我国高水平田径运动员运动职业承诺现状的研究
|
摘要
田径运动水平一直被视为衡量一个国家综合竞技体育实力的重要标志。新中国成立后,我国田径运动取得了一定的成绩,但仍与世界强国存在一定差距。造成我国田径运动整体水平落后的重要原因之一就是我国高水平田径运动员缺乏对田径训练的坚持性。针对这一现象,本研究查阅了大量文献,归纳国内外在运动员运动承诺领域的研究成果及研究前沿,以“我国高水平田径运动员运动职业承诺现状”为主要问题,结合专家访谈问卷调查、数理统计等方法,深入分析影响运动员运动职业承诺的因素,同时以问卷调查的方式对我国高水平田径运动员运动职业承诺的基本现状进行了研究,最终对我国高水平田径运动员运动职业承诺水平与其影响因素的相关性进行了分析。
通过研究,本文得出以下结论：
(1)我们高水平田径运动员总体上具备较高的运动职业承诺水平。
(2)我国高水平田径运动员中多数是出于对田径运动的兴趣和自身的田径天赋开始从事田径运动训练。进入专业队训练后,运动员丧失兴趣,更多的是关注运动成绩。
(3)对于其他职业的考虑,偶尔或经常考虑的高水平田径运动员占半数以上,当面对自己喜欢的职业时,更多的田径运动员会选择放弃训练而转向自己喜欢的其他职业,并且多数会选择体育教师和专业队教练；
(4)我国高水平田径运动员总体上基本具备对田径训练的责任义务感,其责任义务感以及获得的支持鼓励多数来自于家人和教练的期望、职业道德以及所在运动队制度和规定；获得的支持和鼓励更多的也是来源于家人和教练员。
(5)通过spssl3.0相关性分析,我国高水平运动员的运动职业承诺水平与运动员的训练年限、专项、运动水平以及运动员在田径运动训练生涯中的训练目标具有显著性相关。
(6)我国高水平田径运动员对田径训练的个人投入(除物质投入外)、开始从事田径训练的职业动机、获得的社会支持和社会约束与其运动职业承诺水平呈不同程度的相关性。
(7)我国高水平田径运动员对其他职业的考虑与其运动职业承诺水平呈负相关性。
The level of track and field has been considered the most important indicator of one country's competitive sports. After the founding of New China, the track and field of our country has made great achievements, but we must see that there is a wide gap between the level of China and the level of world powers. The reason why the overall level of China's track and field is behind is that the sport life span of the high-level athletes is too short, and they are lack of the perseverance in the track and field training behavior. In order to settle this matter, this paper referred to a large number of documents, summarized the researches about the influencing factors of the athletes training behavior perseverance at home and abroad, found the foreland researches about the athletes Sport Commitment model. The main question of this paper is "the present situation of the athletes Sport Career Commitment in China". And combining with many research methods, this paper analyzes the factors of influencing the athletes Sport Career Commitment, studies the present situation of the athletes Sport Career Commitment and relationships between the athletes Sport Career Commitment and the influencing factors.
The result of the research is followed:
(1) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes is better in China.
(2) Most of the high-level track and field athletes began the training of track and field because of the interesting and the specialty in it. However, when they begin the professional training, they lose the interesting, and pay more attention to the results.
(3) In regard to other jobs, half of the high-level track and field athletes usually think over other jobs. When they have choices, they will give up training and choice the job that they like.
(4) Most of the high-level track and field athletes have a strong duty on the track and field training. And the responsibility comes from the expectations of family and coaches, ethics and the regulations of sports teams. The support and encourage are from family members and coaches.
(5) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes has a high degree with the athletes age, special training level and the training goals of the athletes in track and field career.
(6) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes has different positive degrees with individual inputs (in addition to physical investment), how long to train in track and field, career motivation, social support and social constraints.
(7) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes has negative correlation with the athletes thinking about the other jobs.
通过研究,本文得出以下结论：
(1)我们高水平田径运动员总体上具备较高的运动职业承诺水平。
(2)我国高水平田径运动员中多数是出于对田径运动的兴趣和自身的田径天赋开始从事田径运动训练。进入专业队训练后,运动员丧失兴趣,更多的是关注运动成绩。
(3)对于其他职业的考虑,偶尔或经常考虑的高水平田径运动员占半数以上,当面对自己喜欢的职业时,更多的田径运动员会选择放弃训练而转向自己喜欢的其他职业,并且多数会选择体育教师和专业队教练；
(4)我国高水平田径运动员总体上基本具备对田径训练的责任义务感,其责任义务感以及获得的支持鼓励多数来自于家人和教练的期望、职业道德以及所在运动队制度和规定；获得的支持和鼓励更多的也是来源于家人和教练员。
(5)通过spssl3.0相关性分析,我国高水平运动员的运动职业承诺水平与运动员的训练年限、专项、运动水平以及运动员在田径运动训练生涯中的训练目标具有显著性相关。
(6)我国高水平田径运动员对田径训练的个人投入(除物质投入外)、开始从事田径训练的职业动机、获得的社会支持和社会约束与其运动职业承诺水平呈不同程度的相关性。
(7)我国高水平田径运动员对其他职业的考虑与其运动职业承诺水平呈负相关性。
The level of track and field has been considered the most important indicator of one country's competitive sports. After the founding of New China, the track and field of our country has made great achievements, but we must see that there is a wide gap between the level of China and the level of world powers. The reason why the overall level of China's track and field is behind is that the sport life span of the high-level athletes is too short, and they are lack of the perseverance in the track and field training behavior. In order to settle this matter, this paper referred to a large number of documents, summarized the researches about the influencing factors of the athletes training behavior perseverance at home and abroad, found the foreland researches about the athletes Sport Commitment model. The main question of this paper is "the present situation of the athletes Sport Career Commitment in China". And combining with many research methods, this paper analyzes the factors of influencing the athletes Sport Career Commitment, studies the present situation of the athletes Sport Career Commitment and relationships between the athletes Sport Career Commitment and the influencing factors.
The result of the research is followed:
(1) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes is better in China.
(2) Most of the high-level track and field athletes began the training of track and field because of the interesting and the specialty in it. However, when they begin the professional training, they lose the interesting, and pay more attention to the results.
(3) In regard to other jobs, half of the high-level track and field athletes usually think over other jobs. When they have choices, they will give up training and choice the job that they like.
(4) Most of the high-level track and field athletes have a strong duty on the track and field training. And the responsibility comes from the expectations of family and coaches, ethics and the regulations of sports teams. The support and encourage are from family members and coaches.
(5) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes has a high degree with the athletes age, special training level and the training goals of the athletes in track and field career.
(6) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes has different positive degrees with individual inputs (in addition to physical investment), how long to train in track and field, career motivation, social support and social constraints.
(7) The level of Sport Career Commitment of the high-level track and field athletes has negative correlation with the athletes thinking about the other jobs.
引文
1赵鲁南,我国田径运动现状透析及突破方向的研究[J].山东体育学院学报,2005,1(66)：66-69.
2周志雄,朱俊玲,对中国田径运动发展中若干问题的分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2001,3：57-58.
3秋水,第27届奥运会带来的启示与思考[J].体育工作情况,2002,3：28-30.
4刘古,谈体育理论研究[J].体育科学,1997,17：35.
5 Buchanan, B. Building organizatonal commitment:The socialization of managers in work organization[J]. Adminstration Science Quarter,1974,19:533-546.
6 Kelly,H.H. Love and Commitment. Closse relationships[J]. New York. NY:W.H.Freeman.1983,14:256-314.
7 Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment mode[J](?). Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology.1993,15:1-15.
8王雪,企业员工职业承诺若结构的研究,暨南大学硕士学位论文,2006.
9 Thomas W. Lee, Steven D. Maurer The relation of knowledge model of voluntary turnover[J]. Human resource management review,1997, (3):243-252.
10朱启臻,职业指导理论与方法[M],北京：人民教育出版社.1996：68.
11 Becher H.S. Notes on the concept of commit[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1960,66:32-42.
12 Vandenbery,R J & Scarpello.V. Multigrain-multi method validation of the satisfaction with my supervisor scale[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement,1991,12:203-212. Blau G. J. The measurement and prediction of career commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,1985,58:277-288.
13 Lee K.Carswell J.J & Allen.N.J Meta-analytic review of occupational commitment:relation with person-and work-related variables[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:799-811.
14 London M.Toward a theory of career motivation[J]. Academy of Management Reviews.1983,8:289-297.
15 Morrow P.. McElory J. On assessing of work commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1986,7:139-145.
16 Englien de Jony. The impact of motivation on the career commitment of Dutch library translators[J]. Poetics.1999,26:423-437.
17龙立荣,凌文辁,方俐洛,李晔.职业承诺的理论与测量[J].心理学动态,2000,4：39-45.
18龙建,龙立荣,王南南.431名护士职业承诺状况的调查分析[J].中华医院管理杂志,2002,18(7)：407-408.
19莲榕,邵雅利.关于教师职业承诺及其发展模式的研究[J].教育评论,200,6：26-28.
20陈伟伟,朱华燕.高校青年教师职业承诺的研究[J].浙江教育学院学报,2003,9：5-11.
21彭文平，凌文辁,孙利平.高校辅导员高学历及其职业承诺[J].江苏高教,2008,3：96-98.
22 Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise
Psychology.1993,15:1-15.
23陈善平.闫振龙,运动承诺理论及相关研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(1)：51—54.
24 Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology.1993,15:16-38.
25陈善平.闫振龙,运动承诺理论及相关研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(1)：53.
26同上.
29符国群.消费者行为学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001：125-128.
30同上.
31毛伟胜,曾朝恭.运动锻炼领域中关于承诺模型的研究进展及方向[J].南京体育学院学报,2007,21(2)：60-63.
32同上.
[1]赵鲁南.我国田径运动现状透析及突破方向的研究[J].山东体育学院学报,2005,Vol.1(66)：66
[2]周志雄,朱俊玲.对中国田径运动发展中若干问题的分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2001,3：57
[3]秋水.第27届奥运会带来的启示与思考[J].体育工作情况,2002.3：28-30
[4]刘吉.谈体育理论研究[J].体育科学,1997,17：35
[5]Buchanan,B. Building organizatonal commitment:The socialization of managers in work organization[J]. Adminstration Science Quarter,1974,19:533-546
[6]Kelly,H.H. Love and Commitment. Closse relationships[J]. New York. NY:W.H. Freeman. 1983,256-314
[7]Scanlan T.K,Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology.1993,15:1-15
[8]陈善平,闫振龙.运动承诺理论及相关研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(1)：51—54
[9]Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1993,15:16-38
[10]Buchanan,B. Building organizatonal commitment:The socialization of managers in work organization[J]. Adminstration Science Quarter,1974,19:533-546
[11]Kelly,H.H. Love and Commitment. Closse relationships[J]. New York. NY:W.H.Freeman. 1983,256-314
[12]王雪.企业员工职业承诺结构的研究[硕十学位论文],广州：暨南大学,2006
[13]Thomas W. Lee,Steven D. Maurer The relation of knowledge model of voluntary turnover[J]. Human resource management review,1997, (3).
[14]朱启臻,职业指导理论与方法[M],北京：人民教育出版社,1996,68
[15]Becher H.S. Notes on the concept of commit[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1960, 66:32-42
[16]Vandenbery,R J & Scarpello.V. Multigrain-multi method validation of the satisfaction with my supervisor scale[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement,1991,12:203-212
[17]Blau G. J. The measurement and prediction of career commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,1985,58:277-288
[18]Lee K.Carswell J.J & Allen.N.J Meta-analytic review of occupational commitment:relation with person-and work-related variables[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:799-811
[19]London M.Toward a theory of career motivation[J]. Academy of Management Reviews, 1983.8
[20]Morrow P. McElory J. On assessing of work commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational Behavior.1986,7:139-145
[21]Englien de Jony. The impact of motivation on the career commitment of Dutch library translators[J]. Poetics,1999,26:423-437
[22]龙立荣,凌文辁,方俐洛,李晔.职业承诺的理论与测量[J].心理学动态,2000,(4)：39-45
[23]龙建,龙立荣,王南南.431名护十职业承诺状况的调查分析[J].中华医院管理杂志,2002,18(7)：407-408
[24]莲榕,邵雅利.关于教师职业承诺及其发展模式的研究[J].教育评论,2003,6：26-28
[25]陈伟伟,朱华燕.高校青年教师职业承诺的研究[J].浙江教育学院学报,2003,9：5-11
[26]彭文平,凌文辁,孙利平.高校辅导员高学历及其职业承诺[J].江苏高教,2008,3：96-98
[27]陈善平,李树茁.体育锻炼行为坚持机制[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2007：19
[28]张力为,毛志雄.运动心理学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社.2005：354
[29]符国群,消费者行为学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社.2001：125-128
[313]毛伟胜,曾朝恭.运动锻炼领域中关于承诺模型的研究进展及方向[J].南京体育学院学报,2007,21(2)：60-63
[31]郑雪主编.人格心理学[M].广州：暨南大学出版社,2001：6
[32]全国体育院校教材委员会审定.运动训练学[M].北京：人民体育出社,2000：64
[33]刘树军.对武术运动员训练态度的研究[J].上海体育学院,1995.8：48-58
[34]孙健敏.管理中的激励[M]．北京：企业管理出版社,2004,45
[35]斯蒂芬-罗宾斯著[美],黄卫伟等译.管理学第四版[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2000：388
[36]彭剑锋.人力资源管理概论[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：89
[37]艾斌发,刘承亮,蔡照松等.我国优秀运动员激励机制研究综述[J].宜春学院学报,2007,29(2)：155-157
[38]余美芳,杨学军.马斯洛需要层次理论下的高校高水平运动员激励机制[J].内蒙古体育科技(季刊),2007,20(3)：27-28
[39]杨年松.职业运动员人力资本特征及其激励制度比较研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2008,42(5)：47-50
[40]唐建倦.中国竞技体育后备人才培养激励机制研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2008,31(8)：1136-1138
[41]杨秀权,刘梦杨.专业运动员角色的社会期待与激励[J].体育世界,2007,9：92-94
[42]俞继英,宋权征,杨再淮等.我国竞技体育人才激励的原则与模式[J].上海体育学院学报,2005.29(5)：46-5
2周志雄,朱俊玲,对中国田径运动发展中若干问题的分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2001,3：57-58.
3秋水,第27届奥运会带来的启示与思考[J].体育工作情况,2002,3：28-30.
4刘古,谈体育理论研究[J].体育科学,1997,17：35.
5 Buchanan, B. Building organizatonal commitment:The socialization of managers in work organization[J]. Adminstration Science Quarter,1974,19:533-546.
6 Kelly,H.H. Love and Commitment. Closse relationships[J]. New York. NY:W.H.Freeman.1983,14:256-314.
7 Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment mode[J](?). Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology.1993,15:1-15.
8王雪,企业员工职业承诺若结构的研究,暨南大学硕士学位论文,2006.
9 Thomas W. Lee, Steven D. Maurer The relation of knowledge model of voluntary turnover[J]. Human resource management review,1997, (3):243-252.
10朱启臻,职业指导理论与方法[M],北京：人民教育出版社.1996：68.
11 Becher H.S. Notes on the concept of commit[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1960,66:32-42.
12 Vandenbery,R J & Scarpello.V. Multigrain-multi method validation of the satisfaction with my supervisor scale[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement,1991,12:203-212. Blau G. J. The measurement and prediction of career commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,1985,58:277-288.
13 Lee K.Carswell J.J & Allen.N.J Meta-analytic review of occupational commitment:relation with person-and work-related variables[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:799-811.
14 London M.Toward a theory of career motivation[J]. Academy of Management Reviews.1983,8:289-297.
15 Morrow P.. McElory J. On assessing of work commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1986,7:139-145.
16 Englien de Jony. The impact of motivation on the career commitment of Dutch library translators[J]. Poetics.1999,26:423-437.
17龙立荣,凌文辁,方俐洛,李晔.职业承诺的理论与测量[J].心理学动态,2000,4：39-45.
18龙建,龙立荣,王南南.431名护士职业承诺状况的调查分析[J].中华医院管理杂志,2002,18(7)：407-408.
19莲榕,邵雅利.关于教师职业承诺及其发展模式的研究[J].教育评论,200,6：26-28.
20陈伟伟,朱华燕.高校青年教师职业承诺的研究[J].浙江教育学院学报,2003,9：5-11.
21彭文平，凌文辁,孙利平.高校辅导员高学历及其职业承诺[J].江苏高教,2008,3：96-98.
22 Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise
Psychology.1993,15:1-15.
23陈善平.闫振龙,运动承诺理论及相关研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(1)：51—54.
24 Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology.1993,15:16-38.
25陈善平.闫振龙,运动承诺理论及相关研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(1)：53.
26同上.
29符国群.消费者行为学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001：125-128.
30同上.
31毛伟胜,曾朝恭.运动锻炼领域中关于承诺模型的研究进展及方向[J].南京体育学院学报,2007,21(2)：60-63.
32同上.
[1]赵鲁南.我国田径运动现状透析及突破方向的研究[J].山东体育学院学报,2005,Vol.1(66)：66
[2]周志雄,朱俊玲.对中国田径运动发展中若干问题的分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2001,3：57
[3]秋水.第27届奥运会带来的启示与思考[J].体育工作情况,2002.3：28-30
[4]刘吉.谈体育理论研究[J].体育科学,1997,17：35
[5]Buchanan,B. Building organizatonal commitment:The socialization of managers in work organization[J]. Adminstration Science Quarter,1974,19:533-546
[6]Kelly,H.H. Love and Commitment. Closse relationships[J]. New York. NY:W.H. Freeman. 1983,256-314
[7]Scanlan T.K,Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology.1993,15:1-15
[8]陈善平,闫振龙.运动承诺理论及相关研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(1)：51—54
[9]Scanlan T.K, Capenter P.J. An introduction to the sport commitment model[J]. Jourel of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1993,15:16-38
[10]Buchanan,B. Building organizatonal commitment:The socialization of managers in work organization[J]. Adminstration Science Quarter,1974,19:533-546
[11]Kelly,H.H. Love and Commitment. Closse relationships[J]. New York. NY:W.H.Freeman. 1983,256-314
[12]王雪.企业员工职业承诺结构的研究[硕十学位论文],广州：暨南大学,2006
[13]Thomas W. Lee,Steven D. Maurer The relation of knowledge model of voluntary turnover[J]. Human resource management review,1997, (3).
[14]朱启臻,职业指导理论与方法[M],北京：人民教育出版社,1996,68
[15]Becher H.S. Notes on the concept of commit[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1960, 66:32-42
[16]Vandenbery,R J & Scarpello.V. Multigrain-multi method validation of the satisfaction with my supervisor scale[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement,1991,12:203-212
[17]Blau G. J. The measurement and prediction of career commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,1985,58:277-288
[18]Lee K.Carswell J.J & Allen.N.J Meta-analytic review of occupational commitment:relation with person-and work-related variables[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:799-811
[19]London M.Toward a theory of career motivation[J]. Academy of Management Reviews, 1983.8
[20]Morrow P. McElory J. On assessing of work commitment[J]. Journal of Occupational Behavior.1986,7:139-145
[21]Englien de Jony. The impact of motivation on the career commitment of Dutch library translators[J]. Poetics,1999,26:423-437
[22]龙立荣,凌文辁,方俐洛,李晔.职业承诺的理论与测量[J].心理学动态,2000,(4)：39-45
[23]龙建,龙立荣,王南南.431名护十职业承诺状况的调查分析[J].中华医院管理杂志,2002,18(7)：407-408
[24]莲榕,邵雅利.关于教师职业承诺及其发展模式的研究[J].教育评论,2003,6：26-28
[25]陈伟伟,朱华燕.高校青年教师职业承诺的研究[J].浙江教育学院学报,2003,9：5-11
[26]彭文平,凌文辁,孙利平.高校辅导员高学历及其职业承诺[J].江苏高教,2008,3：96-98
[27]陈善平,李树茁.体育锻炼行为坚持机制[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2007：19
[28]张力为,毛志雄.运动心理学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社.2005：354
[29]符国群,消费者行为学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社.2001：125-128
[313]毛伟胜,曾朝恭.运动锻炼领域中关于承诺模型的研究进展及方向[J].南京体育学院学报,2007,21(2)：60-63
[31]郑雪主编.人格心理学[M].广州：暨南大学出版社,2001：6
[32]全国体育院校教材委员会审定.运动训练学[M].北京：人民体育出社,2000：64
[33]刘树军.对武术运动员训练态度的研究[J].上海体育学院,1995.8：48-58
[34]孙健敏.管理中的激励[M]．北京：企业管理出版社,2004,45
[35]斯蒂芬-罗宾斯著[美],黄卫伟等译.管理学第四版[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2000：388
[36]彭剑锋.人力资源管理概论[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：89
[37]艾斌发,刘承亮,蔡照松等.我国优秀运动员激励机制研究综述[J].宜春学院学报,2007,29(2)：155-157
[38]余美芳,杨学军.马斯洛需要层次理论下的高校高水平运动员激励机制[J].内蒙古体育科技(季刊),2007,20(3)：27-28
[39]杨年松.职业运动员人力资本特征及其激励制度比较研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2008,42(5)：47-50
[40]唐建倦.中国竞技体育后备人才培养激励机制研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2008,31(8)：1136-1138
[41]杨秀权,刘梦杨.专业运动员角色的社会期待与激励[J].体育世界,2007,9：92-94
[42]俞继英,宋权征,杨再淮等.我国竞技体育人才激励的原则与模式[J].上海体育学院学报,2005.29(5)：46-5