Brian. American Fiction 1865-1940[M]. New York: Longman Group UK Ltd., 1987.
Lee, Brian. The Novels of Henry James: A Study of Culture and Consciousness[M]. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., 1978.
Massa, Ann. American Literature in Context, Ⅳ: 1900-1930[M]. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1982.
Minter, David. A Cultural History of American Novel: Henry James to William Falkner[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Sayre, Robert F. The Examined Self: Benjamin Frankin, Henry Adams, Henry James[M]. London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.
Sharma, J. N. The International Fiction of Henry James[M]. Delhi: MacMillan Company of India Ltd., 1979.
Taylor, Andrew. Henry James and the Father Question[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Zwerdling, Alex. Improvised Europeans: American Literary Expatriates and the Siege of London[M]. New York: Perseus Books Group, 1998.
查尔斯·博哲斯．美国思想渊源[M]．太原：山西人民出版社，1988．
陈乐民、周弘．欧洲文明的进程[M]．北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2003．
常耀信．美国文学简史[M]．天津：南开大学出版社，1990．
崔少元．亨利·詹姆斯国际题材小说的欧美文化差异[M]．天津：天津社会科学院出版社，2001．
冯利、覃光广．当代国外文化学研究[C]．北京：中央民族学院出版社，1986．
亨利·詹姆斯．小说的艺术——亨利·詹姆斯文论选[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，2001．
克利福德·格尔茨．文化的解释[M]．南京：译林出版社，1999．
L．A．怀特．文化的科学[M]．济南：山东人民出版社，1988．
雷蒙德·威廉斯．文化与社会1780—1950[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1991．
龙昕．探寻不同文化的融合之路[J]．河海大学学报，2001，(9)：77—81．
罗伯特·斯比勒．美国文学的循环[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1993．
罗钢、刘象愚．文化研究读本[C]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000．
马库夫·坎利夫．美国的文学[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1985．
马勒茨克．跨文化交流——不同文化的人与人的交往[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001．
孟登迎．意识形态与主体建构[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2002．
阮新邦．批判诠释与知识重建——哈伯玛斯视野下的社会研究[M]．北京：社会科学文献出版社，1999．
司马云杰．文化社会学[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2001．
特瑞·伊格尔顿．文化的观念[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，2003．
钱乘旦、陈晓律．英国文化模式溯源[M]．上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2003．
王屹．爱默生超验主义对美国文学的影响[J]．外语教学，1997，(3)：59-65．
肖婉丽．亨利·詹姆斯对理想文明的追求[J]．西安建筑科技大学学报，2002．(3)：47—50．
衣俊卿 et al．20世纪的文化批判——西方马克思主义的深层解读[M]．北京：中央编译出版社，2003．
约翰·斯道雷．文化理论与通俗文化导论[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，2001．
郑召利．哈贝马斯的交往行为理论[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
朱刚．二十世纪西方文艺批评理论[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001．
朱锡炎．美国概况[M]．北京：旅游教育出版社，1990．
Arnold, Matthew. Culture and Anarchy[M]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
Bentley, Nancy. The Ethnography of Manners: Hawthorne, James Wharton[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Berland, Alwyn. Culture and Conduct in the Novels of Henry James[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Billington, Rosamund. Culture and Society[M]. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1991.
Brooks, Cleanth et al. American Literature: The Makers and the Making[M]. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1974.
Buitenhuis, Peter. The Grasping Imagination: The American Writings of Henry James[M]. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970.
Edel, Leon. Henry James, A Life[M]. N.Y.: Harper & Row Publishers, 1985.
Emerson, R. W. The Young American[DB/OL]. http://www.farid-hajji.net/books/en/Emerson-Ralph-Waldo/ya-all.html
Fogel, Daniel Mark. A Companion to Henry James Studies[C]. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993.
Fowler, Virginia C. Henry James's American Girl: The Embroidery on the Canvas[M]. London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.
Freedman, Jonathan. The Cambridge Companion to Henry James[C]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.
Freedman, Jonathan. Professions of Taste[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Hadley, Tessa. Henry James and the Imagination of Pleasure[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
James, Henry. Hawthorne[DB/OL]. http://209.11.144.105/eldritchpress/nhhj.html
James, Henry. The Uolden Bowl[M]. Ware: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2000.
James, Henry. The Portrait of a Lady[M]. New York: Bantam Books, 1987.
James, Henry. Selected Lettersledited by Leon Edel[M]. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, 1987.
James, Henry. Tales of Henry, James/edited by Christ of Wegelin[M]. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1984.
Leavis, F. R. The Ureat Tradition[M]. N.Y.: New York University Press, 1960.
Lee, Brian. American Fiction 1865-1940[M]. New York: Longman Group UK Ltd., 1987.
Lee, Brian. The Novels of Henry James: A Study of Culture and Consciousness[M]. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., 1978.
Massa, Ann. American Literature in Context, Ⅳ: 1900-1930[M]. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1982.
Minter, David. A Cultural History of American Novel: Henry James to William Falkner[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Sayre, Robert F. The Examined Self: Benjamin Frankin, Henry Adams, Henry James[M]. London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.
Sharma, J. N. The International Fiction of Henry James[M]. Delhi: MacMillan Company of India Ltd., 1979.
Taylor, Andrew. Henry James and the Father Question[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Zwerdling, Alex. Improvised Europeans: American Literary Expatriates and the Siege of London[M]. New York: Perseus Books Group, 1998.
查尔斯·博哲斯．美国思想渊源[M]．太原：山西人民出版社，1988．
陈乐民、周弘．欧洲文明的进程[M]．北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2003．
常耀信．美国文学简史[M]．天津：南开大学出版社，1990．
崔少元．亨利·詹姆斯国际题材小说的欧美文化差异[M]．天津：天津社会科学院出版社，2001．
冯利、覃光广．当代国外文化学研究[C]．北京：中央民族学院出版社，1986．
亨利·詹姆斯．小说的艺术——亨利·詹姆斯文论选[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，2001．
克利福德·格尔茨．文化的解释[M]．南京：译林出版社，1999．
L．A．怀特．文化的科学[M]．济南：山东人民出版社，1988．
雷蒙德·威廉斯．文化与社会1780—1950[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1991．
龙昕．探寻不同文化的融合之路[J]．河海大学学报，2001，(9)：77—81．
罗伯特·斯比勒．美国文学的循环[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1993．
罗钢、刘象愚．文化研究读本[C]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000．
马库夫·坎利夫．美国的文学[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1985．
马勒茨克．跨文化交流——不同文化的人与人的交往[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001．
孟登迎．意识形态与主体建构[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2002．
阮新邦．批判诠释与知识重建——哈伯玛斯视野下的社会研究[M]．北京：社会科学文献出版社，1999．
司马云杰．文化社会学[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2001．
特瑞·伊格尔顿．文化的观念[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，2003．
钱乘旦、陈晓律．英国文化模式溯源[M]．上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2003．
王屹．爱默生超验主义对美国文学的影响[J]．外语教学，1997，(3)：59-65．
肖婉丽．亨利·詹姆斯对理想文明的追求[J]．西安建筑科技大学学报，2002．(3)：47—50．
衣俊卿 et al．20世纪的文化批判——西方马克思主义的深层解读[M]．北京：中央编译出版社，2003．
约翰·斯道雷．文化理论与通俗文化导论[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，2001．
郑召利．哈贝马斯的交往行为理论[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
朱刚．二十世纪西方文艺批评理论[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001．
朱锡炎．美国概况[M]．北京：旅游教育出版社，1990．