水下卡片间隙试验法测定炸药冲击波感度的实验研究和近似计算
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摘要
本文将炸药的水下爆炸能量测试方法与冲击波感度测试方法(小隔板法)相结合,研究并尝试了一种测试炸药冲击波感度的方法——水下卡片间隙试验法。
首先,通过在无卡片间隙条件下直接引爆梯恩梯、太安、黑索金、钝化黑索金、8701和膨化硝酸铵炸药等六种典型炸药,分别测定水下爆炸能量释放值,并将其作为主要判据来判断被测炸药试样是否在测试中发生爆轰。
然后,利用Bruceton升降法原理对上述六种炸药进行了水下冲击波感度的试验研究。以聚乙烯材质的卡片为隔板,通过测定在相同引发条件下炸药发生50%爆轰概率时的卡片间隙厚度值,得到了六种炸药的冲击波感度相对排序(由高到低):
太安＞黑索金＞8701＞钝化黑索金＞梯恩梯＞膨化硝酸铵炸药。
通过将试验结果与文献值、传统隔板试验所得结果进行对比,说明该冲击波感度试验结果是可信的,该水下卡片间隙试验法在一定程度上代替传统隔板试验法是可行的。在此基础上,研究了装药密度对冲击波感度的影响,得出与用其他方法相同的结论,即在一定范围内,炸药装药密度越大,其冲击波感度越低。
最后,对冲击波在隔板介质中的衰减规律进行了分析。根据近似计算的基本假设,计算了符合本文试验条件的卡片间隙初始参量。通过参考相关文献中的冲击波临界压力实测值,对比分析了两种数学衰减模型的特点。
A new method was developped to test the shock sensitivity of explosives, called Underwater Card Gap Experiment (UCGE). Its characteristic is the combination of underwater explosion method and shock sensitivity experiments (small scale gap test).
Firstly, the underwater explosion energy of six explosives (TNT, PETN, RDX, passivated RDX, 8701 and expanded ammonium nitrate explosive) are obtained under the condition that non card gap is used. The standard values are used to decide whether the detonation process happens or not in the UCGE afterwards.
Secondly, Bruceton up-and-down method is applied in UCGE. With the card gap of polyethylene, experiments are carried on to test the shock sensitivity of six explosives at 50% detonation probability. The results of thickness of card gap are found to show the sequence of the shock sensitivity (from high to low):
PETN > RDX > 8701 > desensitized RDX > TNT > expanded ammonium nitrate explosive.
The contrast between experimental results and literatures and results got by traditional gap test indicates that the experimental results are believable. It also demonstrates the feasibility that traditional gap test can be placed by UCGE to a certain extent. Further more, the impact of charge density towards the shock sensitivity is investigated. The results are in agreement with that of other methods, showing that the bigger the charge density, the lower the shock sensitivity.
Finally, shock wave attenuation laws in gap medium are studied and original parameters of card gap in experimental condition are calculated according to the basic hypothesis of approximate calculation. With the reference of critical pressure values of shock wave in relative literatures, the characteristics of two attenuation models are analyzed.
首先,通过在无卡片间隙条件下直接引爆梯恩梯、太安、黑索金、钝化黑索金、8701和膨化硝酸铵炸药等六种典型炸药,分别测定水下爆炸能量释放值,并将其作为主要判据来判断被测炸药试样是否在测试中发生爆轰。
然后,利用Bruceton升降法原理对上述六种炸药进行了水下冲击波感度的试验研究。以聚乙烯材质的卡片为隔板,通过测定在相同引发条件下炸药发生50%爆轰概率时的卡片间隙厚度值,得到了六种炸药的冲击波感度相对排序(由高到低):
太安＞黑索金＞8701＞钝化黑索金＞梯恩梯＞膨化硝酸铵炸药。
通过将试验结果与文献值、传统隔板试验所得结果进行对比,说明该冲击波感度试验结果是可信的,该水下卡片间隙试验法在一定程度上代替传统隔板试验法是可行的。在此基础上,研究了装药密度对冲击波感度的影响,得出与用其他方法相同的结论,即在一定范围内,炸药装药密度越大,其冲击波感度越低。
最后,对冲击波在隔板介质中的衰减规律进行了分析。根据近似计算的基本假设,计算了符合本文试验条件的卡片间隙初始参量。通过参考相关文献中的冲击波临界压力实测值,对比分析了两种数学衰减模型的特点。
A new method was developped to test the shock sensitivity of explosives, called Underwater Card Gap Experiment (UCGE). Its characteristic is the combination of underwater explosion method and shock sensitivity experiments (small scale gap test).
Firstly, the underwater explosion energy of six explosives (TNT, PETN, RDX, passivated RDX, 8701 and expanded ammonium nitrate explosive) are obtained under the condition that non card gap is used. The standard values are used to decide whether the detonation process happens or not in the UCGE afterwards.
Secondly, Bruceton up-and-down method is applied in UCGE. With the card gap of polyethylene, experiments are carried on to test the shock sensitivity of six explosives at 50% detonation probability. The results of thickness of card gap are found to show the sequence of the shock sensitivity (from high to low):
PETN > RDX > 8701 > desensitized RDX > TNT > expanded ammonium nitrate explosive.
The contrast between experimental results and literatures and results got by traditional gap test indicates that the experimental results are believable. It also demonstrates the feasibility that traditional gap test can be placed by UCGE to a certain extent. Further more, the impact of charge density towards the shock sensitivity is investigated. The results are in agreement with that of other methods, showing that the bigger the charge density, the lower the shock sensitivity.
Finally, shock wave attenuation laws in gap medium are studied and original parameters of card gap in experimental condition are calculated according to the basic hypothesis of approximate calculation. With the reference of critical pressure values of shock wave in relative literatures, the characteristics of two attenuation models are analyzed.
引文
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2 PERSSON P A.工业炸药测试新技术[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1982,
3 丁长兴.炸药水下爆炸测试方法简介[J].爆破器材.1988(5):5-9.
4 颜事龙,张金城.工业炸药水下爆炸能量估算[J].爆破器材.1993(2):1-4.
5 Akio Kira,Masahiro Fujita,Shigeru Itoh.Visualization of underwater explosion of spherical explosives[J].SPIE.1997.Vo13173:18-22.
6 池家春,马冰.TNT/RDX(40/60)炸药球水中爆炸波研究[J].高压物理学报.1999(3):199-204.
7 尹群,陈永念,胡海岩.水中爆炸研究的现状和趋势[J].造船技术.2003.6(6):6-12.
8 周霖,徐少辉,徐更光.炸药水下爆炸能量输出特性研究[J].兵工学报.2006.27(2):235-237.
9 肖川,宋浦,梁安定.炸药水中爆炸规律的研究进展[J].火炸药学报.2006.29(6):19-26.
10 BJARNHOLT G.陈正衡等译.工业炸药测试新技术[M1.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1982.
11 BJARNHOLT G.Suggestions on standards for measurements and data evaluation in the underwater explosion test[J].Propellants explosives.1980(5):67-74.
12 JOHANSEN P.W.Underwater testing of seurrg explosives[J].Propellants and Explosion.1980(5):54.
13 颜事龙,张金城.小水池黑索今水下爆炸能量测试影响因素的研究[J].爆破器材.1991.20(3):1-4.
14 张立,汪大立.水下爆炸炸药能测量消除边界效应的研究[J].爆破器材.1995.24(2):1-6.
15 张立,孙锋,国志达.在有限水域炸药爆炸能量测试计算公式及VB程序[J].爆破器材.2000.2.29(1):5-8.
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17 周俊祥,于国辉,李澎,等.RDX/A1含铝炸药水下爆炸实验研究[J].爆破.2005.6.22(2):4-6.
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20 孙金华,汪大立,颜世龙,等.水下爆炸测试技术在爆破器材性能测试中的应用[J].淮南矿业学院学报.1994.6 14(2):50-54.
21 刘荣海,吉田忠雄,田村昌三.利用水下爆炸法评价火炸药爆炸危险性的研究[J].爆炸与冲击.1993.13(2):110-117.
22 吉田忠雄等编著.刘荣海等译.反应性物质与爆炸物品的安全[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,1993.
23 彭金华,吉田忠雄,青木宪治,等.撞击和冲击波感度试验[J].爆破器材.1996.12:5-7.
24 Theodore Trevino.Applications of Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian(ALE)analysis approach to underwater and air explosion problems[R].AD-A384983,2000.
25 刘文华,罗松林,顾文彬.单个球形装药浅层水中爆炸冲击波特性的研究[J].工程爆破.1999.9.5(3):1-5.
26 Brett,JOHN M.Numerical Modeling of Shock Wave and Pressure Pulse Generation by Underwater Explosions[R].AD-A352831,1998.
27 CHISUM J.E.Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Explosion Gas Bubbles in a Compressible Fluid Medium[R].AD-A326363,1996.
28 Matsumoto,Kazuhiro.Boundary Curvature Effects of Gas Bubble Oscillations in Underwater Explosion[R].AD-A308087,1996.
29 刘德润,何得昌,周霖.梯恩梯密度对冲击波感度的影响[J].北京理工大学学报.1990.3.10.3:107-110.
30 宋锦泉.乳化炸药爆轰特性研究[D].北京科技大学,2000.
31 吕春玲.主体炸药粒度及粒度级配与炸药冲击波感度和能量输出的实验与理论研究[D].华北工学院,2001.
32 陈荣义.PETN、RDX颗粒的爆轰性能[D].长沙矿山研究院,2002.
33 李维新.一维不定常流与冲击波[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004.
34 SANCHIDRIAN J.A.Analytical and numerical study of the shock pressures in the gap test[J].Propellants,explosives,pyrotechnics.1993.18:325-331.
35 Stanislaw.Measurement of shock wave velocity in plexiglass for detection of energy release in Aluminized nonideal explosives[J].Energetic materials.1999.7(1):34-37.
36 韩勇,韩敦信,卢校军等.含铝炸药爆压及能量释放过程的研究[J].含能材料.2003.11(4):191-193.
37 陈熙蓉,王可,刘德润等.冲击波在不同材料隔板中的衰减特征[J].兵工学报.1991.(2):75-80.
38 王海福,冯顺山.密实介质中冲击波衰减特性的近似计算[J].兵工学报.1996.17(1):79-81.
39 王作山,刘玉存,郑敏,等.爆轰冲击波在有机隔板中衰减模型的研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报.2001.12.9(4):316-319.
40 吴曼林,刘玉存.冲击波感度试验(SSGT)的数值模拟[J].火工品.2004.6(2):16-19.
41 GJB/Z377A-94.感度试验用数理统计方法[S1.1994.
42 彭金华,陈网桦,苏华等.铝粉对含铝炸药水中爆炸能量输出特性的影响的研究[J].安全与环境学报.2004.4(增刊):177-179.
43 R.H.Cole.Underwater explosion[M].Princeton University Press.Preceton,New Jersary,USA,1948.
44 苏华.一次引爆型FAE液固复合燃料性能研究[D].南京理工大学,2002.
45 苏华,陈网桦,吴涛,等.炸药水下爆炸冲击波参数的修正[J].火炸药学报.2004.27(3):46-48.
46 云主惠.水下爆炸法测定炸药的能量[J].爆炸器材.1981.15(3):37-41.
47 钟一鹏,胡雅达,汪宏志编.国外炸药性能手册[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,1990.
48 九零三研究所译.高能炸药性能数据手册[M].九零三研究所,1982.
49 周新利.膨化硝酸铵炸药自敏化理论及其炸药的物理性能和改性研究[D].南京理工大学,2003.
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53 王凤英,刘天生.高钝感炸药组分配比对安全性影响的研究[J].火炸药学报.2002(3):23-25.
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55 张泰华,卞桃华.含能材料冲击波引发判据的分析[J].火炸药学报.2001(3):41-43.
56 Paul W.Cooper.Explsives engineering[M].VCH Publishers,1996.
2 PERSSON P A.工业炸药测试新技术[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1982,
3 丁长兴.炸药水下爆炸测试方法简介[J].爆破器材.1988(5):5-9.
4 颜事龙,张金城.工业炸药水下爆炸能量估算[J].爆破器材.1993(2):1-4.
5 Akio Kira,Masahiro Fujita,Shigeru Itoh.Visualization of underwater explosion of spherical explosives[J].SPIE.1997.Vo13173:18-22.
6 池家春,马冰.TNT/RDX(40/60)炸药球水中爆炸波研究[J].高压物理学报.1999(3):199-204.
7 尹群,陈永念,胡海岩.水中爆炸研究的现状和趋势[J].造船技术.2003.6(6):6-12.
8 周霖,徐少辉,徐更光.炸药水下爆炸能量输出特性研究[J].兵工学报.2006.27(2):235-237.
9 肖川,宋浦,梁安定.炸药水中爆炸规律的研究进展[J].火炸药学报.2006.29(6):19-26.
10 BJARNHOLT G.陈正衡等译.工业炸药测试新技术[M1.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1982.
11 BJARNHOLT G.Suggestions on standards for measurements and data evaluation in the underwater explosion test[J].Propellants explosives.1980(5):67-74.
12 JOHANSEN P.W.Underwater testing of seurrg explosives[J].Propellants and Explosion.1980(5):54.
13 颜事龙,张金城.小水池黑索今水下爆炸能量测试影响因素的研究[J].爆破器材.1991.20(3):1-4.
14 张立,汪大立.水下爆炸炸药能测量消除边界效应的研究[J].爆破器材.1995.24(2):1-6.
15 张立,孙锋,国志达.在有限水域炸药爆炸能量测试计算公式及VB程序[J].爆破器材.2000.2.29(1):5-8.
16 姚干兵.乳化炸药爆炸威力的研究[D].安徽理工大学,2003.
17 周俊祥,于国辉,李澎,等.RDX/A1含铝炸药水下爆炸实验研究[J].爆破.2005.6.22(2):4-6.
18 张显丕.乳化炸药爆轰特性研究[D].安徽理工大学,2006.
19 颜事龙.集中药包与条形药包水下爆炸能量测试[J].爆破器材.2003.10.32(5): 23-27.
20 孙金华,汪大立,颜世龙,等.水下爆炸测试技术在爆破器材性能测试中的应用[J].淮南矿业学院学报.1994.6 14(2):50-54.
21 刘荣海,吉田忠雄,田村昌三.利用水下爆炸法评价火炸药爆炸危险性的研究[J].爆炸与冲击.1993.13(2):110-117.
22 吉田忠雄等编著.刘荣海等译.反应性物质与爆炸物品的安全[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,1993.
23 彭金华,吉田忠雄,青木宪治,等.撞击和冲击波感度试验[J].爆破器材.1996.12:5-7.
24 Theodore Trevino.Applications of Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian(ALE)analysis approach to underwater and air explosion problems[R].AD-A384983,2000.
25 刘文华,罗松林,顾文彬.单个球形装药浅层水中爆炸冲击波特性的研究[J].工程爆破.1999.9.5(3):1-5.
26 Brett,JOHN M.Numerical Modeling of Shock Wave and Pressure Pulse Generation by Underwater Explosions[R].AD-A352831,1998.
27 CHISUM J.E.Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Explosion Gas Bubbles in a Compressible Fluid Medium[R].AD-A326363,1996.
28 Matsumoto,Kazuhiro.Boundary Curvature Effects of Gas Bubble Oscillations in Underwater Explosion[R].AD-A308087,1996.
29 刘德润,何得昌,周霖.梯恩梯密度对冲击波感度的影响[J].北京理工大学学报.1990.3.10.3:107-110.
30 宋锦泉.乳化炸药爆轰特性研究[D].北京科技大学,2000.
31 吕春玲.主体炸药粒度及粒度级配与炸药冲击波感度和能量输出的实验与理论研究[D].华北工学院,2001.
32 陈荣义.PETN、RDX颗粒的爆轰性能[D].长沙矿山研究院,2002.
33 李维新.一维不定常流与冲击波[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004.
34 SANCHIDRIAN J.A.Analytical and numerical study of the shock pressures in the gap test[J].Propellants,explosives,pyrotechnics.1993.18:325-331.
35 Stanislaw.Measurement of shock wave velocity in plexiglass for detection of energy release in Aluminized nonideal explosives[J].Energetic materials.1999.7(1):34-37.
36 韩勇,韩敦信,卢校军等.含铝炸药爆压及能量释放过程的研究[J].含能材料.2003.11(4):191-193.
37 陈熙蓉,王可,刘德润等.冲击波在不同材料隔板中的衰减特征[J].兵工学报.1991.(2):75-80.
38 王海福,冯顺山.密实介质中冲击波衰减特性的近似计算[J].兵工学报.1996.17(1):79-81.
39 王作山,刘玉存,郑敏,等.爆轰冲击波在有机隔板中衰减模型的研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报.2001.12.9(4):316-319.
40 吴曼林,刘玉存.冲击波感度试验(SSGT)的数值模拟[J].火工品.2004.6(2):16-19.
41 GJB/Z377A-94.感度试验用数理统计方法[S1.1994.
42 彭金华,陈网桦,苏华等.铝粉对含铝炸药水中爆炸能量输出特性的影响的研究[J].安全与环境学报.2004.4(增刊):177-179.
43 R.H.Cole.Underwater explosion[M].Princeton University Press.Preceton,New Jersary,USA,1948.
44 苏华.一次引爆型FAE液固复合燃料性能研究[D].南京理工大学,2002.
45 苏华,陈网桦,吴涛,等.炸药水下爆炸冲击波参数的修正[J].火炸药学报.2004.27(3):46-48.
46 云主惠.水下爆炸法测定炸药的能量[J].爆炸器材.1981.15(3):37-41.
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