保定市大气环境质量评价及砷污染特征分析
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摘要
论文对保定市空气质量进行了评价,并且对保定市文教区大气颗粒物进行采集,对其中的砷进行分析测定,全文共分四章。
第一章：文献综述。对各个城市的大气质量进行分析,城市空气的主要污染物为大气颗粒物、SO2、NO2,全国很多地区的空气质量维持在二级标准,空气质量较好。对各个地区的大气污染特征进行研究发现,很多城市都属于煤烟型污染,大气颗粒物为主要的污染因子。探究大气颗粒物与人体的健康的关系,结果证明大气颗粒物对人体健康有一定的影响,尤其是其中的重金属物质,应当引起人们的注意。
第二章：本文以保定市为例,基于保定市2002年～2007年5个监测点位二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的监测结果，根据国家环境空气标准,利用加权灰色关联分析模型对保定市空气质量状况按照年度、季节、是否采暖期做出了合理的综合评价。由模型中各污染因子的权重判断出可吸入颗粒物(PM10)为保定市空气质量的制约因子,且二氧化氮(N02)的权重逐步上升。并根据分析数据初步分析了三种污染物的主要来源。
第三章：采用氢化物发生原子荧光法直接测定不同粒径大气颗粒物中的As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的含量。研究了还原剂用量、酸介质及其酸度、载气及屏蔽气流量和观测高度等对荧光强度的影响,探讨了共存离子对砷测定的干扰。在选定的最佳条件下,得到检出限为0.34μg/L,加标回收率为95.6～103.3%,相对标准偏差为0.8%左右。用该方法测定大气颗粒物中不同形态的砷,操作简便,快速,灵敏度高。
第四章：对论文做出总结,并提出了对空气质量评价加入新的评价因子,让评价更具有综合性；颗粒物中不同形态砷毒性的研究将在下一步工作中逐步开展。
The air quality of Baoding City was evaluated. Atmospheric particulates was sampled n cultural area in Baoding city and determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The text is divided into four chapters.
ChapterⅠ:Literature Review. Analysed each city's air quality, the major urban air pollutants in the atmosphere is atmospheric particles, SO2, NO2.Air quality in many parts of the country maintained at two standards, and air quality is well. Various regions of the characteristics of air pollution study found that many cities are all coal-burning pollution, atmospheric particulate matter pollution as the main factor. Explore the relationship of the atmospheric particles and human health, the results show that atmospheric particulate matter on human health to a certain extent, especially the heavy metal materials which should arouse people's attention.
ChapterⅡ:Based on the monitoring results of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable particulate matter (PM10) in five monitoring sites of Baoding from 2002 to 2007, air quality was calculated by weighted gray correlation analysis model. Change of air quality with the annual, seasonal, and heating period was evaluated respectively. From the model of pollution factors determine the weight of respirable particulate matter (PM10) air quality for the Baoding constraints factor, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and gradually increase the weights. Analysis of data based on a preliminary analysis of three kinds of pollutants from the source.
ChapterⅢ:Hydride gengration atomic fluorescence spectrometric method was adopted for the determination of As (Ⅲ) and As (Ⅴ) in the atmospheric particles and dustfall. The amount of reducing agent, acid medium and its acidity, carrier gas and shield gas flow rate and observation height of the fluorescence intensity were investigated, and the interference experiment was carried out for concomitant elements. In the best conditions, the detection limit was 0.34μg/L, the recovery range from 95.6% to 103.3%, the relative standard deviation was about 0.8%. This method was featured by easy operation, fast speed and it has been applied to the analysis of arsenic in the dustfall with satisfactory results.
Chapter III:Propose to the air quality assessment to join the new evaluation factors was suggested to increase the evaluation comprehensive. The relationship between the different speciations of the arsenic and toxicity should be studied further.
第一章：文献综述。对各个城市的大气质量进行分析,城市空气的主要污染物为大气颗粒物、SO2、NO2,全国很多地区的空气质量维持在二级标准,空气质量较好。对各个地区的大气污染特征进行研究发现,很多城市都属于煤烟型污染,大气颗粒物为主要的污染因子。探究大气颗粒物与人体的健康的关系,结果证明大气颗粒物对人体健康有一定的影响,尤其是其中的重金属物质,应当引起人们的注意。
第二章：本文以保定市为例,基于保定市2002年～2007年5个监测点位二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的监测结果，根据国家环境空气标准,利用加权灰色关联分析模型对保定市空气质量状况按照年度、季节、是否采暖期做出了合理的综合评价。由模型中各污染因子的权重判断出可吸入颗粒物(PM10)为保定市空气质量的制约因子,且二氧化氮(N02)的权重逐步上升。并根据分析数据初步分析了三种污染物的主要来源。
第三章：采用氢化物发生原子荧光法直接测定不同粒径大气颗粒物中的As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的含量。研究了还原剂用量、酸介质及其酸度、载气及屏蔽气流量和观测高度等对荧光强度的影响,探讨了共存离子对砷测定的干扰。在选定的最佳条件下,得到检出限为0.34μg/L,加标回收率为95.6～103.3%,相对标准偏差为0.8%左右。用该方法测定大气颗粒物中不同形态的砷,操作简便,快速,灵敏度高。
第四章：对论文做出总结,并提出了对空气质量评价加入新的评价因子,让评价更具有综合性；颗粒物中不同形态砷毒性的研究将在下一步工作中逐步开展。
The air quality of Baoding City was evaluated. Atmospheric particulates was sampled n cultural area in Baoding city and determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The text is divided into four chapters.
ChapterⅠ:Literature Review. Analysed each city's air quality, the major urban air pollutants in the atmosphere is atmospheric particles, SO2, NO2.Air quality in many parts of the country maintained at two standards, and air quality is well. Various regions of the characteristics of air pollution study found that many cities are all coal-burning pollution, atmospheric particulate matter pollution as the main factor. Explore the relationship of the atmospheric particles and human health, the results show that atmospheric particulate matter on human health to a certain extent, especially the heavy metal materials which should arouse people's attention.
ChapterⅡ:Based on the monitoring results of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable particulate matter (PM10) in five monitoring sites of Baoding from 2002 to 2007, air quality was calculated by weighted gray correlation analysis model. Change of air quality with the annual, seasonal, and heating period was evaluated respectively. From the model of pollution factors determine the weight of respirable particulate matter (PM10) air quality for the Baoding constraints factor, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and gradually increase the weights. Analysis of data based on a preliminary analysis of three kinds of pollutants from the source.
ChapterⅢ:Hydride gengration atomic fluorescence spectrometric method was adopted for the determination of As (Ⅲ) and As (Ⅴ) in the atmospheric particles and dustfall. The amount of reducing agent, acid medium and its acidity, carrier gas and shield gas flow rate and observation height of the fluorescence intensity were investigated, and the interference experiment was carried out for concomitant elements. In the best conditions, the detection limit was 0.34μg/L, the recovery range from 95.6% to 103.3%, the relative standard deviation was about 0.8%. This method was featured by easy operation, fast speed and it has been applied to the analysis of arsenic in the dustfall with satisfactory results.
Chapter III:Propose to the air quality assessment to join the new evaluation factors was suggested to increase the evaluation comprehensive. The relationship between the different speciations of the arsenic and toxicity should be studied further.
引文
[1]赵艳,米泉市近五年大气污染状况及发展趋势,环境研究与监测,2006,2(19)：42-44
[2]杨秀君,王福红,邓正新,吐鲁番城区大气污染状况及防治对策,干旱环境监测,2004,3(18)：172-174
[3]俞江先,义乌市大气污染状况调查,环境污染与防治,2000.2(22)：28-30
[4]李勉,韩广,李占斌,焦作市区大气污染状况与防治措施,2002,1(16)：26-28
[5]何惠明,广东城市大气污染状况及防治对策,广东行政学院学报,2002,1(12)：69-71
[6]赵大江,大同市2005年至2007年大气污染物污染状况的分析,山西能源与节能,2009,2：58-59
[7]刘宗豪,丹东市大气污染状况及治理措施,辽宁城乡环境科技,2003,2(23)：18-20
[8]石海信,钦州市区大气污染状况及其控制对策,钦州学院学报,2007,3(22)：71-76
[9]郝卓莉,王爱军,石家庄市大气污染状况及防治对策浅析,石家庄职业技术学院学报,2007,6(19)：6-8
[10]孙俊玲,刘大锰,扬雪,北京市海淀区大气颗粒物污染水平及其影响因素,资源与产业,2009,1(11)：96-100
[11]刘吉,范绍佳,张镭等,兰州市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征分析,兰州大学学报,2006,6(42)：45-49
[12]朱易,胡衡生,张新英等,南宁市大气颗粒物TSP、PM10、PM2.5污染水平研究,环境污染与防治,2004,3(26)：176-179
[13]林治卿,袭著革,杨丹凤等,采暖期大气中不同粒径颗粒物污染及其重金属分布状况,环境与健康杂志,2005,1(22)：33-34
[14]于燕,张振军,李义平,西安市大气颗粒物污染现状及其金属特征研究,环境与健康杂志,2003,6(20)：359-360
[15]朱石嶙,冯茜丹,党志,大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特性及生物有效性研究进展,地球与环境,2008,1(36)：26-32
[16]钟政林,曾光明,杨春平,环境风险评价研究综述,环境与开发,1998,13(1)：39-41
[17]徐肇翊,于广华,陈秉衡等,沈阳市大气污染对患病率的影响,中国公共卫生杂志,1996,15：123-125
[18]武丽敏,钱振华,张长青.大气质量评价综合指数法的研究[J].环境科学,1995,16(3)：58-61
[19]雷蕾,秦侠,姚晓丽.人工神经网络在环境科学中的应用[J].环境研究与监测,2007,20(1)：50-56
[20]杨红玉,张江山.改进密切值法在环境综合评价中的应用[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(增刊)：112-150
[21]肖继先.应用模糊综合评价级数评价大气环境质量[J].环境工程,1994,6(2)：46-49
[22]肖新平.灰色聚类关联分析法及其在大气环境质量评价中的应用[J].环境科学进展,1997,5(4)：56-61
[23]何斌,高登好.大气环境质量综合评价加权灰色关联模型的建立与应用[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5)：50-52
[24]孟宪林,樊庆锌,周定.大气环境质量评价的灰色加权关联度法[J].环境保护科学,1996,22(4)：59-65
[25]魏云鹤,王镇,郭晓玉.灰色关联度模型及其在大气环境质量评价中的应用[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2004,34(2)：122-124
[26]Chappell W. R., Beck B. D, Brown K.G.. Toxocology Profile For Arsenic. Environ Health Perspect: 1997, IOS:1060-1110.
[27]Michael P., Larry K., Bhalchandra A. Induction of Proliferative Lesions of the Uterus, Testes, and Liver in Swiss Mice Given Repeated Injections of Sodium Arsenate: Possible Estrogenic Mode of Action[J]. Toxicol and Appl Pharma,2000,166: 24-35.
[28]Guo T, Baasner J, Tsalev D L. Fast automated determination of toxicologically relevant arsenic in urine by flow injection-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry[J]. Anal Chim Acta, 1997,349: 313-318.
[29]Jerzy M, Samuel B A, Harkirat S D. Slurry sampling for hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of arsenic in cigarette tobaccos[J]. Analyst,1997,122:539-542.
[30]易江,许月英,青华.氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法测定蔬菜中的微量砷[J].光谱学与光谱分析,1987,8(2)：67-70.
[31]Guo T Z, Liu M Z, Schrader W. Use of flow injection hydride generation technique in non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry[J]. J Anal At Spectrom,1992,7:1-8.
[32]李朝阳.氢化物-无色散双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定粮食中痕量砷和锑[J].理化检验(化学分册),1989,25(5)：271-273.
[33]Pacey G E, Ford. Arsenic speciation by ion-exchange separation and graphite furnace atomic-absorption spectrophotometry[J]. Talanta,1981,28:935-938.
[34]Budesinsky B W. Arsenic colorimetry with silver diethyldithiocabamate[J]. Microchem J,1979,24: 80-87.
[35]马钦科.Z.元素的分离和分光光度法测定[M].郑用熙,关英,冯克聪译.太原：山西高校联合出版社,1992,112-121.
[36]孙汉文.色谱-原子吸收光谱联用技术[J].分析化学,1982,2：117-124
[2]杨秀君,王福红,邓正新,吐鲁番城区大气污染状况及防治对策,干旱环境监测,2004,3(18)：172-174
[3]俞江先,义乌市大气污染状况调查,环境污染与防治,2000.2(22)：28-30
[4]李勉,韩广,李占斌,焦作市区大气污染状况与防治措施,2002,1(16)：26-28
[5]何惠明,广东城市大气污染状况及防治对策,广东行政学院学报,2002,1(12)：69-71
[6]赵大江,大同市2005年至2007年大气污染物污染状况的分析,山西能源与节能,2009,2：58-59
[7]刘宗豪,丹东市大气污染状况及治理措施,辽宁城乡环境科技,2003,2(23)：18-20
[8]石海信,钦州市区大气污染状况及其控制对策,钦州学院学报,2007,3(22)：71-76
[9]郝卓莉,王爱军,石家庄市大气污染状况及防治对策浅析,石家庄职业技术学院学报,2007,6(19)：6-8
[10]孙俊玲,刘大锰,扬雪,北京市海淀区大气颗粒物污染水平及其影响因素,资源与产业,2009,1(11)：96-100
[11]刘吉,范绍佳,张镭等,兰州市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征分析,兰州大学学报,2006,6(42)：45-49
[12]朱易,胡衡生,张新英等,南宁市大气颗粒物TSP、PM10、PM2.5污染水平研究,环境污染与防治,2004,3(26)：176-179
[13]林治卿,袭著革,杨丹凤等,采暖期大气中不同粒径颗粒物污染及其重金属分布状况,环境与健康杂志,2005,1(22)：33-34
[14]于燕,张振军,李义平,西安市大气颗粒物污染现状及其金属特征研究,环境与健康杂志,2003,6(20)：359-360
[15]朱石嶙,冯茜丹,党志,大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特性及生物有效性研究进展,地球与环境,2008,1(36)：26-32
[16]钟政林,曾光明,杨春平,环境风险评价研究综述,环境与开发,1998,13(1)：39-41
[17]徐肇翊,于广华,陈秉衡等,沈阳市大气污染对患病率的影响,中国公共卫生杂志,1996,15：123-125
[18]武丽敏,钱振华,张长青.大气质量评价综合指数法的研究[J].环境科学,1995,16(3)：58-61
[19]雷蕾,秦侠,姚晓丽.人工神经网络在环境科学中的应用[J].环境研究与监测,2007,20(1)：50-56
[20]杨红玉,张江山.改进密切值法在环境综合评价中的应用[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(增刊)：112-150
[21]肖继先.应用模糊综合评价级数评价大气环境质量[J].环境工程,1994,6(2)：46-49
[22]肖新平.灰色聚类关联分析法及其在大气环境质量评价中的应用[J].环境科学进展,1997,5(4)：56-61
[23]何斌,高登好.大气环境质量综合评价加权灰色关联模型的建立与应用[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5)：50-52
[24]孟宪林,樊庆锌,周定.大气环境质量评价的灰色加权关联度法[J].环境保护科学,1996,22(4)：59-65
[25]魏云鹤,王镇,郭晓玉.灰色关联度模型及其在大气环境质量评价中的应用[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2004,34(2)：122-124
[26]Chappell W. R., Beck B. D, Brown K.G.. Toxocology Profile For Arsenic. Environ Health Perspect: 1997, IOS:1060-1110.
[27]Michael P., Larry K., Bhalchandra A. Induction of Proliferative Lesions of the Uterus, Testes, and Liver in Swiss Mice Given Repeated Injections of Sodium Arsenate: Possible Estrogenic Mode of Action[J]. Toxicol and Appl Pharma,2000,166: 24-35.
[28]Guo T, Baasner J, Tsalev D L. Fast automated determination of toxicologically relevant arsenic in urine by flow injection-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry[J]. Anal Chim Acta, 1997,349: 313-318.
[29]Jerzy M, Samuel B A, Harkirat S D. Slurry sampling for hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of arsenic in cigarette tobaccos[J]. Analyst,1997,122:539-542.
[30]易江,许月英,青华.氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法测定蔬菜中的微量砷[J].光谱学与光谱分析,1987,8(2)：67-70.
[31]Guo T Z, Liu M Z, Schrader W. Use of flow injection hydride generation technique in non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry[J]. J Anal At Spectrom,1992,7:1-8.
[32]李朝阳.氢化物-无色散双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定粮食中痕量砷和锑[J].理化检验(化学分册),1989,25(5)：271-273.
[33]Pacey G E, Ford. Arsenic speciation by ion-exchange separation and graphite furnace atomic-absorption spectrophotometry[J]. Talanta,1981,28:935-938.
[34]Budesinsky B W. Arsenic colorimetry with silver diethyldithiocabamate[J]. Microchem J,1979,24: 80-87.
[35]马钦科.Z.元素的分离和分光光度法测定[M].郑用熙,关英,冯克聪译.太原：山西高校联合出版社,1992,112-121.
[36]孙汉文.色谱-原子吸收光谱联用技术[J].分析化学,1982,2：117-124