钢渣沥青混凝土的制备、性能与应用研究
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摘要
钢渣作为世界上产量最大的固体废弃物之一,其环保处置与资源化属当今世界上最热门的研究热点之一。在我国公路的蓬勃发展的背景下,钢渣在沥青混凝土中的应用技术将使钢渣资源有望得到大量合理的利用。这也将是资源化钢渣的新突破点。
基于以上背景,本文以完善钢渣资源的“梯度利用技术”为目的,研究了钢渣及其沥青混凝土的组成、结构与性能。采用XRD、扫描电镜、X射线荧光光谱、电子探针显微镜、差示扫描量热仪及压汞仪等精密仪器研究了钢渣集料的物化特性：首次确定了钢渣集料吸热特征,指出导致钢渣热料产量骤降的主因是钢渣表面的杂质而非钢渣比热容过大,并提出了提升钢渣热料产量的解决方案；验证了钢渣对环境的无毒性及良好的热稳定性；证明了钢渣具有多孔集料特性。采用沥青浸渍法发现钢渣对沥青的吸收具有延时效应,且吸收速率随着时间逐渐减小：钢渣对沥青的最终吸收量约是瞬时吸收量的2倍,由此发展的钢渣沥青混合料沥青损耗预测模型与实验结果相关性良好。基于球体模型修正了钢渣集料的比表面积因子,发现钢渣比表面积系数要显著小于现行规范JTG F40-2004中的规定值；同时提出了钢渣沥青混凝土集料沥青膜厚度计算方法。
根据流变学原理研究了钢渣沥青混合料的路用性能。动态蠕变实验结果发现温度主导着钢渣沥青混合料永久变形行为。永久变形可以显著地分为三阶段并可以用流变三阶段模型模拟。四点弯曲实验结果显示0℃时钢渣沥青料的低温疲劳寿命优于同类型的玄武岩沥青混合料。
基于钢渣与沥青的界面特性研究了钢渣沥青混凝土的水稳性及其加速水损害机理。首先采用拉拔实验研究了钢渣与沥青的界面粘结性能,发现钢渣与沥青的粘结力及断裂能均优于玄武岩及花岗岩。DCSEf、动态模量主曲线以及疲劳寿命等实验结果从粘弹力学、现象学及能量等角度证实钢渣沥青混合料具有良好的水稳性能。设计了全新的沥青混合料动水损害实验,结果显示水损害后钢渣沥青混合料的疲劳寿命仍然优于玄武岩沥青混合料。动态模量主曲线显示经过三次冻融后钢渣沥青混合料在高频部分的动态模量下降显著。最后研究了钢渣表面物质及钢渣水化进程,揭示出钢渣沥青混凝土独特的加速水损害起因在于水化硅酸钙、氢氧化钙及结晶硫酸钙等钙类物质在钢渣与沥青界面处的生成；这也是钢渣沥青混凝土在潮湿环境中的主要破坏方式。
钢渣的附属产物—钢渣球磨尾渣作为无机抗剥落剂使沥青混合料的劈裂抗拉强度提高了10%以上。采用红外吸收光谱及等效半径模型证实包括钢渣球磨尾渣在内的填料与沥青间的反应仅限于物理吸附而非化学反应；钢渣球磨尾渣表现出较大的等效半径,说明其有较强的沥青吸附活性。
实体工程显示钢渣沥青路面建设中需特别注意钢渣冷料的堆放条件,且在集料破碎时需注意防范和解决振动筛孔堵塞等问题。降低冷料的含水率是减少钢渣沥青混凝土发生温度离析的主要措施。
Steel slag including basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF) is one of the largest amount of solid waste in the world. Its environmental friendly treatment and reutilization are one of the researching hot spots. At the moment high-speed development of road construction in China makes asphalt pavement a promising field for reasonable reutilization of BOF in large amounts.
This paper is to systematically investigate the composition, structure and performance of BOF and its related asphalt mixture. Modern testing approaches were used to characterize BOF, including XRD, SEM, XRF. EPMA, TG-DSC and mercury injection. The investigation of endothermic property for BOF indicated the main wrongdoer for dramatic decrease of BOF production was the dust on it. instead of its specific heat capacity. BOF was thermal-stable and not harmful to environment. Innovatively. results showed that BOF was porous. Also the results of bulk-impregnate test indicated that the asphalt absorption of BOF was time dependent at a decreasing rate. The final absorption is almost two times as its instant absorption, based on what the predicting regression model for related absorptive characteristic of asphalt mixture was estabilished and had good correlation with experiment results. With spherical model, the author introduced a new method to determining specific surface factors of aggregates.The specific surface area factors of BOF were significantly less than the ones specified in Chinese norm JTG F40-2004.
Dynamic creep test and four-points bending test were carried out. The permanent deformation behavior was dominated by temperature and exhibited three-stage rheological properties, which could be modeled precisely. The fatigue life at0℃of BOF based asphalt mixture was superior to that of limestone based asphalt mixture.
The investigation based on the interface properties between BOF and asphalt was carried out to investigate the moisture sensitivity and accelerated damage mechanisms of BOF based asphalt mixture.The results of pull-off test exhibited that the bond strength and fracture energy between asphalt and BOF are both superior to those with basalt or granite. Also dissipated Creep Strain Energy limits (DCSEf). master curve of dynamic modulus and fatigue life all indicated the BOF based asphalt mixture exhibited less moisture damage. The new designed dynamic moisture treatment was cast on asphalt mixture and results showed that the fatigue life of BOF based asphalt mixture was superior to that of basalt based asphalt mixture. With regression analysis by fitting the dynamic modulus master curve, the author found that the dynamic modulus within higher frequency of BOF based asphalt mixture decreased significantly. Mechanisms analysis showed that the generation of hydrated calcium silicate, calcium hydroxide and calcium sulfate took the major responsibilities duringr destruction of BOF based asphalt mixture.
Slag residue can be used as an antistripper in asphalt mixture. There was only physical adsorption instead of chemical reaction between slag residue and asphalt. The equilibrium radius model showed that slag residue exhibited the largest'equilibrium radius' than limestone filler, which represented its strong ability to adsorb asphalt.
The storage condition of BOF aggregates should be attached much more attention to maintain clean and dry. Much work should be done on the preventing of the clogged screens during aggregate crushing. Keeping BOF aggregate dry is the major solution to prevent thermal segregation during compaction and rolling of asphalt mixture.
基于以上背景,本文以完善钢渣资源的“梯度利用技术”为目的,研究了钢渣及其沥青混凝土的组成、结构与性能。采用XRD、扫描电镜、X射线荧光光谱、电子探针显微镜、差示扫描量热仪及压汞仪等精密仪器研究了钢渣集料的物化特性：首次确定了钢渣集料吸热特征,指出导致钢渣热料产量骤降的主因是钢渣表面的杂质而非钢渣比热容过大,并提出了提升钢渣热料产量的解决方案；验证了钢渣对环境的无毒性及良好的热稳定性；证明了钢渣具有多孔集料特性。采用沥青浸渍法发现钢渣对沥青的吸收具有延时效应,且吸收速率随着时间逐渐减小：钢渣对沥青的最终吸收量约是瞬时吸收量的2倍,由此发展的钢渣沥青混合料沥青损耗预测模型与实验结果相关性良好。基于球体模型修正了钢渣集料的比表面积因子,发现钢渣比表面积系数要显著小于现行规范JTG F40-2004中的规定值；同时提出了钢渣沥青混凝土集料沥青膜厚度计算方法。
根据流变学原理研究了钢渣沥青混合料的路用性能。动态蠕变实验结果发现温度主导着钢渣沥青混合料永久变形行为。永久变形可以显著地分为三阶段并可以用流变三阶段模型模拟。四点弯曲实验结果显示0℃时钢渣沥青料的低温疲劳寿命优于同类型的玄武岩沥青混合料。
基于钢渣与沥青的界面特性研究了钢渣沥青混凝土的水稳性及其加速水损害机理。首先采用拉拔实验研究了钢渣与沥青的界面粘结性能,发现钢渣与沥青的粘结力及断裂能均优于玄武岩及花岗岩。DCSEf、动态模量主曲线以及疲劳寿命等实验结果从粘弹力学、现象学及能量等角度证实钢渣沥青混合料具有良好的水稳性能。设计了全新的沥青混合料动水损害实验,结果显示水损害后钢渣沥青混合料的疲劳寿命仍然优于玄武岩沥青混合料。动态模量主曲线显示经过三次冻融后钢渣沥青混合料在高频部分的动态模量下降显著。最后研究了钢渣表面物质及钢渣水化进程,揭示出钢渣沥青混凝土独特的加速水损害起因在于水化硅酸钙、氢氧化钙及结晶硫酸钙等钙类物质在钢渣与沥青界面处的生成；这也是钢渣沥青混凝土在潮湿环境中的主要破坏方式。
钢渣的附属产物—钢渣球磨尾渣作为无机抗剥落剂使沥青混合料的劈裂抗拉强度提高了10%以上。采用红外吸收光谱及等效半径模型证实包括钢渣球磨尾渣在内的填料与沥青间的反应仅限于物理吸附而非化学反应；钢渣球磨尾渣表现出较大的等效半径,说明其有较强的沥青吸附活性。
实体工程显示钢渣沥青路面建设中需特别注意钢渣冷料的堆放条件,且在集料破碎时需注意防范和解决振动筛孔堵塞等问题。降低冷料的含水率是减少钢渣沥青混凝土发生温度离析的主要措施。
Steel slag including basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF) is one of the largest amount of solid waste in the world. Its environmental friendly treatment and reutilization are one of the researching hot spots. At the moment high-speed development of road construction in China makes asphalt pavement a promising field for reasonable reutilization of BOF in large amounts.
This paper is to systematically investigate the composition, structure and performance of BOF and its related asphalt mixture. Modern testing approaches were used to characterize BOF, including XRD, SEM, XRF. EPMA, TG-DSC and mercury injection. The investigation of endothermic property for BOF indicated the main wrongdoer for dramatic decrease of BOF production was the dust on it. instead of its specific heat capacity. BOF was thermal-stable and not harmful to environment. Innovatively. results showed that BOF was porous. Also the results of bulk-impregnate test indicated that the asphalt absorption of BOF was time dependent at a decreasing rate. The final absorption is almost two times as its instant absorption, based on what the predicting regression model for related absorptive characteristic of asphalt mixture was estabilished and had good correlation with experiment results. With spherical model, the author introduced a new method to determining specific surface factors of aggregates.The specific surface area factors of BOF were significantly less than the ones specified in Chinese norm JTG F40-2004.
Dynamic creep test and four-points bending test were carried out. The permanent deformation behavior was dominated by temperature and exhibited three-stage rheological properties, which could be modeled precisely. The fatigue life at0℃of BOF based asphalt mixture was superior to that of limestone based asphalt mixture.
The investigation based on the interface properties between BOF and asphalt was carried out to investigate the moisture sensitivity and accelerated damage mechanisms of BOF based asphalt mixture.The results of pull-off test exhibited that the bond strength and fracture energy between asphalt and BOF are both superior to those with basalt or granite. Also dissipated Creep Strain Energy limits (DCSEf). master curve of dynamic modulus and fatigue life all indicated the BOF based asphalt mixture exhibited less moisture damage. The new designed dynamic moisture treatment was cast on asphalt mixture and results showed that the fatigue life of BOF based asphalt mixture was superior to that of basalt based asphalt mixture. With regression analysis by fitting the dynamic modulus master curve, the author found that the dynamic modulus within higher frequency of BOF based asphalt mixture decreased significantly. Mechanisms analysis showed that the generation of hydrated calcium silicate, calcium hydroxide and calcium sulfate took the major responsibilities duringr destruction of BOF based asphalt mixture.
Slag residue can be used as an antistripper in asphalt mixture. There was only physical adsorption instead of chemical reaction between slag residue and asphalt. The equilibrium radius model showed that slag residue exhibited the largest'equilibrium radius' than limestone filler, which represented its strong ability to adsorb asphalt.
The storage condition of BOF aggregates should be attached much more attention to maintain clean and dry. Much work should be done on the preventing of the clogged screens during aggregate crushing. Keeping BOF aggregate dry is the major solution to prevent thermal segregation during compaction and rolling of asphalt mixture.
引文
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