中国西部地区的金融与发展
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摘要
在过去的研究中,增长与发展文献关注的焦点是金融发展和经济增长间的关系,这方面的工作是和熊彼特、戈德斯密斯、麦金龙和肖相联系的,他们强调如果一个经济体,有一个强有力的金融部门,有健康的银行系统、有活力的股票和债券市场,完善的保险公司和多样化的金融中介,这会促进该经济体的经济增长。
最近的研究表明,金融发展不仅惠及经济增长,而且有利于收入分配改善和贫困减缓。这方面的研究是和包容式增长理论分不开的。包容式增长作为发展经济学的一个新概念受到国际上越来越多的发展理论与实际工作者的青睐并得到许多政策制定者的认同。所谓包容式增长,就是机会平等的增长。与包容式增长概念相对应的是“包容性金融发展”,或者是金融服务的包容,强调低收入地区或阶层(穷人)对金融服务的利用,或者穷人的金融准入问题。认为穷人和脆弱集团及发展不利的地区能够安全、容易地利用信贷及其他金融服务,是加速增长和降低收入不平等和减缓贫困的前提条件。
西部大开发十年来,西部地区的经济金融发展取得了很大成绩,金融对于促进西部地区经济增长起了重要作用。但同时也应该看到,西部地区整体经济实力不强,经济增长的减贫效应在下降,西部地区发展的城乡差距、区域差距还很大,区域协调发展的任务还很艰巨。目前,西部大开发进入了一个新阶段。在这一新的阶段,如何提高西部地区的自我发展能力,实现发展成果的共享,将是新阶段西部经济发展的重要任务。从金融发展的角度,研究西部地区金融如何支持西部经济发展、支持发展成果共享,支持改善民生,就是摆在西部地区学者和金融工作者的重要议题。
本文首先对包容性金融理论的发展进行梳理与总结,对衡量包容性金融的相关指标进行综合,利用这些指标构建我国金融包容度、西部地区金融包容度,然后利用金融包容度与经济增长、贫困、收入差距进行相关性分析,再结合问卷调查的形式对我国小企业、低收入阶层进行统计分析。通过分析发现:西部地区金融包容度较全国低,大多数小企业和低收入阶层对金融的享受度很低,这表明西部地区金融包容性不够。
In previous studies,the literature of the growth and development focus on the relationship between the financial development and economic growth,and the the work is Completed by Schumpeter, Goldsmith, wheat and Xiao Jinlong ,they stressed that if an economy, there is a strong financial sector, a healthy banking system, a dynamic stock and bond markets will improve the insurance companies and diversified financial intermediation, which will promote economic growth in the economy.
Recent studies show that financial development not only benefit the economic growth, but also help to improve income distribution and poverty alleviation. Research in this area and inclusive growth theory is inseparable. Inclusive growth as a new concept of development economics becomes more and more by the international development theory and practical workers of all ages and with many policy makers agree. The so-called inclusive growth is the growth of equality of opportunity. And corresponds to the concept of inclusive growth is "inclusive financial development," or the inclusion of financial services, emphasizing the low-income areas or class (the poor) use of financial services or financial access. The development of poor and vulnerable groups and disadvantaged areas safe, easy to use credit and other financial services, is to accelerate growth and reduce income inequality and a prerequisite for poverty alleviation.
Western Development decade, economic and financial development in the western region have made great achievements, the financial for the promotion of economic growth in the western region played an important role. But it also should be noted that the overall economic strength of the western region is not strong, economic growth, poverty reduction effect of the decline, the western regional development gap between urban and rural areas, the regional gap is also large, and the task of regional development is still arduous. Currently, the western development has entered a new stage. In this new stage, how to improve the ability of self-development of the western region, the sharing of development results, the new stage will be an important task in Economic Development. Financial development from the perspective of how to support the western region of Western Financial economic development, supporting the development of sharing of results, support the improvement of people's livelihood, that is placed in the western region financial workers, scholars and important issues.
Firstly, the theory of inclusive finance to sort out and summarize the development of measurable indicators related to inclusive finance the integrated use of these indicators of financial tolerant of Construction of China, the western regional financial tolerant, then the use of financial inclusion and economic growth, poverty, the income gap between the correlation analysis, combined with the form of a questionnaire survey of small businesses, low income group for statistical analysis. The analysis shows: the western region lower than the national degree of financial inclusion, the majority of small businesses and low-income groups to enjoy very low on the financial, indicating that the western financial inclusion is not enough.
最近的研究表明,金融发展不仅惠及经济增长,而且有利于收入分配改善和贫困减缓。这方面的研究是和包容式增长理论分不开的。包容式增长作为发展经济学的一个新概念受到国际上越来越多的发展理论与实际工作者的青睐并得到许多政策制定者的认同。所谓包容式增长,就是机会平等的增长。与包容式增长概念相对应的是“包容性金融发展”,或者是金融服务的包容,强调低收入地区或阶层(穷人)对金融服务的利用,或者穷人的金融准入问题。认为穷人和脆弱集团及发展不利的地区能够安全、容易地利用信贷及其他金融服务,是加速增长和降低收入不平等和减缓贫困的前提条件。
西部大开发十年来,西部地区的经济金融发展取得了很大成绩,金融对于促进西部地区经济增长起了重要作用。但同时也应该看到,西部地区整体经济实力不强,经济增长的减贫效应在下降,西部地区发展的城乡差距、区域差距还很大,区域协调发展的任务还很艰巨。目前,西部大开发进入了一个新阶段。在这一新的阶段,如何提高西部地区的自我发展能力,实现发展成果的共享,将是新阶段西部经济发展的重要任务。从金融发展的角度,研究西部地区金融如何支持西部经济发展、支持发展成果共享,支持改善民生,就是摆在西部地区学者和金融工作者的重要议题。
本文首先对包容性金融理论的发展进行梳理与总结,对衡量包容性金融的相关指标进行综合,利用这些指标构建我国金融包容度、西部地区金融包容度,然后利用金融包容度与经济增长、贫困、收入差距进行相关性分析,再结合问卷调查的形式对我国小企业、低收入阶层进行统计分析。通过分析发现:西部地区金融包容度较全国低,大多数小企业和低收入阶层对金融的享受度很低,这表明西部地区金融包容性不够。
In previous studies,the literature of the growth and development focus on the relationship between the financial development and economic growth,and the the work is Completed by Schumpeter, Goldsmith, wheat and Xiao Jinlong ,they stressed that if an economy, there is a strong financial sector, a healthy banking system, a dynamic stock and bond markets will improve the insurance companies and diversified financial intermediation, which will promote economic growth in the economy.
Recent studies show that financial development not only benefit the economic growth, but also help to improve income distribution and poverty alleviation. Research in this area and inclusive growth theory is inseparable. Inclusive growth as a new concept of development economics becomes more and more by the international development theory and practical workers of all ages and with many policy makers agree. The so-called inclusive growth is the growth of equality of opportunity. And corresponds to the concept of inclusive growth is "inclusive financial development," or the inclusion of financial services, emphasizing the low-income areas or class (the poor) use of financial services or financial access. The development of poor and vulnerable groups and disadvantaged areas safe, easy to use credit and other financial services, is to accelerate growth and reduce income inequality and a prerequisite for poverty alleviation.
Western Development decade, economic and financial development in the western region have made great achievements, the financial for the promotion of economic growth in the western region played an important role. But it also should be noted that the overall economic strength of the western region is not strong, economic growth, poverty reduction effect of the decline, the western regional development gap between urban and rural areas, the regional gap is also large, and the task of regional development is still arduous. Currently, the western development has entered a new stage. In this new stage, how to improve the ability of self-development of the western region, the sharing of development results, the new stage will be an important task in Economic Development. Financial development from the perspective of how to support the western region of Western Financial economic development, supporting the development of sharing of results, support the improvement of people's livelihood, that is placed in the western region financial workers, scholars and important issues.
Firstly, the theory of inclusive finance to sort out and summarize the development of measurable indicators related to inclusive finance the integrated use of these indicators of financial tolerant of Construction of China, the western regional financial tolerant, then the use of financial inclusion and economic growth, poverty, the income gap between the correlation analysis, combined with the form of a questionnaire survey of small businesses, low income group for statistical analysis. The analysis shows: the western region lower than the national degree of financial inclusion, the majority of small businesses and low-income groups to enjoy very low on the financial, indicating that the western financial inclusion is not enough.
引文
①参见Aghion and Bolton (1997); Aghion, Caroli, and Garcia-Penalosa (1999)研究结论。
②参见Beck, Demirgü?-Kunt, and Levine (2007); Honohan (2004)的研究结论。
①可以围绕在这地区收集到的数据对其进行全面的审查,参见Honohan (2005b).。
①理论分析请详见Huybens and Smith (1998, 1999)的研究结果,而要对不同国家之间的金融与通货进行实证分析,则参见Boyd, Levine, and Smith (2001); Honohan(2003)的研究报告。
①郑长德:《中国区域金融问题研究》,中国财政经济出版社,第88-89页。
①尹恒、龚六堂、邹恒甫:《收入分配不平等与经济增长:回到库兹涅茨假说》,《经济研究》,2005年第4期。
①郑长德:《中国转型时期的金融发展与收入分配》,中国财政经济出版社2007年版,第71-73页。
①[美]兹维·博迪,罗伯特·C·莫顿:《金融学》,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2000。
②[美]马丁·瑞沃林著,赵俊超译:《贫困的比较》,50-51页,80-81页,北京,北京大学出版社,2005。
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②参见Beck, Demirgü?-Kunt, and Levine (2007); Honohan (2004)的研究结论。
①可以围绕在这地区收集到的数据对其进行全面的审查,参见Honohan (2005b).。
①理论分析请详见Huybens and Smith (1998, 1999)的研究结果,而要对不同国家之间的金融与通货进行实证分析,则参见Boyd, Levine, and Smith (2001); Honohan(2003)的研究报告。
①郑长德:《中国区域金融问题研究》,中国财政经济出版社,第88-89页。
①尹恒、龚六堂、邹恒甫:《收入分配不平等与经济增长:回到库兹涅茨假说》,《经济研究》,2005年第4期。
①郑长德:《中国转型时期的金融发展与收入分配》,中国财政经济出版社2007年版,第71-73页。
①[美]兹维·博迪,罗伯特·C·莫顿:《金融学》,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2000。
②[美]马丁·瑞沃林著,赵俊超译:《贫困的比较》,50-51页,80-81页,北京,北京大学出版社,2005。
[1] World Bank ,“finance for all”,A World Bank Policy Research Report(2008).
[2] Rajshekar D. (2004), Micro Finance, Poverty, and Empowerment of Women: A case study of two NGOs from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, ISEC publications, Bangalore, 2004.
[3] Dr. K. Ravichandran, Dr. Khalid Alkhathlan Assistant Professor, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.“INANCIAL INCLUSION: A path towards India’s future economic growth”,10—16.
[4]V. Basil Hans, INNOVATIONS IN MICROFINANCE– LOOKING BEYOND INCOME POVERTY,5-10.
[5] Purti Sharma,“Financial Inclusion by Channelizing Existing Resources in India”,4-5.
[6]John Wakeman-Linn,Smita Wagh(2008),Regional Financial Integration:Its Potential Contribution to Financial Sector Growth and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa:20-22.
[7] Financial inclusion:credit, savings, advice and insurance,Twelfth Report of Session 2005–06:13-29,39-47.
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