大应变冷拉拔珠光体钢丝的力学性能与微观组织
摘要
随着钢丝拉拔技术的进步,钢丝强度的提高主要通过加大拉丝速度来实现。应此,现代钢丝生产主要是一个高速大应变的塑性变形问题。因此对高速大应变工业生产条件下高碳珠光体钢丝拉拔形变过程进行考察,研究高碳钢丝的组织演变和性能变化就显得尤为重要。
本文研究了70~#钢丝从Φ5.5mm冷拉拔至Φ1.8mm左右的变形过程,结果表明:钢丝的抗拉强度与显微硬度均随随拉拔应变量增大而增大,且当应变量较大时,强度增长速度略快于应变量较小阶段,经拉拔后,横截面上的显微硬度略大于纵截面。金相观察显示,70~#钢钢丝经冷拉拔形变后,随着应变量的增大钢丝横截面上晶粒逐渐细化,而在纵截面上晶粒被拉长直至呈纤维状。SEM与TEM对钢丝微观组织观察显示,随着应变量的增大,钢丝组织中珠光体平均片层间距逐步减小,并逐渐向拉丝轴平行的方向上调整;铁素体片层中,位错密度显著增大。
钢丝经200℃以下退火30min,组织缺陷减少,但钢丝性能保持稳定,这是因为渗碳体分解造成的强化作用。在更高温度下退火,高强度渗碳体片层发生球化,铁素体片层中位错密度进一步降低,造成钢丝强度下降。
With the development of steel wire drawing technology, accelerating drawing speed is used as the main method to strengthen the steel wire. The manufacture of steel wire nowadays mainly adopts the process of high speed severe plastic deformation. Therefore, it is of equal importance to investigate the details of high-carbon pearlite steal drawing with high speed severe plastic deformation, as well as the microstructure evolution and properties transform of high-carbon steel wire.
In this paper, deformation process of 70~# steel wire, drawn fromΦ5.5mm toΦ1.8mm, was studied. The results showed that tensile strength and micro-hardness of steel wire were improved with the increase of drawing strain. In addition, rate of strength increase was a little faster when the drawing strain accreted. Finally, after drawing, the micro-hardness of cross section was higher than that of profile section appreciably.
OM analysis indicated that with the increase of strain, grains were gradually refined on the cross section, while those on the profile section were elongated to fibrous morphology; SEM and TEM micrographs showed that as drawing strain increased, the average pearlite interlaminar spacing decreased, and it gradually modified to the direction parallel to drawing axis. Besides, dislocation density in lamellar ferrite increased significantly.
Moreover, microstructure defect of steal wire tempered at 200℃for 30min reduced, and the properties of steal wire remained stable, because of the strengthening effect caused by dissolution of cementite. However, when tempered at a higher temperature, the strength of steel wire reduced. It was because high strength lamellar cementite spheroidized, ferrite experienced recovery and recrystallization, and therefore, dislocation density in lamellar ferrite further decreased, which was the main reason of the strength reduction.
本文研究了70~#钢丝从Φ5.5mm冷拉拔至Φ1.8mm左右的变形过程,结果表明:钢丝的抗拉强度与显微硬度均随随拉拔应变量增大而增大,且当应变量较大时,强度增长速度略快于应变量较小阶段,经拉拔后,横截面上的显微硬度略大于纵截面。金相观察显示,70~#钢钢丝经冷拉拔形变后,随着应变量的增大钢丝横截面上晶粒逐渐细化,而在纵截面上晶粒被拉长直至呈纤维状。SEM与TEM对钢丝微观组织观察显示,随着应变量的增大,钢丝组织中珠光体平均片层间距逐步减小,并逐渐向拉丝轴平行的方向上调整;铁素体片层中,位错密度显著增大。
钢丝经200℃以下退火30min,组织缺陷减少,但钢丝性能保持稳定,这是因为渗碳体分解造成的强化作用。在更高温度下退火,高强度渗碳体片层发生球化,铁素体片层中位错密度进一步降低,造成钢丝强度下降。
With the development of steel wire drawing technology, accelerating drawing speed is used as the main method to strengthen the steel wire. The manufacture of steel wire nowadays mainly adopts the process of high speed severe plastic deformation. Therefore, it is of equal importance to investigate the details of high-carbon pearlite steal drawing with high speed severe plastic deformation, as well as the microstructure evolution and properties transform of high-carbon steel wire.
In this paper, deformation process of 70~# steel wire, drawn fromΦ5.5mm toΦ1.8mm, was studied. The results showed that tensile strength and micro-hardness of steel wire were improved with the increase of drawing strain. In addition, rate of strength increase was a little faster when the drawing strain accreted. Finally, after drawing, the micro-hardness of cross section was higher than that of profile section appreciably.
OM analysis indicated that with the increase of strain, grains were gradually refined on the cross section, while those on the profile section were elongated to fibrous morphology; SEM and TEM micrographs showed that as drawing strain increased, the average pearlite interlaminar spacing decreased, and it gradually modified to the direction parallel to drawing axis. Besides, dislocation density in lamellar ferrite increased significantly.
Moreover, microstructure defect of steal wire tempered at 200℃for 30min reduced, and the properties of steal wire remained stable, because of the strengthening effect caused by dissolution of cementite. However, when tempered at a higher temperature, the strength of steel wire reduced. It was because high strength lamellar cementite spheroidized, ferrite experienced recovery and recrystallization, and therefore, dislocation density in lamellar ferrite further decreased, which was the main reason of the strength reduction.
引文
[1]周劲.我国钢铁工业发展规模与资源支撑能力研究[J].中国经贸导刊.2005,15
[2]王斌孝.钢铁热镀锌[J].西北电力技术.2004(4)
[3]戴宝昌.重要用途线材制品生产新技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[4]曾兴富.小方坯连铸机高效化探讨[J].炼钢.2000,V16(2)
[5]Wernick.Iddo K.Consuming Materials..The American Way.Technological forecasting and social change.1996,23(1):111-122
[6]中国钢铁工业协会.2005年钢铁工业统计年报报告[EB/OL].2006.07.10.
[7]殷瑞钰.钢的质量现代进展[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.1995
[8]杨金善.世界钢铁工业发展简介[J].冶金信息导刊.1999(1):20-22
[9]陈其安.“从盘条到丝材及丝制品”——国际会议及欧洲盘条与高强钢丝研发现状简介[J].中国冶金,2003(12),44-45
[10]林秀山,蒋永康.加速预应力钢丝钢绞线用盘条的国产化进程[J].上海金属.2000.22(1):53-58.
[11]Wu Yanrui.The Chinese steel industry:recent developments and prospects.Resources Policy.2000,26(3):171-178
[12]张伟君,孙金茂.国产预应力钢绞线的生产与试用[J].金属制品.1997,22(3):14-17.
[13]孙金茂.推进预应力钢丝钢绞线用盘条国产化[J].金属制品.1998,24(6):2-3
[14]谢青青.低松弛高强度PC钢绞线的生产[J].湖南冶金.1998(3):21-22
[15]白木.轮胎用钢帘线的性能、技术及市场[J].橡胶参考资料.2005.35(1):6-7
[16]李志深.钢丝生产工艺[M].北京.冶金部金属制品情报网,1992
[17]黄天雄.我国低松弛预应力钢丝钢绞线发展现状和展望[J].金属制品.1995,21(3):5-8
[18]谈玉坤.“十五”轮胎胎圈钢丝和钢丝帘线需求预测[J].决策参考.2002,17(21):15-17
[19]张剑.钢丝帘线在轻型载重子午线轮胎中的应用[J].轮胎工业.2003,23:672-673.
[20]胡梦珍.金属的磷化处理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992
[21]Aoki K,Kimura Y.Properties of Annealed High Strength Steels Deformed by RepeaingSide Extrusion Process[J].Mater.Sci.Forum,2003,426-432:2705-2710
[22]王学文.金属成形工艺与分析[M].上海科学技术出版社,1988
[23]俞德宗.全钢子午线轮胎用钢丝帘线的生产现状及发展趋势[J].轮胎工业.2002,22(10):579-581
[24]尚伟.国内外钢丝帘线生产简介[J].中国橡胶.2000,22:30-31
[25]Wernick.Iddo K..Consuming Materials:The American Way.Technological forecasting and social change.1996,23(1):111-122
[26]王宝玉,宋为.我国胎圈钢丝供需现状和展望[J].轮胎工业.2004,6:323-326
[27]刘浏.钢铁材料新需求与与生产技术的发展[J].特殊钢.2003,V24(2)
[28]王定武.我国高速线材轧机的建设和发展[J].轧钢.1999(4):3-7
[29]赵继红.国内外高速线材轧制技术发展浅析[J].轧钢.1998(4):47-51
[30]Gavriljuk V G.Decomposition of cementite in pearlitic steel due to plasticdeformation[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003,A345:81-89
[31]Languillaume J,Kapelski G,Baudelet B.Cementite Dissolution in Heavily Cold DrawnPearlitic Steel Wires[J].Acta mater.1997,45(3):1201-1212
[32]Danoix F,Julien D,Sauvage,Copreaux J.Direct evidence ofcementite dissolution in drawn pearlitc steels observed by tomographic atom probe[J].Materials Science and Engineering,1998,A250:8-13
[33]Nam W J,Bae C M,Oh S J,Kwon S J.Effect ofinterlamellar spacing on cementite dissolution during wire drawing ofpearlitic steel wires[J].Scripta mater.2000,42:457-463
[34]Shabashov V A,Korshunov L G,Mukoseev A G,etal.Deformation induced phase transitions in a high-carbon steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003,A346:196-207.
[35]Zhang M X and Kelly P M.Deformation Twinning of Martensite in a Fe-Ni-C Alloy[J].Scripta mater.,2001,44:2575-2581
[36]翁宇庆.我国钢铁材料现状及发展目标[J].中国冶金.2001,V2
[37]张寿荣.我国钢铁工业如何走新型工业化道路[J].宏观经济研究.2005,V5
[38]周鸣涛.国产桥梁缆索用镀锌钢丝的质量及应用状况[J].金属制品.1998(24)
[39]Langford G.Deformation of Pearlite[J].Metallurgical Transactions A.1977,A(6):861-875
[40]彭建洪.纳米结构珠光体钢丝及其复合材料三体磨料磨损特性的研究[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士论文.2005
[41]Hono K,Ohnuma M,Murayama M,etl.Cementite Decompostion in Heavily Drawn Pearlite Steel Wire[J].Scripta mater.2001,44:977-983
[42]马怀宪.金属塑性加工学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1991
[43]丁大钧,单炳梓.工程塑性力学[M].南京:南京工学院出版社,1986
[44]Langford G.A Study of the Deformation of Patented Steel Wire[J].Metallurgical Transactions.1970,1(2):465-477
[45]Toshimi T,Naoki M,Jun T,etal.Microstrucmre Control and Strengthening of High-carbon Steel wires[J].Nippon Steel Technical Report.2005,91(1):56-61
[46]黄新民.共析渗碳体结构与变形行为的透射电镜研究[J].钢铁研究学报.2000,12(2):60-62
[47]朱晓东,李承基,章守华等.高坛低合金钢中共析渗碳体微观结构的TEM研究[J].金属学报,1998,34(1):31-38
[48]Furukawa M,Horita Z,Zhilyaev A P,etl.Developing ultra-fine-grained microstrucmres through the use of severe plastical deformation[J].Mater.Sci.Forum.,2003,4262432:263122636
[49]李志深.钢丝生产工艺[M].北京.冶金部金属制品情报网,1992.6
[50]孙金茂.推进预应力钢丝钢绞线用盘条国产化[J].金属制品,1998,24(6):2-3
[51]徐兴军.晶体的择优取向与LiCo02正极材料X射线衍射峰的强度比[J].物理化学学报,2007,23(12):12-13
[52]董剑,王冰.高碳高强度钢丝的最近进展[[J].国外金属热处理,2000,21(3):3-5
[53]D.A.Porter,K.E.Easterling,G.D.W Smith.Acta Metall.26(1978)1405
[54]Lenasson C.G,Bergstrom Y.On the plastic deformation ofpearlite in uniaxial straining and wire drawing[C].In Conference on the Strength of Metals and Alloys,1976,1:141-145
[55]J.Languillaume,CzKapelski,B.Baudelet.Cementite dissolution in heavily cold drawn pearlitic steel wires[J].Acta Mater.1997,45:1201
[56]J.Languillaume,G.Kapelski,B.Baudelet.Evolution of the tensile strength in heavily cold drawn and annealed pearlitic steel wires[J].Materials Letters,1997,33:241-245
[2]王斌孝.钢铁热镀锌[J].西北电力技术.2004(4)
[3]戴宝昌.重要用途线材制品生产新技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[4]曾兴富.小方坯连铸机高效化探讨[J].炼钢.2000,V16(2)
[5]Wernick.Iddo K.Consuming Materials..The American Way.Technological forecasting and social change.1996,23(1):111-122
[6]中国钢铁工业协会.2005年钢铁工业统计年报报告[EB/OL].2006.07.10.
[7]殷瑞钰.钢的质量现代进展[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.1995
[8]杨金善.世界钢铁工业发展简介[J].冶金信息导刊.1999(1):20-22
[9]陈其安.“从盘条到丝材及丝制品”——国际会议及欧洲盘条与高强钢丝研发现状简介[J].中国冶金,2003(12),44-45
[10]林秀山,蒋永康.加速预应力钢丝钢绞线用盘条的国产化进程[J].上海金属.2000.22(1):53-58.
[11]Wu Yanrui.The Chinese steel industry:recent developments and prospects.Resources Policy.2000,26(3):171-178
[12]张伟君,孙金茂.国产预应力钢绞线的生产与试用[J].金属制品.1997,22(3):14-17.
[13]孙金茂.推进预应力钢丝钢绞线用盘条国产化[J].金属制品.1998,24(6):2-3
[14]谢青青.低松弛高强度PC钢绞线的生产[J].湖南冶金.1998(3):21-22
[15]白木.轮胎用钢帘线的性能、技术及市场[J].橡胶参考资料.2005.35(1):6-7
[16]李志深.钢丝生产工艺[M].北京.冶金部金属制品情报网,1992
[17]黄天雄.我国低松弛预应力钢丝钢绞线发展现状和展望[J].金属制品.1995,21(3):5-8
[18]谈玉坤.“十五”轮胎胎圈钢丝和钢丝帘线需求预测[J].决策参考.2002,17(21):15-17
[19]张剑.钢丝帘线在轻型载重子午线轮胎中的应用[J].轮胎工业.2003,23:672-673.
[20]胡梦珍.金属的磷化处理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992
[21]Aoki K,Kimura Y.Properties of Annealed High Strength Steels Deformed by RepeaingSide Extrusion Process[J].Mater.Sci.Forum,2003,426-432:2705-2710
[22]王学文.金属成形工艺与分析[M].上海科学技术出版社,1988
[23]俞德宗.全钢子午线轮胎用钢丝帘线的生产现状及发展趋势[J].轮胎工业.2002,22(10):579-581
[24]尚伟.国内外钢丝帘线生产简介[J].中国橡胶.2000,22:30-31
[25]Wernick.Iddo K..Consuming Materials:The American Way.Technological forecasting and social change.1996,23(1):111-122
[26]王宝玉,宋为.我国胎圈钢丝供需现状和展望[J].轮胎工业.2004,6:323-326
[27]刘浏.钢铁材料新需求与与生产技术的发展[J].特殊钢.2003,V24(2)
[28]王定武.我国高速线材轧机的建设和发展[J].轧钢.1999(4):3-7
[29]赵继红.国内外高速线材轧制技术发展浅析[J].轧钢.1998(4):47-51
[30]Gavriljuk V G.Decomposition of cementite in pearlitic steel due to plasticdeformation[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003,A345:81-89
[31]Languillaume J,Kapelski G,Baudelet B.Cementite Dissolution in Heavily Cold DrawnPearlitic Steel Wires[J].Acta mater.1997,45(3):1201-1212
[32]Danoix F,Julien D,Sauvage,Copreaux J.Direct evidence ofcementite dissolution in drawn pearlitc steels observed by tomographic atom probe[J].Materials Science and Engineering,1998,A250:8-13
[33]Nam W J,Bae C M,Oh S J,Kwon S J.Effect ofinterlamellar spacing on cementite dissolution during wire drawing ofpearlitic steel wires[J].Scripta mater.2000,42:457-463
[34]Shabashov V A,Korshunov L G,Mukoseev A G,etal.Deformation induced phase transitions in a high-carbon steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003,A346:196-207.
[35]Zhang M X and Kelly P M.Deformation Twinning of Martensite in a Fe-Ni-C Alloy[J].Scripta mater.,2001,44:2575-2581
[36]翁宇庆.我国钢铁材料现状及发展目标[J].中国冶金.2001,V2
[37]张寿荣.我国钢铁工业如何走新型工业化道路[J].宏观经济研究.2005,V5
[38]周鸣涛.国产桥梁缆索用镀锌钢丝的质量及应用状况[J].金属制品.1998(24)
[39]Langford G.Deformation of Pearlite[J].Metallurgical Transactions A.1977,A(6):861-875
[40]彭建洪.纳米结构珠光体钢丝及其复合材料三体磨料磨损特性的研究[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士论文.2005
[41]Hono K,Ohnuma M,Murayama M,etl.Cementite Decompostion in Heavily Drawn Pearlite Steel Wire[J].Scripta mater.2001,44:977-983
[42]马怀宪.金属塑性加工学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1991
[43]丁大钧,单炳梓.工程塑性力学[M].南京:南京工学院出版社,1986
[44]Langford G.A Study of the Deformation of Patented Steel Wire[J].Metallurgical Transactions.1970,1(2):465-477
[45]Toshimi T,Naoki M,Jun T,etal.Microstrucmre Control and Strengthening of High-carbon Steel wires[J].Nippon Steel Technical Report.2005,91(1):56-61
[46]黄新民.共析渗碳体结构与变形行为的透射电镜研究[J].钢铁研究学报.2000,12(2):60-62
[47]朱晓东,李承基,章守华等.高坛低合金钢中共析渗碳体微观结构的TEM研究[J].金属学报,1998,34(1):31-38
[48]Furukawa M,Horita Z,Zhilyaev A P,etl.Developing ultra-fine-grained microstrucmres through the use of severe plastical deformation[J].Mater.Sci.Forum.,2003,4262432:263122636
[49]李志深.钢丝生产工艺[M].北京.冶金部金属制品情报网,1992.6
[50]孙金茂.推进预应力钢丝钢绞线用盘条国产化[J].金属制品,1998,24(6):2-3
[51]徐兴军.晶体的择优取向与LiCo02正极材料X射线衍射峰的强度比[J].物理化学学报,2007,23(12):12-13
[52]董剑,王冰.高碳高强度钢丝的最近进展[[J].国外金属热处理,2000,21(3):3-5
[53]D.A.Porter,K.E.Easterling,G.D.W Smith.Acta Metall.26(1978)1405
[54]Lenasson C.G,Bergstrom Y.On the plastic deformation ofpearlite in uniaxial straining and wire drawing[C].In Conference on the Strength of Metals and Alloys,1976,1:141-145
[55]J.Languillaume,CzKapelski,B.Baudelet.Cementite dissolution in heavily cold drawn pearlitic steel wires[J].Acta Mater.1997,45:1201
[56]J.Languillaume,G.Kapelski,B.Baudelet.Evolution of the tensile strength in heavily cold drawn and annealed pearlitic steel wires[J].Materials Letters,1997,33:241-245