我国农村金融排除研究
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摘要
金融排除在全世界各个国家普遍存在,当前我国农村地区遭受严重的金融排除,表现为农村金融密度偏低,分布不均匀,而且部分农村地区呈现一定程度的“金融沙漠”；农户获取贷款的比例偏低；县域农村地区贷款投放比例低且农村金融机构资金外流严重。农村金融排除对农村社会经济产生了不利的影响,其不仅会导致农村地区金融发展的不均衡；同时,农村金融排除的提高在一定程度上会抑制农村经济增长、加剧农村收入分配的不平等,严重的影响和谐社会主义新农村的构建。农村金融排除导致的后果引起了学者和政策制定者的广泛关注。本文在对我国农村金融排除的诱因及导致的后果进行研究的基础上,提出相应的政策建议来降低农村金融排除,在我国构建普惠性农村金融体系,从而实现我国农村经济的包容性增长。
本文坚持描述性分析与实证分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的原则,采用文献研究法、数理统计法、计量模型法、比较分析法揭示了我国农村金融排除的现状,分析了我国农村金融排除的诱因及其导致的后果,最后本文探讨了我国农村金融排除的干预路径。研究的主要结论如下：
(1)我国农村金融排除的现状。首先对我国2009年农村金融排除现状进行描述分析得出：全国及各个省份农村金融机构网点分布不均匀且农村金融密度偏低,农村地区资金外流严重、贷款投放比例小,农户及中小企业获取贷款比例偏低。其次,本文采用σ-收敛、β-收敛和“俱乐部收敛”3种分析方法,以IFE(金融排除指数)为衡量指标,对我国农村金融排除的收敛性进行了分析,并对影响农村金融排除的关键因素进行了条件β-收敛的检验。研究表明：我国农村地区金融排除总体存在σ收敛并表现出明显的β绝对收敛特征。控制地理位置、人均GDP、城镇化比例、受教育水平、城乡收入差距、信息技术、就业率和商业环境后,我国农村地区金融排除表现出条件β收敛；东、中、西三大地区不存在俱乐部收敛,即东、西部地区呈现发散,中部地区表现收敛。
(2)我国农村金融排除的诱因。本文使用来自我国县级层面的数据,经验性地分析了影响农村金融排除的因素。研究结果表明：表征社会经济特征的人均收入、就业率、教育水平、商业化程度、城镇化比例、政府对经济发展的支持力度等越高,农村金融排除越低；用城乡收入差距表示的不平等程度越高,农村金融排除越高；信息技术使用比例越高,农村金融排除越低；中西部地区、少数民族地区更有可能遭受较高的农村金融排除。
(3)我国农村金融排除的后果。我国农村金融排除对农村生产率影响的实证表明：我国农村金融排除对农村生产率的影响为负,组成农村金融排除的贷款使用效用维度和产品接触维度的排除抑制了农村生产率增长,中部地区农村金融排除的生产率效应为负；我国农村金融排除对城乡收入差距影响的实证表明：农村金融排除的上升会扩大城乡收入差距,而且非农产业比例高的县(市),农村金融排除的上升会缩小城乡收入差距,东、西部地区农村金融排除扩大了城乡收入差距；我国农村金融排除对农户收入影响的实证表明：我国农村金融排除对农户收入具有显著的抑制效应,组成农村金融排除的地理渗透性和产品接触性与农户收入负相关；储蓄和贷款服务的使用效用性和农户收入正相关,原因在于我国县域农村金融发展存在结构和功能失衡。东部地区农村金融排除和农户收入负相关,而中、西部地区农村金融排除和农户收入正相关。
(4)我国农村金融排除的干预路径。本文提出了从村镇银行和电子化金融服务的发展两个方面来应对我国农村金融排除。村镇银行在应对我国农村金融排除中发挥了积极作用,但是村镇银行的发展也面临着一些困境,通过对影响我国村镇银行网点选址因素的研究结果表明：表征社会经济特征的人均收入、地方财政支出、城镇固定资产投资、城镇化比例、就业人数和村镇银行网点选址正相关。表示竞争优势的第一产业增加值和村镇银行网点选址正相关。此外,村镇银行选址偏好于信息化水平高的地方。因此,要加大对村镇银行的政策支持,激励其到贫困地区积极开展涉农业务；同时要发展农业产业,着力培育整合大型农业企业；要加大信息推广力度,以推动我国村镇银行的发展；电子化金融通过提供便利的、可支付的和可接近的农村金融服务来减轻农村金融排除。印度、肯尼亚、巴西和菲律宾的电子化金融服务发展经验值得借鉴。在农村地区发展电子化金融服务具有成本优势和技术优势,我国农村地区发展电子化金融服务具备良好的政策环境、经济环境、社会环境和技术环境。电子化金融服务在我国农村部分地区也得到成功的推广和应用。
村镇银行和电子化金融服务的发展将会减轻我国农村金融排除,从而推动我国农村普惠性金融体系的构建。
Finance exclusion exists in each county all over the world. Rural areas in China are suffering serious finance exclusion, such as finance density is low and uneven in different rural areas while some have little finance services which are called finance desert. At the same time the proportion of farmers and county rural areas obtaining loans are low. And county financial institutions are undergoing fierce drain of capital. Rural finance exclusion had profound influence on rural economy which seriously hinder harmonious development of rural society economy for it can't only lead to unbalanced rural financial development but also accelerate economic development polarization between different regions and groups. The consequences caused by rural finance exclusion have widely drawn attention from researchers and policy deciders. In order to realize inclusive growth in rural economy in China, the article proposed correspondent policy advice to reduce rural finance exclusion and establish inclusive rural finance system on the base of researching causes and results of rural finance exclusion.
The article insisted on combining descriptive analysis and empirical analysis and combining qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. We used literature research method, mathematic statistic method, econometric model method and comparison analysis method to analyze the current situation of rural finance exclusion, reveal causes and results of rural finance exclusion. The last part discussed the intervention path of rural finance exclusion in China. The research has drawn the following conclusions:
(1)The present situation of China's rural financial exclusion. Through the present analysis of the rural financial exclusion in2009, We can see that the distribution of financial institutions are uneven in the country and every province and with the lower rural financial density, the much worse outflows of Rural capital, smaller proportion of rural loans, and farmers and small and medium-sized enterprise has much lower rate of accessing loans. And then this paper analyzed the Chinese rural financial exclusion convergence,with the help of σ convergence,β convergence and club convergence analysis ways and tested the key elements which impact rural finance with (3-convergence. The results show that:China's each county (city)'s financial exclusion generally characterized σ convergence and showed significant β absolute convergence characteristics. Controlled the location, the per capita GDP, urbanization ratio, education level, urban-rural income gap, information technology, employment and business environment, China's rural financial exclusion conditions showed β convergence; there were no club convergence in eastern, central and western regions, eastern and western regions show divergence, the central region showed convergence.
(2)Triggers of China's rural financial exclusion.This article uses the data from the level of counties and then empirically analyzed the factors that affected the financial exclusion.The results show that:the per capita income, employment, education, commercialization, ratio of urbanization, government's support for economic development which represented the socio-economic characteristics and so on are higher, then the index of rural financial exclusion is much lower; With the gap of urban-rural income which represented the levels of inequality get higher, the degree of rural financial exclusion also get higher; the Use of information technology is higher, then the degree of the rural financial exclusion is much lower; the regions in the western, ethnic minority areas are more likely to suffer from a high degree of the rural financial exclusion.
(3)Consequences of China's rural financial exclusion.This article empirically analyzed the relationship between rural financial exclusion and the productivity in China. The results show that, The rural financial exclusion is positive with productivity in China, use utility dimension of loan and the Contact dimension of rural finance products which were the composition of rural inclusive finance significantly contributed to productivity growth in rural areas, the other dimensions of which have different effects on the rural productivity; the effect of financial excluson on rural productivity in The central region is positive. This article empirically analyzed the relationship between rural financial exclusion and urban-rural income gap.The results show that, the expansion of rural financial exclusion increased the urban-rural income gap, and in the county (city) with a high proportion of non-agricultural industries,its rural financial exclusion inhibits the rise of rural-urban income disparities.Rural financial exclusion in the eastern and western regions will expand the urban and rural income gap. Rural financial exclusion in the central region was not significant. This article empirically analyzed the relationship between rural financial exclusion and farmers'income.The results show that the development of China's rural financial exclusion had a significant negative effect on farmers' income.Geographic penetration and Accessibility of Product which were component of rural financial exclusion are negatively related to household income, while the usage is positively related to household income whit the Reason lies that structure and function of rural financial is unbalanced in the county of China.. rural inclusive finance in the eastern had a negative relationship with household income while in the central and western regions it shows the positive correlation.
(4)The path about the intervention of China's rural financial exclusion.This paper puts forward two aspects of the development of the village bank and the electronic financial services to interve the rural financial exclusion.Village bank play a positive role,but village bank also faced some troubles during it's development,This article empirically analyzed the factors which influence village Banks' site.The results show that: the per capita income, local fiscal expenditure, urban fixed asset investment, urbanization ratio, employment which represented the socio-economic characteristics and so on are positively related to location of Village banks' network. The added Value of primary industry which represented the advantage in competition are positively related to location of Village banks'network. Inaddition,the village banks prefer to establishing network in place which have high levels of information technology. Therefore, we should raise the policy to support the devolopment of town bank, and encourage its business in poor areas;At the same time we should develop the agricultural industry and focus on the cultivation and integration of large agricultural enterprises and also we should popularize information technology; Electronic finance could alleviate rural financial exclusion by providing convenient, affordable and accessible financial services in rural areas.The electronic financial service development mode of India, Kenya, Brazil and Philippines are worth to draw lessons from. In rural areas,the development of electronic financial services have cost advantages and technological advantages. Electronic financial service has good policy environment, economic environment, social environment and technical environment in our country rural area. In some rural areas,electronic financial service has also been successful in the promotion and application of.
The development of china's rural banking and electronic financial services will reduce rural financial exclusion and promote to construct our country's rural inclusive financial system.
本文坚持描述性分析与实证分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的原则,采用文献研究法、数理统计法、计量模型法、比较分析法揭示了我国农村金融排除的现状,分析了我国农村金融排除的诱因及其导致的后果,最后本文探讨了我国农村金融排除的干预路径。研究的主要结论如下：
(1)我国农村金融排除的现状。首先对我国2009年农村金融排除现状进行描述分析得出：全国及各个省份农村金融机构网点分布不均匀且农村金融密度偏低,农村地区资金外流严重、贷款投放比例小,农户及中小企业获取贷款比例偏低。其次,本文采用σ-收敛、β-收敛和“俱乐部收敛”3种分析方法,以IFE(金融排除指数)为衡量指标,对我国农村金融排除的收敛性进行了分析,并对影响农村金融排除的关键因素进行了条件β-收敛的检验。研究表明：我国农村地区金融排除总体存在σ收敛并表现出明显的β绝对收敛特征。控制地理位置、人均GDP、城镇化比例、受教育水平、城乡收入差距、信息技术、就业率和商业环境后,我国农村地区金融排除表现出条件β收敛；东、中、西三大地区不存在俱乐部收敛,即东、西部地区呈现发散,中部地区表现收敛。
(2)我国农村金融排除的诱因。本文使用来自我国县级层面的数据,经验性地分析了影响农村金融排除的因素。研究结果表明：表征社会经济特征的人均收入、就业率、教育水平、商业化程度、城镇化比例、政府对经济发展的支持力度等越高,农村金融排除越低；用城乡收入差距表示的不平等程度越高,农村金融排除越高；信息技术使用比例越高,农村金融排除越低；中西部地区、少数民族地区更有可能遭受较高的农村金融排除。
(3)我国农村金融排除的后果。我国农村金融排除对农村生产率影响的实证表明：我国农村金融排除对农村生产率的影响为负,组成农村金融排除的贷款使用效用维度和产品接触维度的排除抑制了农村生产率增长,中部地区农村金融排除的生产率效应为负；我国农村金融排除对城乡收入差距影响的实证表明：农村金融排除的上升会扩大城乡收入差距,而且非农产业比例高的县(市),农村金融排除的上升会缩小城乡收入差距,东、西部地区农村金融排除扩大了城乡收入差距；我国农村金融排除对农户收入影响的实证表明：我国农村金融排除对农户收入具有显著的抑制效应,组成农村金融排除的地理渗透性和产品接触性与农户收入负相关；储蓄和贷款服务的使用效用性和农户收入正相关,原因在于我国县域农村金融发展存在结构和功能失衡。东部地区农村金融排除和农户收入负相关,而中、西部地区农村金融排除和农户收入正相关。
(4)我国农村金融排除的干预路径。本文提出了从村镇银行和电子化金融服务的发展两个方面来应对我国农村金融排除。村镇银行在应对我国农村金融排除中发挥了积极作用,但是村镇银行的发展也面临着一些困境,通过对影响我国村镇银行网点选址因素的研究结果表明：表征社会经济特征的人均收入、地方财政支出、城镇固定资产投资、城镇化比例、就业人数和村镇银行网点选址正相关。表示竞争优势的第一产业增加值和村镇银行网点选址正相关。此外,村镇银行选址偏好于信息化水平高的地方。因此,要加大对村镇银行的政策支持,激励其到贫困地区积极开展涉农业务；同时要发展农业产业,着力培育整合大型农业企业；要加大信息推广力度,以推动我国村镇银行的发展；电子化金融通过提供便利的、可支付的和可接近的农村金融服务来减轻农村金融排除。印度、肯尼亚、巴西和菲律宾的电子化金融服务发展经验值得借鉴。在农村地区发展电子化金融服务具有成本优势和技术优势,我国农村地区发展电子化金融服务具备良好的政策环境、经济环境、社会环境和技术环境。电子化金融服务在我国农村部分地区也得到成功的推广和应用。
村镇银行和电子化金融服务的发展将会减轻我国农村金融排除,从而推动我国农村普惠性金融体系的构建。
Finance exclusion exists in each county all over the world. Rural areas in China are suffering serious finance exclusion, such as finance density is low and uneven in different rural areas while some have little finance services which are called finance desert. At the same time the proportion of farmers and county rural areas obtaining loans are low. And county financial institutions are undergoing fierce drain of capital. Rural finance exclusion had profound influence on rural economy which seriously hinder harmonious development of rural society economy for it can't only lead to unbalanced rural financial development but also accelerate economic development polarization between different regions and groups. The consequences caused by rural finance exclusion have widely drawn attention from researchers and policy deciders. In order to realize inclusive growth in rural economy in China, the article proposed correspondent policy advice to reduce rural finance exclusion and establish inclusive rural finance system on the base of researching causes and results of rural finance exclusion.
The article insisted on combining descriptive analysis and empirical analysis and combining qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. We used literature research method, mathematic statistic method, econometric model method and comparison analysis method to analyze the current situation of rural finance exclusion, reveal causes and results of rural finance exclusion. The last part discussed the intervention path of rural finance exclusion in China. The research has drawn the following conclusions:
(1)The present situation of China's rural financial exclusion. Through the present analysis of the rural financial exclusion in2009, We can see that the distribution of financial institutions are uneven in the country and every province and with the lower rural financial density, the much worse outflows of Rural capital, smaller proportion of rural loans, and farmers and small and medium-sized enterprise has much lower rate of accessing loans. And then this paper analyzed the Chinese rural financial exclusion convergence,with the help of σ convergence,β convergence and club convergence analysis ways and tested the key elements which impact rural finance with (3-convergence. The results show that:China's each county (city)'s financial exclusion generally characterized σ convergence and showed significant β absolute convergence characteristics. Controlled the location, the per capita GDP, urbanization ratio, education level, urban-rural income gap, information technology, employment and business environment, China's rural financial exclusion conditions showed β convergence; there were no club convergence in eastern, central and western regions, eastern and western regions show divergence, the central region showed convergence.
(2)Triggers of China's rural financial exclusion.This article uses the data from the level of counties and then empirically analyzed the factors that affected the financial exclusion.The results show that:the per capita income, employment, education, commercialization, ratio of urbanization, government's support for economic development which represented the socio-economic characteristics and so on are higher, then the index of rural financial exclusion is much lower; With the gap of urban-rural income which represented the levels of inequality get higher, the degree of rural financial exclusion also get higher; the Use of information technology is higher, then the degree of the rural financial exclusion is much lower; the regions in the western, ethnic minority areas are more likely to suffer from a high degree of the rural financial exclusion.
(3)Consequences of China's rural financial exclusion.This article empirically analyzed the relationship between rural financial exclusion and the productivity in China. The results show that, The rural financial exclusion is positive with productivity in China, use utility dimension of loan and the Contact dimension of rural finance products which were the composition of rural inclusive finance significantly contributed to productivity growth in rural areas, the other dimensions of which have different effects on the rural productivity; the effect of financial excluson on rural productivity in The central region is positive. This article empirically analyzed the relationship between rural financial exclusion and urban-rural income gap.The results show that, the expansion of rural financial exclusion increased the urban-rural income gap, and in the county (city) with a high proportion of non-agricultural industries,its rural financial exclusion inhibits the rise of rural-urban income disparities.Rural financial exclusion in the eastern and western regions will expand the urban and rural income gap. Rural financial exclusion in the central region was not significant. This article empirically analyzed the relationship between rural financial exclusion and farmers'income.The results show that the development of China's rural financial exclusion had a significant negative effect on farmers' income.Geographic penetration and Accessibility of Product which were component of rural financial exclusion are negatively related to household income, while the usage is positively related to household income whit the Reason lies that structure and function of rural financial is unbalanced in the county of China.. rural inclusive finance in the eastern had a negative relationship with household income while in the central and western regions it shows the positive correlation.
(4)The path about the intervention of China's rural financial exclusion.This paper puts forward two aspects of the development of the village bank and the electronic financial services to interve the rural financial exclusion.Village bank play a positive role,but village bank also faced some troubles during it's development,This article empirically analyzed the factors which influence village Banks' site.The results show that: the per capita income, local fiscal expenditure, urban fixed asset investment, urbanization ratio, employment which represented the socio-economic characteristics and so on are positively related to location of Village banks' network. The added Value of primary industry which represented the advantage in competition are positively related to location of Village banks'network. Inaddition,the village banks prefer to establishing network in place which have high levels of information technology. Therefore, we should raise the policy to support the devolopment of town bank, and encourage its business in poor areas;At the same time we should develop the agricultural industry and focus on the cultivation and integration of large agricultural enterprises and also we should popularize information technology; Electronic finance could alleviate rural financial exclusion by providing convenient, affordable and accessible financial services in rural areas.The electronic financial service development mode of India, Kenya, Brazil and Philippines are worth to draw lessons from. In rural areas,the development of electronic financial services have cost advantages and technological advantages. Electronic financial service has good policy environment, economic environment, social environment and technical environment in our country rural area. In some rural areas,electronic financial service has also been successful in the promotion and application of.
The development of china's rural banking and electronic financial services will reduce rural financial exclusion and promote to construct our country's rural inclusive financial system.
引文
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