乌江下游岩溶地貌形态、发育与演化研究
|
摘要
我国的岩溶区面积广大,分布广泛,岩溶地貌类型多种多样。碳酸盐岩的分布面积计(含埋藏在非可溶岩之下者),可达3.46×106km2,约占国土面积的1/3；而且类型多种多样,总体上说,可以分为四大类型：南方湿润热带亚热带岩溶、干旱半干旱区岩溶、温带半湿润区岩溶和西部高原高山岩溶。
我国的岩溶地貌研究具有世界意义,与世界其他地区岩溶区相比,我国岩溶形态丰富多彩、个性鲜明。这是因为我国岩溶地貌,发育有独特的优势,即中国大陆碳酸盐岩古老坚硬、新生代以来大幅度抬升、未受末次冰期大陆冰盖的刨蚀破坏、以及季风气候水热配套(夏湿冬干)等四个条件,使得各个地质时期,尤其是新生代以来发育的岩溶形态保存完好,因而具有较长的、连续的岩溶发育的历史记录。
中国南方热带、亚热带岩溶地貌被称为大陆热带-亚热带岩溶地貌的“博物馆和教科书”,在中国岩溶地貌研究中有重要地位。2007年7月,中国南方岩溶被联合国教科文组织正式列入《世界自然遗产名录》,乌江下游岩溶地貌作为亚热带峡谷岩溶地貌的代表也被列入。乌江下游岩溶地貌的研究对中国南方岩溶中山峡谷岩溶地貌的研究有十分重要的意义,但是现在的研究还很薄弱。
形态学的研究主要应用了岩溶形态组合的研究方法,应用该方法可以避免“异质同相”在岩溶地貌形态研究中所引起的混乱。我们应用岩溶形态组合对乌江下游不同地貌面的典型地点的岩溶形态组合特征进行了探讨,并且和岩溶地貌形态发育阶段结合起来,探讨其演化过程。沉积形态的研究是研究岩溶地貌演化的关键,把溶蚀形态和沉积形态相结合进行研究,通过对典型地点沉积物特征的研究来探讨岩溶环境的演化过程是本研究的一项重要内容。对于岩溶地貌发育控制因素的分析,我们运用岩溶动力系统理论,把岩溶地貌形成原因研究放到岩石圈、水圈、生物圈、大气圈相互作用中去研究,探讨内外力作用对本区岩溶地貌形态发育演化的影响。
本研究得出如下结论：
(1)本地区岩溶地貌十分发育,具有独特的亚热带岩溶中山峡谷特点,以峰丛洼地(谷地)、大型漏斗(天坑)、岩溶峡谷、天生桥等为代表的地表岩溶和以大型溶洞和丰富的洞穴次生化学沉积为代表的地下岩溶最为普遍,独具特色。
(2)不同地貌面上岩溶形态组合是岩溶地貌不同发育阶段的产物：鄂西期夷平面分布在海拔1700～2000m的高分水岭地区,形态组合特征是低矮的峰丛和平坝、大的多边形、浅碟形洼地相组合,石峰形态浑圆,峰与峰之间的疏离度高,平均为500m以上；溶洞不多,发育规模不大,沉积形态为红粘土,其岩溶形态组合反映了老年期岩溶地貌发育的特点,其形成在古近纪至新近纪初。山原期地面分布在海拔1200～1500m的地区,主要表现为高大的峰丛和大型洼地结合的岩溶台面。峰丛与洼地、岩溶台面之间的相对高差可达25～30m左右,峰与峰之间疏离程度变小,一般在300～400m；岩溶洞穴十分发育,有较丰富的次生沉积物。沉积物为红粘土,发育有铁质风化壳,总体上为壮年期地面特点。剥蚀面分布在海拔500～800m地区,以峰丛-槽谷、谷地为主,比高为60～100m,峰与峰之间疏离程度极小,一般在250m以下,基座紧密相连,石峰形态不太典型,顶部平坦,保留原始地貌面的特点,沉积物以黄色石灰土为主,体现为青年期岩溶地貌发育阶段的特点。
(3)岩溶地貌发育的受岩性、构造、气候、土壤、水动力等多种因素的影响,本区岩溶地貌发育的主导因素为新构造运动、水动力条件和气候；通过对典型地点岩溶作用强度的研究发现：在现在气候条件下,鄂西期山地的岩溶作用比较弱,而盆地期地面岩溶作用比较强,说明鄂西期岩溶形态组合有古老性的特点,为第三纪末干燥气候形成的；盆地期剥蚀面之所以为青年期地面,和其发育历史较短有关。由于受到新构造运动的影响,本区岩溶形态组合呈现出多代性的特点,岩溶峡谷和夷平面交替出现,同时,夷平面受到后期的改造,由于强度不同,在不同地区呈现出不同的特点：在远离现代排水基面的流域分水岭地区,新构造运动影响较小,地面完整性较好,岩溶地貌以峰丛洼地为主,地貌面发育以横向发育为主。乌江及主要支流河谷地带受新构造影响很大,因溯源侵蚀,普遍发育峡谷地貌,在河间地块因受新构造运动地貌影响较大,地面表现为锥状岩溶峰丛洼地和岩溶谷地景观。
(4)乌江下游岩溶地貌的形成,经历了鄂西期、山原期、盆地期和峡谷期地貌演化阶段,并形成鄂西期、山原期夷平面、盆地期剥蚀面和深切峡谷。
通过对乌江下游岩溶地貌形态、发育和演化的研究,我们对亚热带岩溶峡谷的形态、发育和过程有了较为清楚的认识,因此本研究对长江三峡形成演化的研究有借鉴意义。同时,本地区的岩溶地貌发育深受新构造运动和水动力条件的影响,河流侵蚀和溶蚀作用叠加在一起,使本区的岩溶地貌发育强度增大,这既可以形成了景色迷人的乌江峡谷,又使本区生态环境及其脆弱,水旱灾害、水土流失、石漠化、地面塌陷等灾害频频出现；我们也注意到不同地区岩溶作用强度和方式不同,不同地貌面和岩溶峡谷区在进行土地利用、水资源开发和环境保护方面时必须要注意到不同地区的不同特点,因地制宜。
There are large,widely distributed karst areas and variety of karst landforms.in China. the area of carbonate rocks (including buried below non-soluble rock), is 3.46 x 106km2, about 1/3 of land area of China. and there are variety of types karst, generally speaking, these types can be divided into four types:subtropical karst of South China, arid and semiarid karst of North China and temperate semihumid karst of northeast China Alpine karst on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
There is international significance on the work of Karst landform in China. Compared with the Karst areas elsewhere in the world, the Karst forms of China is more colorful, distinctive. because the development of karst landforms in China has mre unique advantages.that is to say:the backgrounds for the development of karst in mainland China are characterized by:i,hard,compact carbonate rocks ii,strong Cenozoic uplift; iii,heat-moisture matching monsoon climate;iv, without scouring actions of continental ice sheet of the Last Glaciation. All these backgrounds make the karst forms of China have preserved before Traissic; and have a long, continuous history of karst development.
The subtropical karst of South China has been known as the continental tropical-subtropical karst "museums and textbooks, so it is important in the work on the karst geomorphology of China. In July 2007, the south China Karst had been officially recorded in UNESCO's "World Natural Heritage List " by UNESCO, and the karst valley of lower reaches of Wujiang had also been recorded in this list as the representative of the subtropical karst valley.The study of development and evolution of karst landform of the of lower reaches of Wujiang is very important that we how know karst features of subtropical gorge regions is developed and evolved。but now the study is still very weak.
The study method of Karst feature complex is be applied in the Karst morphology study of the of lower reaches of Wujiang, and this method can avoid the confusion that the same form of different innate character brought about in the Karst morphology study. In order to explore the evolution process of this area, the characteristic of Karst feature complex typical locations of the steeped landforms will be studied and will be combined to the development stage of karst landforms.
The key research of the evolution of karst landforms is to study the characteristic of depositional forms. The combining analysis of the dissolutional and depositional forms, we can know karst landforms evolution process of this area through the study of the characteristic of depositional forms of typical place.
On the study of the controlling factor of the development of karst landform, this study apply Karst Dynamics system(KDS) to explore causes of karst landforms evolution.these causes can link with interaction of lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere, so the development and evolution of karst forms can be controled by internal and external forces.
Conclusions as the following are drawn:
(1)There is a large scale of karsts geomorphology and possesses a unique subtropical mid-mountain karst gorge characteristic,enriched abundant surface karst represented by cone fengcong-depression, giant doline, gorge, natural bridge, and underground karst represented by giant caves and secondary speleothems. It perfectly display typical multitype and multilevel karst features of subtropical deep incising gorge regions.
(2)The Karst feature complexs on the different topographic surface are products of different developmental stages of karst landform. Exi Phase (Higher Plateau Phase) in the three gorges areas. kept in the watershed regions of 1700m to 2000m above sea level, At present the Karst feature complexs of earth surface of this phase are represented by combination low peaks, Karst platform with large polygons and Shallow dish depressions.The feature of the peaks is rounded and the distancing between two peaks is high,about 500m;there are little caves, who are small; there developed red clay on karst platform. all these reflects a elderly period of karsts development period. and formed e from the Paleogene to the early stage of neogene, The lower planation surface of 1200～1500m above sea level, the feature of earth surface of this phase is tall peaks and large depressions, the height between peak and the table is 25～35m or so, and distancing become smaller and is 300-400m. there developed karst caves and abundan secondary deposits. are be found in it. Its surface deposits is red soil, in some places,weathering crust of iron was found;this reflects a maturity period of karsts development period. The erosion surface of 500-800m above sea level, the marked feature is Peaks-trough valley, valley; the height between peak and depression is 25～35m or so, and distancing become smallest and is only 250m. the peak,s bases are closely linked, the features of peakis not the typical, the top is fat and Preserve the original characteristics of geomorphic surface; Its surface deposits is yellow soil. All this reflects young period karsts development period.
(3)All the karst features of lower reaches of Wujiang, are the reflection of its special lithological, Stratigraphical, tectonical, topographical, hydrodynamic conditions,climatic background, neotectonics movement,as well as long term karstification. the dominant factors of development of karst landforms are neotectonics movement. hydrodynamic conditions and climatic background.
To study on karstification intensity and its variation under different geological settings, we come to conclusion:under previous climatic conditions, the karstification intensity on Exi earth surface is weaker than Pengdi's, this indicate the Karst feature complexs of Exi have developed very long time and its form can be attribute to the latest period Tertiary dry Climatic conditions; the karst features of Pengdi's surface is younger than Exi's and Shanyuan's, may be develop short time.
Under the influence of neotectonics movement, the features of the study area manifest Multiple generations and karst gorges and planation surfaces appear alternately; at the same time, the planation surfaces are to be transformed different intensity by the later tectonic movement and its features on the different setting appear characteristic. In the dividing ridge far away from modern water-draining ground, grounding integration is still favorable because the geomorphology is not largely affected under the periodically--enlivened, and the karsts geomorphology here mainly represents cone fengcong-depression. However, most region, which is affected by the periodically—enlivened, that Higher Plateau Phase and Hilly Plateau Phase were uplifted to different altitude, so river drainage systems began to cut down on the hilly plateau phase earth surface to form gorges with steep banks and releases a scenery of core-shaped karst topography and reflects a youth period of karsts development period. Some places, but in minority, are still in the middle period. Therefore, The variety of distribution and combination karst geomorphic features can reflect the evolution history of karstification processes.
(4) It involved three evolved stages of Exi stage, Shanyuan stage, Pengdi stage and Gorge stage to form the geomorphic framework including karst leveling plane and dissected gorges in the lower reaches of Wujiang,
We have a more clear understanding the features, development and evolution process of of subtropical karst gorges because of the study on karst gorge in the lower reaches of Wujiang, so, this study sheds light on the formation and evolution of the Yangtze River Three Gorges. Meantime, the karst landform, s evolution of the lower reaches of Wujiang is affected by neotectonic movement and hydrodynamic conditions, this make erosion and corrosion to Superimpose, and to make the development intensity increases, all this can form beautiful Wujiang river gorge, but to make the ecological environment become more fragile, this bring up to some disasters such as flood and drought, soil erosion, desertification, land subsidence and so on. We also note that there are the role of different karstication intensity and role in different settings,and this imply us that we must know the karst landform different features of the different surfaces and karst geoge in land use, water resources development,and environmental protection.
我国的岩溶地貌研究具有世界意义,与世界其他地区岩溶区相比,我国岩溶形态丰富多彩、个性鲜明。这是因为我国岩溶地貌,发育有独特的优势,即中国大陆碳酸盐岩古老坚硬、新生代以来大幅度抬升、未受末次冰期大陆冰盖的刨蚀破坏、以及季风气候水热配套(夏湿冬干)等四个条件,使得各个地质时期,尤其是新生代以来发育的岩溶形态保存完好,因而具有较长的、连续的岩溶发育的历史记录。
中国南方热带、亚热带岩溶地貌被称为大陆热带-亚热带岩溶地貌的“博物馆和教科书”,在中国岩溶地貌研究中有重要地位。2007年7月,中国南方岩溶被联合国教科文组织正式列入《世界自然遗产名录》,乌江下游岩溶地貌作为亚热带峡谷岩溶地貌的代表也被列入。乌江下游岩溶地貌的研究对中国南方岩溶中山峡谷岩溶地貌的研究有十分重要的意义,但是现在的研究还很薄弱。
形态学的研究主要应用了岩溶形态组合的研究方法,应用该方法可以避免“异质同相”在岩溶地貌形态研究中所引起的混乱。我们应用岩溶形态组合对乌江下游不同地貌面的典型地点的岩溶形态组合特征进行了探讨,并且和岩溶地貌形态发育阶段结合起来,探讨其演化过程。沉积形态的研究是研究岩溶地貌演化的关键,把溶蚀形态和沉积形态相结合进行研究,通过对典型地点沉积物特征的研究来探讨岩溶环境的演化过程是本研究的一项重要内容。对于岩溶地貌发育控制因素的分析,我们运用岩溶动力系统理论,把岩溶地貌形成原因研究放到岩石圈、水圈、生物圈、大气圈相互作用中去研究,探讨内外力作用对本区岩溶地貌形态发育演化的影响。
本研究得出如下结论：
(1)本地区岩溶地貌十分发育,具有独特的亚热带岩溶中山峡谷特点,以峰丛洼地(谷地)、大型漏斗(天坑)、岩溶峡谷、天生桥等为代表的地表岩溶和以大型溶洞和丰富的洞穴次生化学沉积为代表的地下岩溶最为普遍,独具特色。
(2)不同地貌面上岩溶形态组合是岩溶地貌不同发育阶段的产物：鄂西期夷平面分布在海拔1700～2000m的高分水岭地区,形态组合特征是低矮的峰丛和平坝、大的多边形、浅碟形洼地相组合,石峰形态浑圆,峰与峰之间的疏离度高,平均为500m以上；溶洞不多,发育规模不大,沉积形态为红粘土,其岩溶形态组合反映了老年期岩溶地貌发育的特点,其形成在古近纪至新近纪初。山原期地面分布在海拔1200～1500m的地区,主要表现为高大的峰丛和大型洼地结合的岩溶台面。峰丛与洼地、岩溶台面之间的相对高差可达25～30m左右,峰与峰之间疏离程度变小,一般在300～400m；岩溶洞穴十分发育,有较丰富的次生沉积物。沉积物为红粘土,发育有铁质风化壳,总体上为壮年期地面特点。剥蚀面分布在海拔500～800m地区,以峰丛-槽谷、谷地为主,比高为60～100m,峰与峰之间疏离程度极小,一般在250m以下,基座紧密相连,石峰形态不太典型,顶部平坦,保留原始地貌面的特点,沉积物以黄色石灰土为主,体现为青年期岩溶地貌发育阶段的特点。
(3)岩溶地貌发育的受岩性、构造、气候、土壤、水动力等多种因素的影响,本区岩溶地貌发育的主导因素为新构造运动、水动力条件和气候；通过对典型地点岩溶作用强度的研究发现：在现在气候条件下,鄂西期山地的岩溶作用比较弱,而盆地期地面岩溶作用比较强,说明鄂西期岩溶形态组合有古老性的特点,为第三纪末干燥气候形成的；盆地期剥蚀面之所以为青年期地面,和其发育历史较短有关。由于受到新构造运动的影响,本区岩溶形态组合呈现出多代性的特点,岩溶峡谷和夷平面交替出现,同时,夷平面受到后期的改造,由于强度不同,在不同地区呈现出不同的特点：在远离现代排水基面的流域分水岭地区,新构造运动影响较小,地面完整性较好,岩溶地貌以峰丛洼地为主,地貌面发育以横向发育为主。乌江及主要支流河谷地带受新构造影响很大,因溯源侵蚀,普遍发育峡谷地貌,在河间地块因受新构造运动地貌影响较大,地面表现为锥状岩溶峰丛洼地和岩溶谷地景观。
(4)乌江下游岩溶地貌的形成,经历了鄂西期、山原期、盆地期和峡谷期地貌演化阶段,并形成鄂西期、山原期夷平面、盆地期剥蚀面和深切峡谷。
通过对乌江下游岩溶地貌形态、发育和演化的研究,我们对亚热带岩溶峡谷的形态、发育和过程有了较为清楚的认识,因此本研究对长江三峡形成演化的研究有借鉴意义。同时,本地区的岩溶地貌发育深受新构造运动和水动力条件的影响,河流侵蚀和溶蚀作用叠加在一起,使本区的岩溶地貌发育强度增大,这既可以形成了景色迷人的乌江峡谷,又使本区生态环境及其脆弱,水旱灾害、水土流失、石漠化、地面塌陷等灾害频频出现；我们也注意到不同地区岩溶作用强度和方式不同,不同地貌面和岩溶峡谷区在进行土地利用、水资源开发和环境保护方面时必须要注意到不同地区的不同特点,因地制宜。
There are large,widely distributed karst areas and variety of karst landforms.in China. the area of carbonate rocks (including buried below non-soluble rock), is 3.46 x 106km2, about 1/3 of land area of China. and there are variety of types karst, generally speaking, these types can be divided into four types:subtropical karst of South China, arid and semiarid karst of North China and temperate semihumid karst of northeast China Alpine karst on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
There is international significance on the work of Karst landform in China. Compared with the Karst areas elsewhere in the world, the Karst forms of China is more colorful, distinctive. because the development of karst landforms in China has mre unique advantages.that is to say:the backgrounds for the development of karst in mainland China are characterized by:i,hard,compact carbonate rocks ii,strong Cenozoic uplift; iii,heat-moisture matching monsoon climate;iv, without scouring actions of continental ice sheet of the Last Glaciation. All these backgrounds make the karst forms of China have preserved before Traissic; and have a long, continuous history of karst development.
The subtropical karst of South China has been known as the continental tropical-subtropical karst "museums and textbooks, so it is important in the work on the karst geomorphology of China. In July 2007, the south China Karst had been officially recorded in UNESCO's "World Natural Heritage List " by UNESCO, and the karst valley of lower reaches of Wujiang had also been recorded in this list as the representative of the subtropical karst valley.The study of development and evolution of karst landform of the of lower reaches of Wujiang is very important that we how know karst features of subtropical gorge regions is developed and evolved。but now the study is still very weak.
The study method of Karst feature complex is be applied in the Karst morphology study of the of lower reaches of Wujiang, and this method can avoid the confusion that the same form of different innate character brought about in the Karst morphology study. In order to explore the evolution process of this area, the characteristic of Karst feature complex typical locations of the steeped landforms will be studied and will be combined to the development stage of karst landforms.
The key research of the evolution of karst landforms is to study the characteristic of depositional forms. The combining analysis of the dissolutional and depositional forms, we can know karst landforms evolution process of this area through the study of the characteristic of depositional forms of typical place.
On the study of the controlling factor of the development of karst landform, this study apply Karst Dynamics system(KDS) to explore causes of karst landforms evolution.these causes can link with interaction of lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere, so the development and evolution of karst forms can be controled by internal and external forces.
Conclusions as the following are drawn:
(1)There is a large scale of karsts geomorphology and possesses a unique subtropical mid-mountain karst gorge characteristic,enriched abundant surface karst represented by cone fengcong-depression, giant doline, gorge, natural bridge, and underground karst represented by giant caves and secondary speleothems. It perfectly display typical multitype and multilevel karst features of subtropical deep incising gorge regions.
(2)The Karst feature complexs on the different topographic surface are products of different developmental stages of karst landform. Exi Phase (Higher Plateau Phase) in the three gorges areas. kept in the watershed regions of 1700m to 2000m above sea level, At present the Karst feature complexs of earth surface of this phase are represented by combination low peaks, Karst platform with large polygons and Shallow dish depressions.The feature of the peaks is rounded and the distancing between two peaks is high,about 500m;there are little caves, who are small; there developed red clay on karst platform. all these reflects a elderly period of karsts development period. and formed e from the Paleogene to the early stage of neogene, The lower planation surface of 1200～1500m above sea level, the feature of earth surface of this phase is tall peaks and large depressions, the height between peak and the table is 25～35m or so, and distancing become smaller and is 300-400m. there developed karst caves and abundan secondary deposits. are be found in it. Its surface deposits is red soil, in some places,weathering crust of iron was found;this reflects a maturity period of karsts development period. The erosion surface of 500-800m above sea level, the marked feature is Peaks-trough valley, valley; the height between peak and depression is 25～35m or so, and distancing become smallest and is only 250m. the peak,s bases are closely linked, the features of peakis not the typical, the top is fat and Preserve the original characteristics of geomorphic surface; Its surface deposits is yellow soil. All this reflects young period karsts development period.
(3)All the karst features of lower reaches of Wujiang, are the reflection of its special lithological, Stratigraphical, tectonical, topographical, hydrodynamic conditions,climatic background, neotectonics movement,as well as long term karstification. the dominant factors of development of karst landforms are neotectonics movement. hydrodynamic conditions and climatic background.
To study on karstification intensity and its variation under different geological settings, we come to conclusion:under previous climatic conditions, the karstification intensity on Exi earth surface is weaker than Pengdi's, this indicate the Karst feature complexs of Exi have developed very long time and its form can be attribute to the latest period Tertiary dry Climatic conditions; the karst features of Pengdi's surface is younger than Exi's and Shanyuan's, may be develop short time.
Under the influence of neotectonics movement, the features of the study area manifest Multiple generations and karst gorges and planation surfaces appear alternately; at the same time, the planation surfaces are to be transformed different intensity by the later tectonic movement and its features on the different setting appear characteristic. In the dividing ridge far away from modern water-draining ground, grounding integration is still favorable because the geomorphology is not largely affected under the periodically--enlivened, and the karsts geomorphology here mainly represents cone fengcong-depression. However, most region, which is affected by the periodically—enlivened, that Higher Plateau Phase and Hilly Plateau Phase were uplifted to different altitude, so river drainage systems began to cut down on the hilly plateau phase earth surface to form gorges with steep banks and releases a scenery of core-shaped karst topography and reflects a youth period of karsts development period. Some places, but in minority, are still in the middle period. Therefore, The variety of distribution and combination karst geomorphic features can reflect the evolution history of karstification processes.
(4) It involved three evolved stages of Exi stage, Shanyuan stage, Pengdi stage and Gorge stage to form the geomorphic framework including karst leveling plane and dissected gorges in the lower reaches of Wujiang,
We have a more clear understanding the features, development and evolution process of of subtropical karst gorges because of the study on karst gorge in the lower reaches of Wujiang, so, this study sheds light on the formation and evolution of the Yangtze River Three Gorges. Meantime, the karst landform, s evolution of the lower reaches of Wujiang is affected by neotectonic movement and hydrodynamic conditions, this make erosion and corrosion to Superimpose, and to make the development intensity increases, all this can form beautiful Wujiang river gorge, but to make the ecological environment become more fragile, this bring up to some disasters such as flood and drought, soil erosion, desertification, land subsidence and so on. We also note that there are the role of different karstication intensity and role in different settings,and this imply us that we must know the karst landform different features of the different surfaces and karst geoge in land use, water resources development,and environmental protection.
引文
巴尔博.1935.扬子江流域地文发育史.地质专报,甲种,1935,14.
蔡运松.1985.浅论四川省构造体系.中国分省构造体系研究文集.北京：地质出版社
蔡雄飞,刘德民,魏启荣等.2008.古新世—中新世以来青藏高原北缘隆升的特征—来自可可西里盆地的报告.地质学报,82(2)：194-203.
曹建华,王福星,黄俊发等.1993.桂林地区石灰岩表面生物岩溶溶蚀作用研究.中国岩溶,12(1)：11-27.
曹建华,王福星.1998.初探藻类、地衣生物岩溶微形态与内陆环境间相关性.地质论评.44(6)：656-663.
陈国达.1991.武陵源峰林地貌的成因及其开发与保护.地理学与国土研究.7(3)：1-6、
程捷,曹伯勋,田明中等.1995.周口店新发现的早更新世哺乳动物群.地球科学,20(5)：497-504.
程捷.1997,.哺乳动物群指示的气候旋回—以周口店早更新世哺乳动物群为例.地学前缘,4(1-2)：275-279.
陈升琪.2003重庆地理,重庆：西南师范大学出版社
陈铁梅杨全.2000.巫山县龙骨坡地层的电子自旋共振测年.人类学学报,19(1)：17-20.
陈治平.1985.中国喀斯特地带性因素初探.喀斯特地貌和洞穴.北京：科学出版社.
陈伟海,朱德浩,黄保健等.2004.重庆武隆岩溶地质公园地质遗迹特征形成与评价.北京：地质出版社.
陈伟海,朱德浩,朱学稳.2006.重庆武隆天生三桥喀斯特系统特征与演化.中国岩溶,25(8)：99-106增刊
陈伟海,朱学稳,朱德浩.2006.重庆武隆喀斯特景观特征及世界自然遗产价值评价.中国岩溶,25(8)：106-114.
崔之久.1981.古岩溶与青藏高原抬升.：青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京：科学出版社.
崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年等.1996.青藏高原夷平面与岩溶时代及其起始高度.科学通报,41(15)：1402-1407.
崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年等.1996.夷平面、古岩溶与青藏高原隆升.中国科学(D辑地球科学),24(4)：378-385.
崔之久,洪云,高全洲等.1996.青藏高原东北部古喀斯特过程与环境.地理学报,51(5)：408-419
邓涛.1997.中国的真马化石及其生活环境.西北工业大学博士论文
邓自强,1982.试论植物作用对热带岩溶发育的影响—以广西弄岗自然保护区为例.中国岩溶,1：49-59
丁锦惠,1987.鄂西高原地文期辨析.中国岩溶,6(3)：255-262
方念乔,陈学方,胡超涌等.2001,东北印度洋深海记录基本特征及其对青藏高原隆升的响应.第四纪研究.21(6)：490-500.
董为.1999.与南京汤山直立人伴生的偶蹄类及其古环境浅析.人类学学报,18(4)：270-281.
范代李,高全洲,崔之久.2000.青藏高原洞穴次生方程石的裂变径迹年代及地貌学意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质20(3)：61-65.
高全洲,崔之久.2000..青藏高原风化壳红土的的沉积地球化学和矿物特征及环境意义,中山大学学报：自然科学版,39(5)：97-10.
高全洲, 崔之久,陶贞等.2002.青藏高原古岩溶的性质、发育时代和环境特征.地理学报.57(3)：267-274
郭清海,王焰新,马腾,等.山西岩溶大泉近50年的流量变化过程及其对全球气候变化的指示意义.中国科学D辑,2005,35(2)：167-175.
郭正吾,邓康龄等.1996.四川盆地形成与演化.北京：地质出版社.
葛肖虹,任收麦,马立祥等.2006.青藏高原多期次隆升的环境效应.地学前缘,13(6)：118-130.
贵州省地质矿产局.1991贵州省区域地质志..北京：地质出版社
贺中华,梁虹,黄法苏等.2008.基于DEM的喀斯特流域地貌发育影响因素分析,测绘科学,33(4)：70-72
黄培华,1995.猿人洞的溶洞演化和堆积旋回与北京猿人生活环境.人类学学报,14(2)：101-110.
黄万波,丁宏祥.1979.西藏三趾马动物群的首次发现及其对高原隆起的意义.科学通报,19：885-889.
黄万波.1986.三峡地区喀斯特洞穴及动物群.地理研究,5(4)：
黄万波,方其仁.1991.巫山猿人遗址.北京：海洋出版社.
焦树林,梁虹.2002.喀斯特地区流域地貌与岩性的统计关系探讨—以贵州省为例.中国岩溶,21(2)：95-100.
赖良杰,彭东.2003.喀斯特地貌景观特点及旅游形象塑造.中国岩溶,22(4)：318-324.
姜文英彭淑贞等.2001.上新世红黏土的碳同位素记录与青藏高原隆升的关系.科学通报,46(24)：2065-2068.
蒋忠诚,翁金桃.1992.山东沂源土门地区的岩溶形态组合类型及其形成环境.中国岩溶,11(4)：356-365
金昌柱,郑家坚,王元,等2008..中国南方早更新世主要哺乳动物群层序对比和动物地理..人类学学报,27(4)：304-317.
李炳元,潘保田.2002.青藏高原古地理环境研究,地理研究,21(1)：61-70.
李彬,1997.不同环境下岩溶发育特征的差异及其古环境研究意义：以中国南方与挪威极地岩溶为例,中国岩溶,16(4)：313-318.
李长安,张玉芬.1997.中国主要水系贯通和洪灾形成的地学因素分析,大自然探索,16(1)：61-65
李杰,旺罗,裴云鹏等.2006.甘肃西峰红粘土-4.5 Ma孢粉记录的植被转变及其与青藏高原隆升的关系.地学前缘,32(5)：342-349.
李林立.2009西南典型岩溶区生态环境对表层岩溶水的调蓄研究.西南大学博士论文
李吉均,文世宣,张青松等.1979.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨.中国科学(A辑),(6)： 608-616
李吉均.1999.青藏高原的地貌演化与亚洲季风.海洋地质与第四纪地质,19(1)：1-12.
李明慧,康世昌.2007.青藏高原湖泊沉积物对古气候环境变化的响应.盐湖研究,15(1)：63-72
李晓明.2009.西南岩溶区地下水环境告急.科学时报,,2009-2-19 A1.
李永项,薛祥煦.2007.中更新世以来秦岭张坪洞穴群田鼠化石的分布及其环境意义,中国科学(D辑：地球科学),37(11)：1474-1479.
李愿军,丁美英.1995.长江三峡地区构造地貌研究.水电能源科学,3(1)：52-55
李玉辉,杨一光,梁永宁等.2001.云南石林岩溶发育的古环境研究.中国岩溶,20(2)：91-95.
李忠权,冉隆辉等.2002.川东高陡构造成因地质模式与含气性分析.成都理工学院学报,29(6)：605-609.
林明珠.2009.喀斯特山地不同土地利用方式对表层岩溶泉水的影响,西南大学硕士论文
林均枢,张耀光,黄云磷.1986.华东喀斯特地貌发育过程与古地理背景.地理研究,5(4)：58-68.
林均枢,张耀光,王燕如等.1987.广西武鸣盆地岩溶发育的古地理因素分析,地理学报,37(2)：123-138
刘东生,丁梦林.1984.中国早期人类化石层位与黄土-深海沉积古气候旋回的对比.人类学学报,3(2)：93-102
刘金荣.1995.试论桂林岩溶洞穴发育的古老性及形成时代探讨.广西地质,8(1)：67-80
刘金荣.1996.对桂林热带岩溶发育的一些新认识.广西地质,9(4)：61-66
刘金荣,杨荣玉.1997.桂林岩溶地区粘土砾石层中第三纪地层的发现及其意义,中国岩溶,16(4)：370-385.
刘金荣,1997.桂林三叠世古地理气候及热带岩溶发育程度控制,广西地质,10(3)：29-36.
刘金荣.1997.广西热带岩溶地貌发育历史及序次探讨.中国岩溶,16(4)：332-345.
刘金荣黄国彬等.2001.广西区域热带岩溶地貌不同类型的演化浅议,中国岩溶,20(4)：247-252.
刘金荣.2003.再论广西桂西桂西北高峰丛热带岩溶发育历史.中国岩溶,22(3)：191-197.
刘金荣,张继淹,梁耀成等.2004.乐业县大石围天坑群洞穴第三纪堆积的孢粉组成特征及相关问题的探讨.中国岩溶,23(3)：239-246.
刘尚忠.1995.川东薄皮结构之我见.四川地质学报.15(4)：264-267
刘星.1998.云南石林地区的钙华RSR测年及地质意义.中国岩溶,17(1)：9-13.
刘兴诗.1983.四川盆地的第四系,四川成都：四川科学技术出版社.
刘再华,Chris GROVES,袁道先等2003.水-岩-气相互作用引起的水化学动态变化研究.水文地质工程地质.32(4)：13-18.
刘振中,俞序君,俞锦标.1963.乌江流域喀斯特地貌的初步研究.南京大学学报(地理学),2(1)：12-23.
刘泽纯.1983.北京猿人洞穴堆积反映的古气候变化及气候地层上的对比.人类学学报,2(2)：172-184.
刘泽纯.1985.第四纪岩溶洞穴堆积与古人类活动.中国第四纪研究,北京：科学出版社,P60-68.
鹿化煜,安芷生,王晓勇等.2004.最近14 Ma青藏高原东北缘阶段性隆升的地貌证据,中国科学(D辑),34(9)：855-86.
陆从伦,周春林.1998.南京喀斯特溶洞碎屑充填物的沉积特征和气候地层学研究.南京师范大学学报,21(1)：116-124.
卢耀如.1965.中国南方喀斯特发育基本规律的初步研究.地质学报,45(1)：108-129.
卢耀如.1986.中国喀斯特地貌演化模式.地理研究,5(4)：25-34
吕厚远,王苏民,等.2001.青藏高原错鄂湖2.8Ma来的孢粉记录.中国科学：D辑,31(B12)：234-240.
卢耀如.1986.中国喀斯特地貌的演化模式.地理研究,5(4)：68-77.
吕宝凤,夏斌.2005.川东南“隔档式构造”的重新认识.天然气地球科学,16(3)：278-282.
聂跃平.1994.贵州中南部地区喀斯特地貌发育的趋势面分析,南京大学学报：自然科学版,30(1)：154-159.
潘根兴,曹建华.1999.土壤碳作为湿润亚热带表层岩溶作用的动力机制：系统碳库及碳转移特征.南京农业大学学报,22(3)：49-52.
蒲俊兵,袁道先,蒋勇军.2009.重庆市地下河的空间分布及水资源.水文地质工程地质,36(2)：34-39.
彭建,蔡运龙,杨明德等.2005.巴江流域演变与路南石林发育耦合分析.地理科学进展,24(5)：69-78
彭建,杨明德,梁虹.2002.基于GIS的路南巴江喀斯特流域地貌演化定量研究.中国岩溶,21(2)：89-95.
钱海涛,王思敬,袁代江等.2005.某水利枢纽坝区构造特征及其对岩溶发育规律的影响.地球与环境.33(4)：47-52.
秦万成.1982.重庆附近岩溶地貌,西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1(1)：52-63.
全国地层委员会.中国区域年代地层(地质年代)表说明书.北京：地质出版社
任美锷等.1983.岩溶学概论.北京：商务印书馆.
任美锷,1991.中国岩溶发育规律的若干问题.任美锷地理论文选.北京：商务印书馆,154-165.
PW威廉姆斯,R G,利昂斯,汪训一.1986,桂林穿山洞穴沉积物的古地磁解释.5(2)：113-120.
石洋,向喜琼,姚光华.2009.石鱼煤矿岩溶塌陷成因及其分布的基本特征.贵州大学学报：自然科学版,26(6)：51-55.
邵庆丰,高斌.2006.26A1/10Be埋藏测年及其在洞穴沉积年代学研究中的应用.中国岩溶,25(3)：195-200.
沈承德,易惟熙,杨英等,2004.周口店猿人遗址样品“元素碳”浓度及其应用于人类用火证据探究的可能性.科学通报,(3)：49(3)：275-279.
沈继方,李焰云,徐瑞春等.1996.清江流域岩溶研究.北京：地质出版社.
沈玉昌,1965.长江上游河谷地貌.北京：科学出版社.
四川省地质矿产局.1991.四川省区域地质志..北京：地质出版社
宋林华,1984.喀斯特地貌演化与喀斯特含水层特性.地理研究,5(4)：68-78.
宋春晖,方小敏,李吉均等.2003.青海贵德盆地晚新生代沉积演化与青藏高原北部隆升.地质论评,49(4)：337-346.
孙成国,张远海,韩道山.2004.梅山龙宫景观资源及其照明设计.中国岩溶,23(2)：121-128.
孙刚王运生谢春庆等2010..重庆市仙女山台地岩溶发育特征及工程效应研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,8(3)：131-136.
Sweeting M,1990从世界展望中国喀斯特研究.中国岩溶,9(2)：342-353
Sweeting M,1985.热带喀斯特研究新动向.喀斯特地貌与洞穴.北京：科学出版社,9-14.
谭明,1991.贵州喀斯特水文地貌模型及其应用初步研究.地理学报,46(4)：317-321
谭明,1993.中国西江流域喀斯特景观趋异与晚新生代流域环境变迁.中国岩溶,12(2)：103-111.
谭明,1993.喀斯特水文地貌学—理论、方法及应用研究.贵阳：贵州人民出版社.
唐将,邓富银,李再会等.2005.乌江流域武隆至涪陵段新构造运动.重庆交通学院学报,24(2)：90-95.
田友萍,张捷,宋林华等.2004.气生藻类在云南石林景观形成中的作用.中国科学(D辑地球科学),34(1)：75-88.
吴忱,马永红,张秀清.1999.华北山地地形面地文期与地貌发育史.河北科学技术出版社
吴珍汉,赵逊,叶培盛等,2007.根据湖相沉积碳氧同位素估算青藏高原古海拔高度.地质学报,81(9)：1277-1289.
万军伟,沈继方,晁念英.1997.清江半峡地区岩溶洞穴发育特征及其旅游资源.中国岩溶,16(3)：268-275.
王炳生,熊广政,郑长苏.1962.乌江下游喀斯特地貌.全国喀斯特研究会议论文选集.北京：科学出版社,25(2)：90-94.
王海芝,程捷.2008.周口店东洞洞穴沉积物的地球化学特征及其环境指示意义.第四季研究,28(6)：1090-1098.
王建力,王丽,何潇等.2006.重庆地区末次冰期气候变化的石笋记录研究.地理科学,20(5)：580-58.
王伟铭,刘金陵,周晓丹.2003.南京直立人洞穴沉积的植硅体气候指数研究.科学通报,48(11)：1205-1208.
汪永进,吴江澎,许汉奎.2000.南京汤山洞穴石笋稳定同位素指示的气候与环境意义.地质学报,74(4)：333-338.
王伟铭,陈耿娇,陈运发,邝国敦.2003.广西宁明盆地第三纪孢粉植物群及其地层意义.地层学杂志,27(4)：324-327.
王增银,韩庆之.1998.半峡神女洞形成环境及研究意义.中国岩溶,17(3)：227-232.
White, William B, White Elizabeth L.2006.封闭型洼地的级别划分_天坑级别.中国岩溶,25(1)(增刊)：84-93.
翁金桃.1985.桂林碳酸盐岩与岩溶发育的关系.中国科学(B辑).4(8)：741-749.
翁金桃.1987.桂林岩溶与碳酸盐岩.重庆：重庆出版社.
翁金桃,罗贵荣.1987.桂林-阳朔一带峰林石山的形态类型及其岩性控制.中国岩溶,5(2)：141-149.
夏凯生,袁道先,谢世友等.2010.乌江下游岩溶地貌形态特征初探—以重庆武隆及其邻近地区为例.中国岩溶,29(2)：196-204.
向芳,朱利东,王成善等.2005.长江三峡阶地的年代对比法及其意义.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版).32(2)：162-166.
向芳,王成善,李国忠等.2006.宜昌地区第四纪沉积物重矿物特征及其与三峡贯通的关系.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版).23(2)：117-122.
肖鸿林, 邹成杰.1997.喀斯特峡谷成因及数学模型研究：以猫跳河、六冲河为例.中国岩溶.16(2)：105-112
谢明.1990.长江三峡地区第四纪以来新构造上升速度和形式.第四纪研究,12(4)：308-315.
谢世友,袁道先,王建力等.2006.长江三峡地区夷平面分布特征及其形成年代.中国岩溶,25(1)：40-45.
谢世友,袁道先,赵纯勇.2006.重庆武隆喀斯特地貌及其演化.西南师范大学学报：自然科学版,31(6)：134-139.
谢凝高,郑心舟,谷光灿等.2001.云南石林景观美学价值评价研究.地理研究,(5)：517-526.
熊康宁.1994.关于锥状喀斯特与塔状喀斯特的水动力成因研究——以黔中地区为例,中国岩溶,13(3)：237-246.
熊永先,罗正远.1939,古蔺珙县间地质矿产.四川地质调查所地质丛刊,第2号：83-150.
许刘兵,周尚哲.2008.青藏高原东部牙着库河流阶地研究.地质学报,82(2)：269-280.
徐柯健李兴中刘嘉麒.2008,贵州兴义喀斯特景观特征.中国岩溶,27(2)：157-164.
徐钦奇,尤玉柱.1982.华北四个古人类遗址的哺乳动物群与深海沉积物的对比.人类学学报,1(2)：180-190.
薛祥煦张云翔.1996.从生物化石的性质和分布分析秦岭上升的阶段性与幅度.地质论评,42(1)30-36
薛祥煦,李虎候,李永项等.2004.秦岭中更新世以来抬升的新资料及认识.第四纪研究,24(1)：82-87
袁道先.1984.论峰林地形.广西地质,创刊号(1)：79-84.
袁道先.1988.岩溶学词典.北京：地质出版社.
袁道先,蔡桂鸿.1988岩溶环境学.重庆：重庆出版社.
袁道先.1992.中国西南部的岩溶及其与华北岩溶的对比.第四纪研究,4：352-361.
袁道先,1993.中国岩溶学.北京：地质出版社.
袁道先.1997.我国西南岩溶石山的环境地质问题.世界科技研究与发展.19(5)：41-43.
袁道先.2000.对南方岩溶石山地区地下水资源及生态环境地质调查的一些意见.中国岩溶,19(2)： 103-108.
袁道先.2002.中国岩溶动力系统.北京：地质出版社.
袁道先.2006.地球科学大辞典.北京：地质出版社
袁道先,薛禹群,傅家谟,等.,2007防止我国西南岩溶地区地下河变成“下水道”的对策与建议.中国科学院院士建议,(4)：1-14.
袁道先.2008岩溶石漠化问题的全球视野和我国的治理对策与经验.草业科学,25(9)：19-25.
叶良辅,谢家荣.1925.扬子江流域巫山以下地质构造及地文史.地质汇报,第7号：69-90.
严钦尚,曾昭璇,1985.地貌学.北京：高等教育出版社.
阎长虹,王玉英,罗国煜,等,2008.压性构造对岩溶发育的控制作用—以贵州普定地区为例.地质论评,54(3)：343-347.
杨瑞东,盛学庸,魏晓等.2009.基于Google Earth影像分析区域性大型“X”共轭节理系统对宏观岩溶作用的控制.地质论评,55(2)：173-181.
杨达源,1998.长江三峡的起源与演变.南京大学学报(自然科学版),24(3)：466-472.
杨达源,任黎秀.1997.鄂西山区的峰顶面.山地学报,15(3)：187-191.
杨明德,1985.天然岩溶洞穴成因类型划分与阶地对比问题.贵州岩溶洞穴会议论文集(第二卷),85-91.
杨明德.1985.贵州高原喀斯特地貌结构及演化规律.见喀斯特地貌与洞穴.北京：科学出版社
杨明德.1998.喀斯特流域水文地貌系统北京：地质出版社
杨明德,梁虹.2000.峰丛洼地形成动力过程与水资源开发利用.中国岩溶,9(1)：44-51.
姚小峰,郭正堂,赵希涛等.2000.玉龙山东麓古红壤的发现及其对青藏高原隆升的指示.科 学通报,45(15)：1671-1676.
俞锦标,王雪瑜,王宗汉.1984.路南石林的地貌特征及其形成的古地理环境.科学通报,(2)：686-690
俞锦标,章海生.1988.贵州普定岩溶地貌.中国岩溶,7(2)：163-171.
俞锦标杨立铮章海生方明泽等.1990.中国喀斯特发育规律典型研究.北京：中国科学技术出版社
周春林,房迎三,陆从伦.2007.南京汤山驼子洞洞穴堆积及其意义.31(1)：45-51.
周林春,袁林旺,刘泽纯等.南京汤山地区的地貌与岩溶发育演化.地理科学,26(1)：47-51.
张捷.1993.喀斯特侵蚀过程中藻类作用的微形态研究.地理学报,48(3)：235-245.
曾昭璇, 程明豪,姚清尹等.1960.华南喀斯特峰林区地形类型初步划分.地理学报,26(1)：45-54.
曾昭璇.1964,中国南部石灰岩地貌类型若干问题.地质学报,44(1)：117-129.
曾昭璇.1982.论我国南部喀斯特地形的特征,中国岩溶,1(1)：27-33.
章程,曹建华.2003.不同植被条件下表层岩溶泉动态变化特征对比研究——以广西马山县弄拉兰电堂泉和东旺泉为例.中国岩溶,22(1)：1-5
章典.1994.西藏岩溶溶蚀微地貌分布和形态学分析,中国岩溶,13(5)：270-280.
章典.2002.青藏高原的大气C02含量-岩溶溶蚀速率及现代岩溶微地貌.76(4)：546-551.
张捷.1993.地衣喀斯特侵蚀作用的初步研究.地理学报.,48(5)：437-448.
张捷,李升峰,周游游.1997,细菌、真菌对喀斯特作用的影响研究及其意义.中国岩溶,16(4)：362-370.
张玉芬,李长安,王秋良等.2008.江汉平原沉积物磁学特征及对长江三峡贯通的指示.科学通报,53(5)：577-582.
张仲石,郭正堂.2005,根据地质记录恢复渐新世和中新世不同时期环境空间特征及其意义.第四纪研究,25(4)：523-530.
宗冠福.1996.元谋盆地的新第三纪地层地层学杂志,20(2)：138-145.
周浙昆,杨青松,夏珂,2007,栎属高山栎组植物化石推测青藏高原的隆起,科学通报,52(3)：249-257
中国科学院学部.2003.关于推进西南岩溶地区石漠化综合治理的若干建议.地球科学进展,18(4)：489-492.
中国科学院地质研究所岩溶研究组.1979.中国岩溶研究.北京：科学出版社,(第三卷)：126-129
朱德浩,谭鹏家,房玲昌.1985.对峰丛洼地形态和演化的几点认识-以广西几个地区为例,喀斯特地貌与洞穴, 北京：科学出版社,57-64
朱德浩.1984.试论热带岩溶地貌研究中不同观点分歧的实质-以桂林地区为例.中国岩溶,3(2)：74-78
朱诚,张建新,俞锦标.1998.南京汤山猿人生存古环境重建探讨.地理科学,18(5)：435-441
朱大岗,孟宪刚,邵兆刚等.2007.西藏札达盆地上新统古格组和托林组的厘定与层序地层划分,地质通报,26(8)：984-995
朱立军,李景阳.2004.碳酸盐岩风化成土作用及其环境效应.北京：地质出版社.
朱学稳,朱德浩,黄保健等.2003.喀斯特天坑略论.中国岩溶,22(1)：51-66.
朱学稳.1991.峰林喀斯特的性质及其发育和演化的新思考.中国岩溶,10(1)：171-181.
朱学稳.1991.峰林喀斯特的性质及其发育和演化的新思考.中国岩溶,10(2)：137-151.
朱学稳.1994.芙蓉洞的次生化学沉积物.中国岩溶,13(4)：357-368.
朱学稳,陈伟海Erin Lynch.2007.武隆喀斯特及其地壳抬升性质解读,中国岩溶,26(2)：119-125.
张世从等.1984.滇南岩溶发育规律的探讨.中国岩溶,3(2)：34-52.
张寿越.1984.路南石林发育及其演进.中国岩溶,3(2)：78-87.
An, Z.S., Kubach, J.E., Prell, W.L, et al.2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since late Miocene times. Nature,411:622-626.
Anders M.D., Pederson J. L,, Rittenour T.M, et al.2005. Pleistocene geomorphology and geochronology of eastern Grand Canyon:linkages of landscape components during climate changes. Quaternary Science Reviews.24:2428-2448.
Barbour, G.B..1935. The physiographic period of the Yangtze valley. Geol Soc China Bull,14: 11-15.
.Brook, G.A,.Ford. D.C 1978.The origin of labyrinth and tower karst and the climatic conditions necessary for their developmentBrook, G. A.Nature,275.493-496.
Cheng, H., Wang, Y., Kong, X., et al.2006, A penultimate glacial monsoon record from Hulu Cave and two-phase glacial terminifera. Geology,34:217-220.
Cobel, J., Muart, R..1970. Karst of tropical humid zones. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie,14: 411-479.
Culver, D.C., White, W. B. (Eds).,2004. Encyclopedia of Caves. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.
Cvijic J.,1893. Das Karstphanomen. Geographische Abhandlungen herausgegeben von A Penck Bd.V, H.3, Viena.
Cvijic J.1918.Hydrographic Souterraine et Evolution Morphologique du Karst Res. Trav. Inst Geog. Aopine,6(4).
Davis W. M,1899.The Geographical Cycle. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.41
Day M J.1978. The Morphology of Tropical Humid Karst with Particular Reference to the Caribbean and Central America. D Phil.thesis, University of Oxford, UK.
DoaxianYuna, HaiCheng, Warence, R..L., Edwadrs,et al.2004, Timing, duration and translations of the last integrlacial Asian Monsoon. Science,304:575-580.
Fan, D.D., Li, C.X., Yokoyama, K., et al.2005.Monazite age spectra in the Late Cenozoic strata of the Changjiang delta and it, s implication on the Changjiang run-through time.Science in China (Series D),48:1718-1727.
Ford D. C.,2006. Karst geomorphology, caves and cave deposits:a review of North American contributions during the past half century. In:Harmon R S. Wicks, C. M. (Eds.). Perspectives on Karst Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Geochemistry. Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol.404, pp.1-13.
Ford, D.C., Ewers, R.O.,1978. The development of limestone cave systems in the dimensions of length and breadth. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.15:1783-1798.
Ford, D.C., Williams P. W.,1989, Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology. Unwin Hyman, London. U.K.
Ford, D.C., Williams, P.W.,2007. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. UK.
Ford, D.C., Palmer, A.N., Dreybrodt, W. Eds., Speleogenesis:Evolution of Karst Aquifers. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, Alabama, USA, P.171-174.
Fornos, J. J., Gines, A. (Eds.),1996. Karren Landforms. Universitat de les Illes Balears
Frumkin, A.,1994. Hydrology and denudation rates of halite karst. Journal of Hydrology.162: 171-189.
Gallagher, K., Brower, R.W., Johnson, C.,1998. Fission track analsys and its application to geological problems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science.26:519-57
Gams, I.,1978. The polje:the problem of its definition. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie.22: 170-181.
Gams,I.,1993. Origin of the term "karst", and the transformation of the Classical Karst (Kras) Environmental Geology.21:110-114.
Granger, D., Kirchner, J., Finkel, R.,1997. Quaternary downcutting rate of the New River, Virginia, measured from differential decay of cosmogenic 26A1 and 10Be in cave deposited alluvium. Geology,25:107-110.
Grund, A.,1914. Der geographische Zyklus im Karst, Geschichte der Erdkunde,52:621-640
Gunn, J.. Point-recharge of limestone aquifers—A model from New Zealand karst. Journal of Hydrology,61(1-3):19-29.
Gunn, J. (Ed.),2004. Encyclopedia of Cave and Karst Science. Fitzroy Dearborn, New York.
Gutierrez, F., Johnson, K.S., Cooper, A.H. (Eds.).2008. Evaporite Karst Processes,Landforms and Environmental Problems. Environmental Geology
Hill C.A., Eberz N. E, Buecher R.H.2008. A Karst Connection model for Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Geomorphology 95:316-334
Jakucs, L.1977. Morphologenetic of karst regions,103-140, Budapest.
Jennings, J. N.,1985. Karst Geomorphology. Basil Blackwell Ltd. Oxford.
Jijun Li., Shiyou Xie,, Mingsheng Kuang.2001. Geomorphic evolution of the Yangtze Gorges and the time of their formation. Geomorphology.41:125-135
Karlstrom, K. E.., Crow, R. S., Peters, L.2007,40Ar/39Ar and field studies of Quaternary basalts in Grand Canyon and model for carving Grand Canyon:Quantifying the interaction of river incision and normal faulting across the western edge of the Colorado Plateau, Geological Society of America,119 (11-12):1283-1312.
Kelly M J, Edwards R L, Chen H,et al.2003, High resolutions characterizations of the Asain monsoon between 146,000 and 99,000 years B.P from Dongge Cave, China. Palaegeogr Palaeaoecol,236:20-38.
Kemmerly, P. R and Towe. S. K (1978) Karst depression in a time context. Earth Surface Processes. 3:355-361.
Kemmerly, P. R.2007.Modeling doline populations with logistic growth functions. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Earth Surf. Process. Landforms.32:587-601
Klimchouk, A.B., Lowe, D.J., Cooper, A.H., Sauro, U. (Eds.),1996. Gypsum Karst of the World. International Journal of Speleology, vol.25(3-4).
Krijgsman,W., Hilgen, F.J., Raffi, I., Sierro, F.J., Wilson, D.S.,1999. Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature,400:652-655.
Lu HY, Wang SM, Wu NQ, Tong GB, Yang XD, Shen CM, Li SJ, Zhu LP, Wang L. (2001) A new pollen record of the last 2.8 Ma from the Co Ngoin, central Tibetan Plateau. Science in China Series D,44:292-300,
Lyew-Ayee., Viles, H. A.. Tucker.2007.The use of GIS-based digital morphometric techniques in the study of cockpit karst. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Earth Surf. Process. Landforms. 32:165-179
Martini, J.E.J.,2000. Dissolution of quartz and silicate minerals. In:Klimchouk, A.B.,
Monroe,W.H.1966. Formation of tropical karst topography by limestone solution and reprecipitation. Caribbean Journal of Science.6(1-2):1-7
Newton, J.G.,1987. Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the eastern United States. U.S. Geological Survey Circular.968:1-54.
Perna, G.., Sauro, U.,1978. Atlante delle microforme di dissoluzione carsica superficiale del Trentino e del Veneto, Memorie del Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali 22:1-176.
Pederson, J., Karlstrom, Karl., Sharp, W., McIntosh, W.,2002. Differential incision of the Grand Canyon related to Quaternary faulting—Constraints fromU-series and Ar/Ar dating. Geology, 30(8):739-742.
Richardson N J.Demmore A L.Seward D.,2008. Extraordinary denudation in the Sichuan basin:Insights from low temperature thermochronology aajacent to the eastern margin of the Tibetan phteau.113(10):1-23
Richardan, N.J, Densmore, A.J, Seward, D. et al.2010. Did incision of Three Gorges begin in the Eocene?Geology,38(6):551-554.
Silar,J 1965..Development of Tower Karst of China and North Vietnam. Bulletin of the National Speleological Society.27(2):36-45
Springer, G.S., Kite, J.S.,1997.River-derived slackwater sedimentsion caves along Cheat River, West Virginia:Geomorphology,18:91-100.
Springer, G.S., Kite, J.S., d Schmidt, V.A.,1997. Cave sedimentation, genesis, and erosional history in the Cheat River Canyon West Virginia, Geological Society of America Bulletin,109: 524-532.
Stock G M. Anderson, R S,. Finkel, R.C,2004. Pace of landscape evolution in the Sierra Nevada, California, revealed by cosmogenic dating of cave sediments. Geology,32 (3):193-196
Stock, G.M., Granger, D.E., Sasowsky, I.D.,2005. Comparison of U-Th, paleomagnetism, and cosmogenic burial methods for dating caves:implications for landscape evolution studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.236:388-403.
Sweeting, M.,1972. Karst Landforms.Macmillan, London.
Sweeting, M.M. (Ed.).,1981.Karst Geomorphology. Benchmark Papers in Geology, vol.59. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudburg, Pennsylvania.
Trudgill, S.T.,1985. Limestone Geomorphology. Geomorphology Texts 8. Longman Group Ltd., London.
Veress, M., Toth, G.,2004. Types of meandering karren, Zeitschrift fur geomorphologie 48 (1):53-77.
Veress M, Szunyogh G, Zentai Z. et al.2006.The effect of the wind on karren formation on the Island of Diego de Almagro (Chile),50 (4):425-445.
Victor Polyak, Carol Hill, Yemane Asmerom,2008. Age and evolution of the Grand Canyon revealed by U-Pb dating of water table-type speleothems. Science,319:1377-1380.
Wang Y J, Cheng H, Edwards R.L, et al,2001. A high-resolution absolute-dated Late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science,294:2345-2348.
Wang Y J, Cheng H, Edwards R L, et al.2005. The Holocene Asian Monsoon:links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science,308:854-857.
Wang Y J, Cheng H, Edwards R L,2008, Millennial-and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years. Nature,451:1090-1093.
White, W.B.,1988. Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains. Oxford University Press, New York.
Williams, P.M.,1972, Morphometric analysis of polygonal karst in New Guinea, Bull, Geol.Sol.Am.A,83:761-769
Williams, P.M.,1987, Geomorphic inheritance and the development of tower karst, Earth Surface Proce and Landforms,12(5):453-465.
Woodhead. J, Hellstrom.J, Maas.R, et al..2006. U-Pb geochronology of speleothems by MC-ICPMS, Quaternary Geochronology.1:208-221.
Yuan Daoxian, Liu Zaihua.1998. Global Karst Correlation, Final Report of IGCP 299"Geology,Climate, Hydrology and Karst Formation", Beijing:Science Press; The Netherlands:VSP Publisher.1-308.
Zhu Xuewen, Z., Waltham T.,2005. Tiankengs:definition and description. Cave and Karst Science 32:75-80.
蔡运松.1985.浅论四川省构造体系.中国分省构造体系研究文集.北京：地质出版社
蔡雄飞,刘德民,魏启荣等.2008.古新世—中新世以来青藏高原北缘隆升的特征—来自可可西里盆地的报告.地质学报,82(2)：194-203.
曹建华,王福星,黄俊发等.1993.桂林地区石灰岩表面生物岩溶溶蚀作用研究.中国岩溶,12(1)：11-27.
曹建华,王福星.1998.初探藻类、地衣生物岩溶微形态与内陆环境间相关性.地质论评.44(6)：656-663.
陈国达.1991.武陵源峰林地貌的成因及其开发与保护.地理学与国土研究.7(3)：1-6、
程捷,曹伯勋,田明中等.1995.周口店新发现的早更新世哺乳动物群.地球科学,20(5)：497-504.
程捷.1997,.哺乳动物群指示的气候旋回—以周口店早更新世哺乳动物群为例.地学前缘,4(1-2)：275-279.
陈升琪.2003重庆地理,重庆：西南师范大学出版社
陈铁梅杨全.2000.巫山县龙骨坡地层的电子自旋共振测年.人类学学报,19(1)：17-20.
陈治平.1985.中国喀斯特地带性因素初探.喀斯特地貌和洞穴.北京：科学出版社.
陈伟海,朱德浩,黄保健等.2004.重庆武隆岩溶地质公园地质遗迹特征形成与评价.北京：地质出版社.
陈伟海,朱德浩,朱学稳.2006.重庆武隆天生三桥喀斯特系统特征与演化.中国岩溶,25(8)：99-106增刊
陈伟海,朱学稳,朱德浩.2006.重庆武隆喀斯特景观特征及世界自然遗产价值评价.中国岩溶,25(8)：106-114.
崔之久.1981.古岩溶与青藏高原抬升.：青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京：科学出版社.
崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年等.1996.青藏高原夷平面与岩溶时代及其起始高度.科学通报,41(15)：1402-1407.
崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年等.1996.夷平面、古岩溶与青藏高原隆升.中国科学(D辑地球科学),24(4)：378-385.
崔之久,洪云,高全洲等.1996.青藏高原东北部古喀斯特过程与环境.地理学报,51(5)：408-419
邓涛.1997.中国的真马化石及其生活环境.西北工业大学博士论文
邓自强,1982.试论植物作用对热带岩溶发育的影响—以广西弄岗自然保护区为例.中国岩溶,1：49-59
丁锦惠,1987.鄂西高原地文期辨析.中国岩溶,6(3)：255-262
方念乔,陈学方,胡超涌等.2001,东北印度洋深海记录基本特征及其对青藏高原隆升的响应.第四纪研究.21(6)：490-500.
董为.1999.与南京汤山直立人伴生的偶蹄类及其古环境浅析.人类学学报,18(4)：270-281.
范代李,高全洲,崔之久.2000.青藏高原洞穴次生方程石的裂变径迹年代及地貌学意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质20(3)：61-65.
高全洲,崔之久.2000..青藏高原风化壳红土的的沉积地球化学和矿物特征及环境意义,中山大学学报：自然科学版,39(5)：97-10.
高全洲, 崔之久,陶贞等.2002.青藏高原古岩溶的性质、发育时代和环境特征.地理学报.57(3)：267-274
郭清海,王焰新,马腾,等.山西岩溶大泉近50年的流量变化过程及其对全球气候变化的指示意义.中国科学D辑,2005,35(2)：167-175.
郭正吾,邓康龄等.1996.四川盆地形成与演化.北京：地质出版社.
葛肖虹,任收麦,马立祥等.2006.青藏高原多期次隆升的环境效应.地学前缘,13(6)：118-130.
贵州省地质矿产局.1991贵州省区域地质志..北京：地质出版社
贺中华,梁虹,黄法苏等.2008.基于DEM的喀斯特流域地貌发育影响因素分析,测绘科学,33(4)：70-72
黄培华,1995.猿人洞的溶洞演化和堆积旋回与北京猿人生活环境.人类学学报,14(2)：101-110.
黄万波,丁宏祥.1979.西藏三趾马动物群的首次发现及其对高原隆起的意义.科学通报,19：885-889.
黄万波.1986.三峡地区喀斯特洞穴及动物群.地理研究,5(4)：
黄万波,方其仁.1991.巫山猿人遗址.北京：海洋出版社.
焦树林,梁虹.2002.喀斯特地区流域地貌与岩性的统计关系探讨—以贵州省为例.中国岩溶,21(2)：95-100.
赖良杰,彭东.2003.喀斯特地貌景观特点及旅游形象塑造.中国岩溶,22(4)：318-324.
姜文英彭淑贞等.2001.上新世红黏土的碳同位素记录与青藏高原隆升的关系.科学通报,46(24)：2065-2068.
蒋忠诚,翁金桃.1992.山东沂源土门地区的岩溶形态组合类型及其形成环境.中国岩溶,11(4)：356-365
金昌柱,郑家坚,王元,等2008..中国南方早更新世主要哺乳动物群层序对比和动物地理..人类学学报,27(4)：304-317.
李炳元,潘保田.2002.青藏高原古地理环境研究,地理研究,21(1)：61-70.
李彬,1997.不同环境下岩溶发育特征的差异及其古环境研究意义：以中国南方与挪威极地岩溶为例,中国岩溶,16(4)：313-318.
李长安,张玉芬.1997.中国主要水系贯通和洪灾形成的地学因素分析,大自然探索,16(1)：61-65
李杰,旺罗,裴云鹏等.2006.甘肃西峰红粘土-4.5 Ma孢粉记录的植被转变及其与青藏高原隆升的关系.地学前缘,32(5)：342-349.
李林立.2009西南典型岩溶区生态环境对表层岩溶水的调蓄研究.西南大学博士论文
李吉均,文世宣,张青松等.1979.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨.中国科学(A辑),(6)： 608-616
李吉均.1999.青藏高原的地貌演化与亚洲季风.海洋地质与第四纪地质,19(1)：1-12.
李明慧,康世昌.2007.青藏高原湖泊沉积物对古气候环境变化的响应.盐湖研究,15(1)：63-72
李晓明.2009.西南岩溶区地下水环境告急.科学时报,,2009-2-19 A1.
李永项,薛祥煦.2007.中更新世以来秦岭张坪洞穴群田鼠化石的分布及其环境意义,中国科学(D辑：地球科学),37(11)：1474-1479.
李愿军,丁美英.1995.长江三峡地区构造地貌研究.水电能源科学,3(1)：52-55
李玉辉,杨一光,梁永宁等.2001.云南石林岩溶发育的古环境研究.中国岩溶,20(2)：91-95.
李忠权,冉隆辉等.2002.川东高陡构造成因地质模式与含气性分析.成都理工学院学报,29(6)：605-609.
林明珠.2009.喀斯特山地不同土地利用方式对表层岩溶泉水的影响,西南大学硕士论文
林均枢,张耀光,黄云磷.1986.华东喀斯特地貌发育过程与古地理背景.地理研究,5(4)：58-68.
林均枢,张耀光,王燕如等.1987.广西武鸣盆地岩溶发育的古地理因素分析,地理学报,37(2)：123-138
刘东生,丁梦林.1984.中国早期人类化石层位与黄土-深海沉积古气候旋回的对比.人类学学报,3(2)：93-102
刘金荣.1995.试论桂林岩溶洞穴发育的古老性及形成时代探讨.广西地质,8(1)：67-80
刘金荣.1996.对桂林热带岩溶发育的一些新认识.广西地质,9(4)：61-66
刘金荣,杨荣玉.1997.桂林岩溶地区粘土砾石层中第三纪地层的发现及其意义,中国岩溶,16(4)：370-385.
刘金荣,1997.桂林三叠世古地理气候及热带岩溶发育程度控制,广西地质,10(3)：29-36.
刘金荣.1997.广西热带岩溶地貌发育历史及序次探讨.中国岩溶,16(4)：332-345.
刘金荣黄国彬等.2001.广西区域热带岩溶地貌不同类型的演化浅议,中国岩溶,20(4)：247-252.
刘金荣.2003.再论广西桂西桂西北高峰丛热带岩溶发育历史.中国岩溶,22(3)：191-197.
刘金荣,张继淹,梁耀成等.2004.乐业县大石围天坑群洞穴第三纪堆积的孢粉组成特征及相关问题的探讨.中国岩溶,23(3)：239-246.
刘尚忠.1995.川东薄皮结构之我见.四川地质学报.15(4)：264-267
刘星.1998.云南石林地区的钙华RSR测年及地质意义.中国岩溶,17(1)：9-13.
刘兴诗.1983.四川盆地的第四系,四川成都：四川科学技术出版社.
刘再华,Chris GROVES,袁道先等2003.水-岩-气相互作用引起的水化学动态变化研究.水文地质工程地质.32(4)：13-18.
刘振中,俞序君,俞锦标.1963.乌江流域喀斯特地貌的初步研究.南京大学学报(地理学),2(1)：12-23.
刘泽纯.1983.北京猿人洞穴堆积反映的古气候变化及气候地层上的对比.人类学学报,2(2)：172-184.
刘泽纯.1985.第四纪岩溶洞穴堆积与古人类活动.中国第四纪研究,北京：科学出版社,P60-68.
鹿化煜,安芷生,王晓勇等.2004.最近14 Ma青藏高原东北缘阶段性隆升的地貌证据,中国科学(D辑),34(9)：855-86.
陆从伦,周春林.1998.南京喀斯特溶洞碎屑充填物的沉积特征和气候地层学研究.南京师范大学学报,21(1)：116-124.
卢耀如.1965.中国南方喀斯特发育基本规律的初步研究.地质学报,45(1)：108-129.
卢耀如.1986.中国喀斯特地貌演化模式.地理研究,5(4)：25-34
吕厚远,王苏民,等.2001.青藏高原错鄂湖2.8Ma来的孢粉记录.中国科学：D辑,31(B12)：234-240.
卢耀如.1986.中国喀斯特地貌的演化模式.地理研究,5(4)：68-77.
吕宝凤,夏斌.2005.川东南“隔档式构造”的重新认识.天然气地球科学,16(3)：278-282.
聂跃平.1994.贵州中南部地区喀斯特地貌发育的趋势面分析,南京大学学报：自然科学版,30(1)：154-159.
潘根兴,曹建华.1999.土壤碳作为湿润亚热带表层岩溶作用的动力机制：系统碳库及碳转移特征.南京农业大学学报,22(3)：49-52.
蒲俊兵,袁道先,蒋勇军.2009.重庆市地下河的空间分布及水资源.水文地质工程地质,36(2)：34-39.
彭建,蔡运龙,杨明德等.2005.巴江流域演变与路南石林发育耦合分析.地理科学进展,24(5)：69-78
彭建,杨明德,梁虹.2002.基于GIS的路南巴江喀斯特流域地貌演化定量研究.中国岩溶,21(2)：89-95.
钱海涛,王思敬,袁代江等.2005.某水利枢纽坝区构造特征及其对岩溶发育规律的影响.地球与环境.33(4)：47-52.
秦万成.1982.重庆附近岩溶地貌,西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1(1)：52-63.
全国地层委员会.中国区域年代地层(地质年代)表说明书.北京：地质出版社
任美锷等.1983.岩溶学概论.北京：商务印书馆.
任美锷,1991.中国岩溶发育规律的若干问题.任美锷地理论文选.北京：商务印书馆,154-165.
PW威廉姆斯,R G,利昂斯,汪训一.1986,桂林穿山洞穴沉积物的古地磁解释.5(2)：113-120.
石洋,向喜琼,姚光华.2009.石鱼煤矿岩溶塌陷成因及其分布的基本特征.贵州大学学报：自然科学版,26(6)：51-55.
邵庆丰,高斌.2006.26A1/10Be埋藏测年及其在洞穴沉积年代学研究中的应用.中国岩溶,25(3)：195-200.
沈承德,易惟熙,杨英等,2004.周口店猿人遗址样品“元素碳”浓度及其应用于人类用火证据探究的可能性.科学通报,(3)：49(3)：275-279.
沈继方,李焰云,徐瑞春等.1996.清江流域岩溶研究.北京：地质出版社.
沈玉昌,1965.长江上游河谷地貌.北京：科学出版社.
四川省地质矿产局.1991.四川省区域地质志..北京：地质出版社
宋林华,1984.喀斯特地貌演化与喀斯特含水层特性.地理研究,5(4)：68-78.
宋春晖,方小敏,李吉均等.2003.青海贵德盆地晚新生代沉积演化与青藏高原北部隆升.地质论评,49(4)：337-346.
孙成国,张远海,韩道山.2004.梅山龙宫景观资源及其照明设计.中国岩溶,23(2)：121-128.
孙刚王运生谢春庆等2010..重庆市仙女山台地岩溶发育特征及工程效应研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,8(3)：131-136.
Sweeting M,1990从世界展望中国喀斯特研究.中国岩溶,9(2)：342-353
Sweeting M,1985.热带喀斯特研究新动向.喀斯特地貌与洞穴.北京：科学出版社,9-14.
谭明,1991.贵州喀斯特水文地貌模型及其应用初步研究.地理学报,46(4)：317-321
谭明,1993.中国西江流域喀斯特景观趋异与晚新生代流域环境变迁.中国岩溶,12(2)：103-111.
谭明,1993.喀斯特水文地貌学—理论、方法及应用研究.贵阳：贵州人民出版社.
唐将,邓富银,李再会等.2005.乌江流域武隆至涪陵段新构造运动.重庆交通学院学报,24(2)：90-95.
田友萍,张捷,宋林华等.2004.气生藻类在云南石林景观形成中的作用.中国科学(D辑地球科学),34(1)：75-88.
吴忱,马永红,张秀清.1999.华北山地地形面地文期与地貌发育史.河北科学技术出版社
吴珍汉,赵逊,叶培盛等,2007.根据湖相沉积碳氧同位素估算青藏高原古海拔高度.地质学报,81(9)：1277-1289.
万军伟,沈继方,晁念英.1997.清江半峡地区岩溶洞穴发育特征及其旅游资源.中国岩溶,16(3)：268-275.
王炳生,熊广政,郑长苏.1962.乌江下游喀斯特地貌.全国喀斯特研究会议论文选集.北京：科学出版社,25(2)：90-94.
王海芝,程捷.2008.周口店东洞洞穴沉积物的地球化学特征及其环境指示意义.第四季研究,28(6)：1090-1098.
王建力,王丽,何潇等.2006.重庆地区末次冰期气候变化的石笋记录研究.地理科学,20(5)：580-58.
王伟铭,刘金陵,周晓丹.2003.南京直立人洞穴沉积的植硅体气候指数研究.科学通报,48(11)：1205-1208.
汪永进,吴江澎,许汉奎.2000.南京汤山洞穴石笋稳定同位素指示的气候与环境意义.地质学报,74(4)：333-338.
王伟铭,陈耿娇,陈运发,邝国敦.2003.广西宁明盆地第三纪孢粉植物群及其地层意义.地层学杂志,27(4)：324-327.
王增银,韩庆之.1998.半峡神女洞形成环境及研究意义.中国岩溶,17(3)：227-232.
White, William B, White Elizabeth L.2006.封闭型洼地的级别划分_天坑级别.中国岩溶,25(1)(增刊)：84-93.
翁金桃.1985.桂林碳酸盐岩与岩溶发育的关系.中国科学(B辑).4(8)：741-749.
翁金桃.1987.桂林岩溶与碳酸盐岩.重庆：重庆出版社.
翁金桃,罗贵荣.1987.桂林-阳朔一带峰林石山的形态类型及其岩性控制.中国岩溶,5(2)：141-149.
夏凯生,袁道先,谢世友等.2010.乌江下游岩溶地貌形态特征初探—以重庆武隆及其邻近地区为例.中国岩溶,29(2)：196-204.
向芳,朱利东,王成善等.2005.长江三峡阶地的年代对比法及其意义.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版).32(2)：162-166.
向芳,王成善,李国忠等.2006.宜昌地区第四纪沉积物重矿物特征及其与三峡贯通的关系.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版).23(2)：117-122.
肖鸿林, 邹成杰.1997.喀斯特峡谷成因及数学模型研究：以猫跳河、六冲河为例.中国岩溶.16(2)：105-112
谢明.1990.长江三峡地区第四纪以来新构造上升速度和形式.第四纪研究,12(4)：308-315.
谢世友,袁道先,王建力等.2006.长江三峡地区夷平面分布特征及其形成年代.中国岩溶,25(1)：40-45.
谢世友,袁道先,赵纯勇.2006.重庆武隆喀斯特地貌及其演化.西南师范大学学报：自然科学版,31(6)：134-139.
谢凝高,郑心舟,谷光灿等.2001.云南石林景观美学价值评价研究.地理研究,(5)：517-526.
熊康宁.1994.关于锥状喀斯特与塔状喀斯特的水动力成因研究——以黔中地区为例,中国岩溶,13(3)：237-246.
熊永先,罗正远.1939,古蔺珙县间地质矿产.四川地质调查所地质丛刊,第2号：83-150.
许刘兵,周尚哲.2008.青藏高原东部牙着库河流阶地研究.地质学报,82(2)：269-280.
徐柯健李兴中刘嘉麒.2008,贵州兴义喀斯特景观特征.中国岩溶,27(2)：157-164.
徐钦奇,尤玉柱.1982.华北四个古人类遗址的哺乳动物群与深海沉积物的对比.人类学学报,1(2)：180-190.
薛祥煦张云翔.1996.从生物化石的性质和分布分析秦岭上升的阶段性与幅度.地质论评,42(1)30-36
薛祥煦,李虎候,李永项等.2004.秦岭中更新世以来抬升的新资料及认识.第四纪研究,24(1)：82-87
袁道先.1984.论峰林地形.广西地质,创刊号(1)：79-84.
袁道先.1988.岩溶学词典.北京：地质出版社.
袁道先,蔡桂鸿.1988岩溶环境学.重庆：重庆出版社.
袁道先.1992.中国西南部的岩溶及其与华北岩溶的对比.第四纪研究,4：352-361.
袁道先,1993.中国岩溶学.北京：地质出版社.
袁道先.1997.我国西南岩溶石山的环境地质问题.世界科技研究与发展.19(5)：41-43.
袁道先.2000.对南方岩溶石山地区地下水资源及生态环境地质调查的一些意见.中国岩溶,19(2)： 103-108.
袁道先.2002.中国岩溶动力系统.北京：地质出版社.
袁道先.2006.地球科学大辞典.北京：地质出版社
袁道先,薛禹群,傅家谟,等.,2007防止我国西南岩溶地区地下河变成“下水道”的对策与建议.中国科学院院士建议,(4)：1-14.
袁道先.2008岩溶石漠化问题的全球视野和我国的治理对策与经验.草业科学,25(9)：19-25.
叶良辅,谢家荣.1925.扬子江流域巫山以下地质构造及地文史.地质汇报,第7号：69-90.
严钦尚,曾昭璇,1985.地貌学.北京：高等教育出版社.
阎长虹,王玉英,罗国煜,等,2008.压性构造对岩溶发育的控制作用—以贵州普定地区为例.地质论评,54(3)：343-347.
杨瑞东,盛学庸,魏晓等.2009.基于Google Earth影像分析区域性大型“X”共轭节理系统对宏观岩溶作用的控制.地质论评,55(2)：173-181.
杨达源,1998.长江三峡的起源与演变.南京大学学报(自然科学版),24(3)：466-472.
杨达源,任黎秀.1997.鄂西山区的峰顶面.山地学报,15(3)：187-191.
杨明德,1985.天然岩溶洞穴成因类型划分与阶地对比问题.贵州岩溶洞穴会议论文集(第二卷),85-91.
杨明德.1985.贵州高原喀斯特地貌结构及演化规律.见喀斯特地貌与洞穴.北京：科学出版社
杨明德.1998.喀斯特流域水文地貌系统北京：地质出版社
杨明德,梁虹.2000.峰丛洼地形成动力过程与水资源开发利用.中国岩溶,9(1)：44-51.
姚小峰,郭正堂,赵希涛等.2000.玉龙山东麓古红壤的发现及其对青藏高原隆升的指示.科 学通报,45(15)：1671-1676.
俞锦标,王雪瑜,王宗汉.1984.路南石林的地貌特征及其形成的古地理环境.科学通报,(2)：686-690
俞锦标,章海生.1988.贵州普定岩溶地貌.中国岩溶,7(2)：163-171.
俞锦标杨立铮章海生方明泽等.1990.中国喀斯特发育规律典型研究.北京：中国科学技术出版社
周春林,房迎三,陆从伦.2007.南京汤山驼子洞洞穴堆积及其意义.31(1)：45-51.
周林春,袁林旺,刘泽纯等.南京汤山地区的地貌与岩溶发育演化.地理科学,26(1)：47-51.
张捷.1993.喀斯特侵蚀过程中藻类作用的微形态研究.地理学报,48(3)：235-245.
曾昭璇, 程明豪,姚清尹等.1960.华南喀斯特峰林区地形类型初步划分.地理学报,26(1)：45-54.
曾昭璇.1964,中国南部石灰岩地貌类型若干问题.地质学报,44(1)：117-129.
曾昭璇.1982.论我国南部喀斯特地形的特征,中国岩溶,1(1)：27-33.
章程,曹建华.2003.不同植被条件下表层岩溶泉动态变化特征对比研究——以广西马山县弄拉兰电堂泉和东旺泉为例.中国岩溶,22(1)：1-5
章典.1994.西藏岩溶溶蚀微地貌分布和形态学分析,中国岩溶,13(5)：270-280.
章典.2002.青藏高原的大气C02含量-岩溶溶蚀速率及现代岩溶微地貌.76(4)：546-551.
张捷.1993.地衣喀斯特侵蚀作用的初步研究.地理学报.,48(5)：437-448.
张捷,李升峰,周游游.1997,细菌、真菌对喀斯特作用的影响研究及其意义.中国岩溶,16(4)：362-370.
张玉芬,李长安,王秋良等.2008.江汉平原沉积物磁学特征及对长江三峡贯通的指示.科学通报,53(5)：577-582.
张仲石,郭正堂.2005,根据地质记录恢复渐新世和中新世不同时期环境空间特征及其意义.第四纪研究,25(4)：523-530.
宗冠福.1996.元谋盆地的新第三纪地层地层学杂志,20(2)：138-145.
周浙昆,杨青松,夏珂,2007,栎属高山栎组植物化石推测青藏高原的隆起,科学通报,52(3)：249-257
中国科学院学部.2003.关于推进西南岩溶地区石漠化综合治理的若干建议.地球科学进展,18(4)：489-492.
中国科学院地质研究所岩溶研究组.1979.中国岩溶研究.北京：科学出版社,(第三卷)：126-129
朱德浩,谭鹏家,房玲昌.1985.对峰丛洼地形态和演化的几点认识-以广西几个地区为例,喀斯特地貌与洞穴, 北京：科学出版社,57-64
朱德浩.1984.试论热带岩溶地貌研究中不同观点分歧的实质-以桂林地区为例.中国岩溶,3(2)：74-78
朱诚,张建新,俞锦标.1998.南京汤山猿人生存古环境重建探讨.地理科学,18(5)：435-441
朱大岗,孟宪刚,邵兆刚等.2007.西藏札达盆地上新统古格组和托林组的厘定与层序地层划分,地质通报,26(8)：984-995
朱立军,李景阳.2004.碳酸盐岩风化成土作用及其环境效应.北京：地质出版社.
朱学稳,朱德浩,黄保健等.2003.喀斯特天坑略论.中国岩溶,22(1)：51-66.
朱学稳.1991.峰林喀斯特的性质及其发育和演化的新思考.中国岩溶,10(1)：171-181.
朱学稳.1991.峰林喀斯特的性质及其发育和演化的新思考.中国岩溶,10(2)：137-151.
朱学稳.1994.芙蓉洞的次生化学沉积物.中国岩溶,13(4)：357-368.
朱学稳,陈伟海Erin Lynch.2007.武隆喀斯特及其地壳抬升性质解读,中国岩溶,26(2)：119-125.
张世从等.1984.滇南岩溶发育规律的探讨.中国岩溶,3(2)：34-52.
张寿越.1984.路南石林发育及其演进.中国岩溶,3(2)：78-87.
An, Z.S., Kubach, J.E., Prell, W.L, et al.2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since late Miocene times. Nature,411:622-626.
Anders M.D., Pederson J. L,, Rittenour T.M, et al.2005. Pleistocene geomorphology and geochronology of eastern Grand Canyon:linkages of landscape components during climate changes. Quaternary Science Reviews.24:2428-2448.
Barbour, G.B..1935. The physiographic period of the Yangtze valley. Geol Soc China Bull,14: 11-15.
.Brook, G.A,.Ford. D.C 1978.The origin of labyrinth and tower karst and the climatic conditions necessary for their developmentBrook, G. A.Nature,275.493-496.
Cheng, H., Wang, Y., Kong, X., et al.2006, A penultimate glacial monsoon record from Hulu Cave and two-phase glacial terminifera. Geology,34:217-220.
Cobel, J., Muart, R..1970. Karst of tropical humid zones. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie,14: 411-479.
Culver, D.C., White, W. B. (Eds).,2004. Encyclopedia of Caves. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.
Cvijic J.,1893. Das Karstphanomen. Geographische Abhandlungen herausgegeben von A Penck Bd.V, H.3, Viena.
Cvijic J.1918.Hydrographic Souterraine et Evolution Morphologique du Karst Res. Trav. Inst Geog. Aopine,6(4).
Davis W. M,1899.The Geographical Cycle. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.41
Day M J.1978. The Morphology of Tropical Humid Karst with Particular Reference to the Caribbean and Central America. D Phil.thesis, University of Oxford, UK.
DoaxianYuna, HaiCheng, Warence, R..L., Edwadrs,et al.2004, Timing, duration and translations of the last integrlacial Asian Monsoon. Science,304:575-580.
Fan, D.D., Li, C.X., Yokoyama, K., et al.2005.Monazite age spectra in the Late Cenozoic strata of the Changjiang delta and it, s implication on the Changjiang run-through time.Science in China (Series D),48:1718-1727.
Ford D. C.,2006. Karst geomorphology, caves and cave deposits:a review of North American contributions during the past half century. In:Harmon R S. Wicks, C. M. (Eds.). Perspectives on Karst Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Geochemistry. Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol.404, pp.1-13.
Ford, D.C., Ewers, R.O.,1978. The development of limestone cave systems in the dimensions of length and breadth. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.15:1783-1798.
Ford, D.C., Williams P. W.,1989, Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology. Unwin Hyman, London. U.K.
Ford, D.C., Williams, P.W.,2007. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. UK.
Ford, D.C., Palmer, A.N., Dreybrodt, W. Eds., Speleogenesis:Evolution of Karst Aquifers. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, Alabama, USA, P.171-174.
Fornos, J. J., Gines, A. (Eds.),1996. Karren Landforms. Universitat de les Illes Balears
Frumkin, A.,1994. Hydrology and denudation rates of halite karst. Journal of Hydrology.162: 171-189.
Gallagher, K., Brower, R.W., Johnson, C.,1998. Fission track analsys and its application to geological problems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science.26:519-57
Gams, I.,1978. The polje:the problem of its definition. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie.22: 170-181.
Gams,I.,1993. Origin of the term "karst", and the transformation of the Classical Karst (Kras) Environmental Geology.21:110-114.
Granger, D., Kirchner, J., Finkel, R.,1997. Quaternary downcutting rate of the New River, Virginia, measured from differential decay of cosmogenic 26A1 and 10Be in cave deposited alluvium. Geology,25:107-110.
Grund, A.,1914. Der geographische Zyklus im Karst, Geschichte der Erdkunde,52:621-640
Gunn, J.. Point-recharge of limestone aquifers—A model from New Zealand karst. Journal of Hydrology,61(1-3):19-29.
Gunn, J. (Ed.),2004. Encyclopedia of Cave and Karst Science. Fitzroy Dearborn, New York.
Gutierrez, F., Johnson, K.S., Cooper, A.H. (Eds.).2008. Evaporite Karst Processes,Landforms and Environmental Problems. Environmental Geology
Hill C.A., Eberz N. E, Buecher R.H.2008. A Karst Connection model for Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Geomorphology 95:316-334
Jakucs, L.1977. Morphologenetic of karst regions,103-140, Budapest.
Jennings, J. N.,1985. Karst Geomorphology. Basil Blackwell Ltd. Oxford.
Jijun Li., Shiyou Xie,, Mingsheng Kuang.2001. Geomorphic evolution of the Yangtze Gorges and the time of their formation. Geomorphology.41:125-135
Karlstrom, K. E.., Crow, R. S., Peters, L.2007,40Ar/39Ar and field studies of Quaternary basalts in Grand Canyon and model for carving Grand Canyon:Quantifying the interaction of river incision and normal faulting across the western edge of the Colorado Plateau, Geological Society of America,119 (11-12):1283-1312.
Kelly M J, Edwards R L, Chen H,et al.2003, High resolutions characterizations of the Asain monsoon between 146,000 and 99,000 years B.P from Dongge Cave, China. Palaegeogr Palaeaoecol,236:20-38.
Kemmerly, P. R and Towe. S. K (1978) Karst depression in a time context. Earth Surface Processes. 3:355-361.
Kemmerly, P. R.2007.Modeling doline populations with logistic growth functions. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Earth Surf. Process. Landforms.32:587-601
Klimchouk, A.B., Lowe, D.J., Cooper, A.H., Sauro, U. (Eds.),1996. Gypsum Karst of the World. International Journal of Speleology, vol.25(3-4).
Krijgsman,W., Hilgen, F.J., Raffi, I., Sierro, F.J., Wilson, D.S.,1999. Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature,400:652-655.
Lu HY, Wang SM, Wu NQ, Tong GB, Yang XD, Shen CM, Li SJ, Zhu LP, Wang L. (2001) A new pollen record of the last 2.8 Ma from the Co Ngoin, central Tibetan Plateau. Science in China Series D,44:292-300,
Lyew-Ayee., Viles, H. A.. Tucker.2007.The use of GIS-based digital morphometric techniques in the study of cockpit karst. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Earth Surf. Process. Landforms. 32:165-179
Martini, J.E.J.,2000. Dissolution of quartz and silicate minerals. In:Klimchouk, A.B.,
Monroe,W.H.1966. Formation of tropical karst topography by limestone solution and reprecipitation. Caribbean Journal of Science.6(1-2):1-7
Newton, J.G.,1987. Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the eastern United States. U.S. Geological Survey Circular.968:1-54.
Perna, G.., Sauro, U.,1978. Atlante delle microforme di dissoluzione carsica superficiale del Trentino e del Veneto, Memorie del Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali 22:1-176.
Pederson, J., Karlstrom, Karl., Sharp, W., McIntosh, W.,2002. Differential incision of the Grand Canyon related to Quaternary faulting—Constraints fromU-series and Ar/Ar dating. Geology, 30(8):739-742.
Richardson N J.Demmore A L.Seward D.,2008. Extraordinary denudation in the Sichuan basin:Insights from low temperature thermochronology aajacent to the eastern margin of the Tibetan phteau.113(10):1-23
Richardan, N.J, Densmore, A.J, Seward, D. et al.2010. Did incision of Three Gorges begin in the Eocene?Geology,38(6):551-554.
Silar,J 1965..Development of Tower Karst of China and North Vietnam. Bulletin of the National Speleological Society.27(2):36-45
Springer, G.S., Kite, J.S.,1997.River-derived slackwater sedimentsion caves along Cheat River, West Virginia:Geomorphology,18:91-100.
Springer, G.S., Kite, J.S., d Schmidt, V.A.,1997. Cave sedimentation, genesis, and erosional history in the Cheat River Canyon West Virginia, Geological Society of America Bulletin,109: 524-532.
Stock G M. Anderson, R S,. Finkel, R.C,2004. Pace of landscape evolution in the Sierra Nevada, California, revealed by cosmogenic dating of cave sediments. Geology,32 (3):193-196
Stock, G.M., Granger, D.E., Sasowsky, I.D.,2005. Comparison of U-Th, paleomagnetism, and cosmogenic burial methods for dating caves:implications for landscape evolution studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.236:388-403.
Sweeting, M.,1972. Karst Landforms.Macmillan, London.
Sweeting, M.M. (Ed.).,1981.Karst Geomorphology. Benchmark Papers in Geology, vol.59. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudburg, Pennsylvania.
Trudgill, S.T.,1985. Limestone Geomorphology. Geomorphology Texts 8. Longman Group Ltd., London.
Veress, M., Toth, G.,2004. Types of meandering karren, Zeitschrift fur geomorphologie 48 (1):53-77.
Veress M, Szunyogh G, Zentai Z. et al.2006.The effect of the wind on karren formation on the Island of Diego de Almagro (Chile),50 (4):425-445.
Victor Polyak, Carol Hill, Yemane Asmerom,2008. Age and evolution of the Grand Canyon revealed by U-Pb dating of water table-type speleothems. Science,319:1377-1380.
Wang Y J, Cheng H, Edwards R.L, et al,2001. A high-resolution absolute-dated Late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science,294:2345-2348.
Wang Y J, Cheng H, Edwards R L, et al.2005. The Holocene Asian Monsoon:links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science,308:854-857.
Wang Y J, Cheng H, Edwards R L,2008, Millennial-and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years. Nature,451:1090-1093.
White, W.B.,1988. Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains. Oxford University Press, New York.
Williams, P.M.,1972, Morphometric analysis of polygonal karst in New Guinea, Bull, Geol.Sol.Am.A,83:761-769
Williams, P.M.,1987, Geomorphic inheritance and the development of tower karst, Earth Surface Proce and Landforms,12(5):453-465.
Woodhead. J, Hellstrom.J, Maas.R, et al..2006. U-Pb geochronology of speleothems by MC-ICPMS, Quaternary Geochronology.1:208-221.
Yuan Daoxian, Liu Zaihua.1998. Global Karst Correlation, Final Report of IGCP 299"Geology,Climate, Hydrology and Karst Formation", Beijing:Science Press; The Netherlands:VSP Publisher.1-308.
Zhu Xuewen, Z., Waltham T.,2005. Tiankengs:definition and description. Cave and Karst Science 32:75-80.