世界银行教育援助研究:特征、成因与影响
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摘要
随着全球化的到来,世界各国愈来愈倚重国际组织来解决经济、社会、安全等各个领域问题,教育领域也不例外。国际组织从各自承担的领域和目标出发,以各自的方式对世界教育产生了重大影响。作为世界三大经济组织之一的世界银行,除了发挥其本来的经济职能之外,已成为世界各国教育发展外部资金支持的最大来源。世界银行以其有别于其他国际教育组织、具有明显特征的教育援助行对全球教育事业发挥了重要作用,在推动教育发展的进程中扮演着不可替代的特殊角色。
     随着中国经济的快速发展和国际影响的日益扩大,国际发展合作逐步成为中国关注的一个重要领域。就我国教育领域与世界银行的关系而言,1980年中国恢复了在世界银行的合法席位后,1981年中国第一个向世界银行申请贷款的项目就是教育贷款项目。1999年,中国从世界银行国际开发协会所面向的贫困国家中“毕业”,不再作为世界银行“软贷款”的受援国。不仅如此,2007年12月,包括中国在内的六个国家首次宣布向世界银行捐款。因此,在新的形势下,我国与世界银行的双方关系中最重要的部分开始变为知识学习而不是资金援助,双方都需要创建一种新型的符合时代特征的合作伙伴关系,也更加需要我们对世界银行的理念和行为进行更为系统和深入的了解和研究。本研究立足于教育领域,着眼于全球背景,以世界银行教育援助为对象,以教育援助的“特征分析”为线索,以教育援助特征的“成因探讨”为载体,以教育援助对全球教育的“影响揭示”为导向,对世界银行与教育发展的关系进行较为系统和深入的审视与研究。
     本文分五个部分,第一章为绪论部分,主要介绍本论文的研究背景与意义、国内外研究情况、概念界定与研究方法等。第二章为世界银行教育援助的特征分析,主要从理论动因、目标取向、实施途径和时代特征四个方面阐述了世界银行教育援助具有的特征。第三章为世界银行教育援助特征的成因探讨,主要从世界银行具有的“能力”,拥有的“权力”和受到的“压力”三个方面探讨了世界银行教育援助特征的形成原因。第四章为世界银行教育援助的影响揭示,主要从世界银行自身、批评者(即第三方)和受助国这三个视角对世界银行教育援助的影响进行揭示。第五章是结论和思考部分,总结了本文的研究结论,并在此基础上对教育援助的影响进行了较为深入的思考。
With the development of globalization, countries in the world become more and more dependent on international organizations to solve problems in their economy, society, security, and the education as well. Based on the targets and fields that they undertake, international organizations have a significant influence on the world education. The World Bank, as one of the three world economic organizations, fulfils its economic functions. Besides, it has become the biggest source of the funds providing for the education development of countries in the world. The World Bank, with its educational aid which is different from other international educational organizations has played an important part in the world education and played an irreplaceable and unique role in the process of educational development.
     With the rapid development of China's economy and the rising international influence of China, international development and cooperation have gradually become the crucial area which China pays more attention to. For the relationship between China's education and World Bank, the first project that China applied for loan from World Bank is education loan project in1981after China restored its lawful seat in1980. In1999, China graduated from the poor countries which International Development Association of The World Bank targeted at, and was no longer the recipient country of "soft loan" from World Bank. Not only that, in December2007, six countries including China first announced to make donation to World Bank. Therefore, under new situation, the most important part of the relationship between China and World Bank begins to be knowledge learning rather than financial aid. The two parties should establish a new cooperative relationship which is in conformity with features of the times. Moreover, China should make a deep and systematic understanding and research of the idea and behavior of the World Bank. Based on education, with a global background, the research makes an in-depth and systematic survey and research on the relationship between World Bank and educational development by taking the educational aid of World Bank as the object,"analysis of features of educational aid" as the clue,"the discussion about causes of educational aid's features" as the carrier, and "the influence and enlightenment of educational aid on global education" as the orientation.
     The thesis is divided into five parts. Chapter one is the introduction which mainly introduces the research background and significance of the thesis, the research situation at home and abroad, definition of concept, research method, etc. Chapter two is about the analysis of features of World Bank's educational aid, and elaborates the features from four aspects:theoretic motivation, goal orientation, implementation method and features of the times. Chapter three is the discussion about the contributing factor of features of World Bank's educational aid and probes into the contributing factor from the "capability" World Bank has,"power" World Bank possesses, and the "pressure" World Bank suffers from. Chapter four is about the influence and enlightenment of World Bank's educational aid which is from the angles of World Band itself, critic (i.e. the third party) and recipient nations. Chapter five is the part of the conclusion and thinking, summarizes the research result of the thesis and ponders over the influence of educational aid.
引文
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    3主要指世界银行1993年到1998年之间教育项目经济分析的研究报告。
    1闫温乐.解读世界银行教育项目的经济分析[J].现代教育管理,2010,(12):117-121.
    http://www.worldbank.org/education/economicsed/project/projwork/ten/ten—dimentions.htm
    1 World Bank 1999b. World Development Report 1998/99:Knowledge for Development. Oxford University Press, New York.p42.
    2 World Bank 1995. Priorities and Strategies for Education.World Bank, Washington, DC.
    3 World Bank 2001b. Knowledge Management.www/worldbank.org/whatwedo/strategies.htm.
    1形容词“奥威尔式的”,音译自orwellian,来自作家George Orwell (Eric Blair的笔名(1903-1950)。他的小
    说《1984》描写了未来时代的一个集权国度,在那里人们的活动全部受到严密的、幽灵般的监控而不得自由。
    2 Denning, S.,1998. What is Knowledge Management? World Bank, Washington, DC. p.7.
    3 World Bank 1999b. World Development Report 1998/99:Knowledge for Development. Oxford University Press, New York.P17.
    4 Steven J. Klees.,2002.World Bank education policy:new rhetoric, old ideology. International Journal of Educational Development 22 (2002) 451-474.
    1 World Bank.1999. World Development Report 1998/99:Knowledge for Development. Oxford University Press. 27.
    2 World Bank.2007.Building Knowledge Economies:Advanced Strategies for Development. Washington, DC.02.
    1房斌.浅析二战后国际组织迅速发展的原因[J].湖南工业职业技术学院学报,2006,(12):77-79.
    1李增刚.公共产品与国际组织——以世界银行和国际货币基金组织的职能演变为例[J].经济评论,2005,(03):81-84.
    1国际货币基金组织向泰国、印尼、韩国提供了1000多亿美元的贷款,使之减轻和摆脱了国际收支的困难状况。
    2反对者认为,国际货币基金组织和世界银行在东南亚经济危机中没有发挥出应有的作用,成千上万的抗议者涌上街头,试图关闭世贸组织西雅图会议和世界银行华盛顿会议。抗议者们认为这些机构缺少公正,没有认真考虑“人民”的利益、福利和基本权利。
    1 Lynn Ilon,2002. Agent of global markets or agent of the poor? The World Bank's education sector strategy paper. International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 22, Issue 5, September 2002, Pages 475-482.
    2 Lynn Ilon,2002. Agent of global markets or agent of the poor? The World Bank's education sector strategy paper. International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 22, Issue 5, September 2002, Pages 475-482.
    3同上
    1 www.worldbank.org/annualreport/2010
    2张民选.国际组织与教育发展[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2009.227.
    1 www.worldbank.org/annualreport/2010
    2 www.worldbank.org/annualreport/2010
    1 Ronald Mitchell, Sources of Transparency; Information System in Interna-tional Regimes, in International Studies Quarterly, Vol.42,1998, p.109.
    1 www.worldbank.org/Aboutus
    2张胜军.世界银行的国际政治经济学[J].锦州师范学院学报,2000,(02):56-59.
    1 Phillip W. Jones,1992. World Bank Financing of Education:Lending, Learning and Development. Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London ECAP 4EE. p8.
    2 Phillip W. Jones,1992. World Bank Financing of Education:Lending, Learning and Development. Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London ECAP 4EE. p8.
    1“鹰派”和“鸽派”是美国国内存在的两种主要势力。主张用武力解决争端的一派被称为“鹰派”,主张用和平手段解决问题的被称为“鸽派”。
    1 http://go.worldbank.org/B6U4HPNDS0
    1 http://go.worldbank.org/B6U4HPNDS0
    2 http://www.worldbank.org
    1 http://www.worldbank.org
    1孙辉,禹昱.国际政府组织与全球治理[J].同济大学学报(社会科学版)2004,(10):23-27.
    2王逸舟.当代国际政治析论[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1995.
    1孙辉,禹昱.国际政府组织与全球治理[J].同济大学学报(社会科学版)2004,(10):23-27.
    2李一文,马风书.当代国际组织与国际关系[M].天津:天津人民出版社,2002:04.
    1李增刚.公共产品与国际组织—以世界银行和国际货币基金组织的职能演变为例[J].经济评论,2005,(03):81-84.
    2钱丽欣.韦伯的科层理论及其对现代教育管理的启示[J].教育评论,1998,(08):20-26.
    1对教育是否属于公共产品界内一直存在学术争议,在一般的教育经济学教材中,教育是属于公共产品的,也有不少学者认为,教育的产品属性依赖于它被提供的方式,同一层次的教育既可能是公共产品,又可能是准公共产品或私人产品。目前,我国将九年义务制教育作为地方性公共产品。笔者在做本文研究时,是建立在认同教育是公共产品这一前提上的。
    2 World Bank. World Development Report 2004.
    3 World Bank. World Development Report 2003.
    1 Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society,Ithaca, N. Y.:Cornell University Press,1996.
    2 Mark Pollack,"Delegation, Agency, and Agenda2Setting in the European Community", International Organization,1997,51(1), pp.99-134.
    1以下四处表述内容参见联合国经济与社会理事会文件,《联合国与国际复兴开发银行以及与国际货币基金组织所订立之协定草案》,E/RES/92(V),1947年,第33-34页。
    2王保流.“联合国经社领域的现状和改革”[C]载陈鲁直、李铁城主编.联合国与世界秩序[A]:北京:北京语言学院出版社,1993,259.
    1 Mason, Asher,1992.The world bank since Bretton Woods,56-58.
    2张胜军.联合国与世界银行:走出历史和结构的困境[J].国际政治研究,2000(3):83-86.
    1[美]凯瑟琳·考菲尔德著,马立译.世界银行的幻想大师[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1998:192.
    1范宇.论世界银行决策机制的改革[D].外交学院,2001.
    2丁玉敏,世界银行决策机制研究[D].中国政法大学,2005.
    1 Devesh,John P.Lewis,Richard Webb,The World Bank:In First Half Century,Brookings Institution,1997,p.23.
    2丁玉敏.世界银行决策机制研究[D].中国政法大学,2005.
    3 Stephen Black,The Capital Structure of the Multiple Development Bank,Oxford University Press,p.21-47.
    1参见世界银行年报,2003年、2004年、2007年、2008年,2009年,2010年。
    2[美]凯瑟琳·考菲尔德著,马立译.世界银行的幻想大师[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1998,219.
    3 Sumon Kumar Bhaumik,2005. Does the World Bank have any impact on human development of the poorest countries? Some preliminary evidence from Africa. Economic Systems, Volume 29, Issue 4, December 2005, Pages 422-432.
    3张胜军.世界银行的国际政治经济学[J].锦州师范学院学报,2000, (04):1-5.
    4张胜军.世界银行的国际政治经济学[J].锦州师范学院学报,2000, (04):1-5.
    1邹佳怡,莫小龙.从世界银行政策变化看全球化矛盾和发展援助的职能[J].世界经济与政治.2002,(01):36-39.
    1张胜军.联合国与世界银行:走出历史和结构的困境[J].国际政治研究,2000(3):83-86.
    1 The World Bank (2011).World Bank Support to Education Since 2001:A Portfolio Note.Washington, D.C:EEG.
    1 The World Bank (2011).IDA/IBRD Support to Education:Achieving Learning for All.Washington, D.C.
    1 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION/OcontentMDK:20264784-menuP K:534289-pagePK:210058-piPK:210062-theSitePK:282386,00.html
    1 World Bank 2002.Opening in doors:education and the World Bank [J].Human Resource Network, p21.
    1 Chaudhury, Nazmul, and Dilip Parajuli.2010. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Female Schooling:The Impact of the Female School Stipend Programme on Public School Enrolments in Punjab,Pakistan." Applied Economics 42(28):3565-83.
    1 IEG.World Bank Support to Education Since 2001[R].Washington DC:World Bank,2011
    1三个是小学教育项目(在印度和肯尼亚);三个是中等教育项目(在加勒比地区的卢西亚,俄罗斯联邦、坦桑尼亚);6个包括小学和中学在内的项目(在巴西,格鲁吉亚州、立陶宛、马里和塞尔维亚)。只有一个项目包括小学,中等教育和高等教育在内的(在保加利亚);俄罗斯远程学习项目集中在ICT的竞争力提高上,而另外12项目覆盖了多个学科领域的学习结果。最常在语言和数学。这些项目详细的结果链和成果参见附录C。
    12003年,世界银行开始实施“发展结果管理行动计划”,并在监测与评价中引入“结果框架”,标志着世界银行监测与评价的重点实现了从关注产出向关注结果的转变。
    1闫温乐.“全民学习”愿景下的教育资助—世行2020教育战略述评,[J].比较教育研究,2011,(10):27-30.
    1 COREHEG (2010). Education Sector Strategy 2020:Tertiary Education. Background Paper for the Education Sector Strategy 2020, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
    1 Porta Pallais, E. and J. Klein. Increasing Education Data Availability for Knowledge Generation. Background Paper for the Education Sector Strategy 2020. The World Bank, Washington, DC.2010.
    1 EduTech Group (2010). ICTs & Education:Issues and Opportunities. Background Paper for the Education Sector Strategy 2020, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
    1 Steiner-Khamsi, G. The economics of policy borrowing and lending:a study of late adopters. Oxford Review of Education 2006,32(5):665-678.
    1 World Bank 1999b. World Development Report 1998/99:Knowledge for Development. Oxford University Press, New York.P17.
    1世界银行集团.世界银行2010年度报告[z].华盛顿:世界银行出版社,2010:2.
    1 PhillipW. Jones,1997.The World Bank and The Literacy Question:Orthodoxy,Heresy, and Ideology.International Review of Education-Internationale Zeitschrift fur Erziehungswissenschaft-evue Internationale de l'Education 43(4):367-375,1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands
    2 A. Hickling-Hudson,2002. Re-visioning from the inside:getting under the skin of the World Bank's Education Sector Strategy. International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 22, Issue 6, November 2002, Pages 565-577.
    1在世界银行内,国家经济部门的运作成为一个垄断行为。负责分配资源的员工也会分配给他们自己所在行业部门资源,即宏观经济和调整贷款业务。这也就有助于解释为什么在世界银行关于教育对于经济发展的重要性这一主题的文献上存在着丰富性和信服性的不协调。事实上,教育只占了世界银行4%的贷款份额。
    1 Perkins, Gillian.2004. "Rationales and Results in Secondary Education Investments:A Review of the World Bank's Portfolio,1990-2001." IEG Working Paper Series, World Bank, Washington,DC.
    2同上。
    1 S.p.Heyneman.The history and problems in the making of education policy at the World Bank 1960-2000. [J].International Journal of education development 23 (2003):315-337.
    2 S.p.Heyneman.The history and problems in the making of education policy at the World Bank 1960-2000. [J].International Journal of education development 23 (2003):315-337.
    1 S.p.Heyneman.The history and problems in the making of education policy at the World Bank 1960-2000. [J]. International Journal of education development 23 (2003):315-337.
    1 PhillipW.Jones,1997.The World Bank and The Literacy Question:Orthodoxy,Heresy, and Ideology. International Review of Education-Internationale Zeitschrift fur Erziehungswissenschaft-Revue Internationale de l'Education 43(4):367-375,1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
    2同上。
    3A. Hickling-Hudson,2002. Re-visioning from the inside:getting under the skin of the World Bank's Education Sector Strategy. International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 22, Issue 6, November 2002, Pages 565-577.
    1 Xavier Bonal,2004.1s the World Bank education policy adequate for fighting poverty? Some evidence from Latin International. Journal of Educational Development, Volume 24, Issue 6, November 2004, Pages 649-666.
    2 Xavier Bonal,2004.1s the World Bank education policy adequate for fighting poverty? Some evidence from Latin International. Journal of Educational Development, Volume 24, Issue 6, November 2004, Pages 649-666.
    1 Jon Lauglo,1996. Banking on education and the uses of research. A critique of:World Bank priorities and strategies for education. International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 16, Issue 3, July 1996, Pages 221-233.
    2 Jon Lauglo,1996. Banking on education and the uses of research. A critique of:World Bank priorities and strategies for education. International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 16, Issue 3, July 1996, Pages 221-233.
    1 Paul Bennell and Jan Segerstrom,1998.Vocational education and training in developing countries:has the World Bank got it right?International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 18, Issue 4, July 1998, Pages 271-287.
    2 Paul Bennell and Jan Segerstrom,1998.Vocational education and training in developing countries:has the World Bank got it right?International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 18, Issue 4, July 1998, Pages 271-287.
    1 Paul Bennell and Jan Segerstrom,1998.Vocational education and training in developing countries:has the World Bank got it right?International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 18, Issue 4, July 1998, Pages 271-287.
    2 Xavier Bonal,2004.1s the World Bank education policy adequate for fighting poverty? Some evidence from Latin International. Journal of Educational Development, Volume 24, Issue 6, November 2004, Pages 649-666.
    3当时,世界银行的小学教育贷款被认为是出了问题。例如撒哈拉以南非洲地区的首席经济学家称,“失业”问题大多因为中等或职业教育的不足,所以世界银行对小学教育的贷款既没有经济合理性,也不存在比较优势。
    1世界银行东亚及太平洋地区中国业务局.世界银行集团对华国别援助战略备忘录[R].世界银行华盛顿特区,1997:4.
    2肖丽萍.世界银行与中国教育发展.[A].“国际组织与教育发展”研讨会文集[C].上海师范大学国际与比较教育研究中心,2011.9
    1江义恩.中国与国际组织—加入与适应的过程[J].美国学者关于中国与国际组织关系研究概述,福特基金会赞助课题工作论文系列之二,中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所,3.
    2王根顺,崔艳丽.浅析世界银行教育贷款对我国西部基础教育的作用[J].中国农业教育,2008,(1):18-20.
    3肖丽萍.世界银行与中国教育发展.[A].“国际组织与教育发展”研讨会文集[C].上海师范大学国际与比较教育研究中心,2011.9
    1肖丽萍.世界银行与中国教育发展.[A].“国际组织与教育发展”研讨会文集[C].上海师范大学国际与比较教育研究中心,2011.9
    2肖丽萍.世界银行与中国教育发展.[A].“国际组织与教育发展”研讨会文集[C].上海师范大学国际与比较教育研究中心,2011.9
    1许杰.论世界银行对中国市场取向大学自主政策的影响[J].江苏高教,2006,(04):13-16.
    2许杰.论世界银行对中国市场取向大学自主政策的影响[J].江苏高教,2006,(04):13-16.
    1石伟平.比较职业技术教育[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001:259.
    2就笔者查阅资料发现,国内对世界银行在我国职业教育贷款项目的研究相对较多,并且未发现任何负面评价。
    1肖丽萍.世界银行与中国教育发展.[A].“国际组织与教育发展”研讨会文集[C].上海师范大学国际与比较教育研究中心,2011.9
    2窦现金.世界银行职教二项目建设的成果_经验与思考[J].职教论坛,2003,(19):34-36.
    1范如永.世界银行参与中国职教项目管理模式研究[J].职业教育研究,2007, (05):10-12.
    1刘建同等.关于世界银行两个职业教育贷款项目的回顾与总结[J].中国职业技术教育,2004,(02):20-22.
    2钱丽霞.教育促进可持续发展一国际研究与实践的趋势[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2005:11.
    3林声明.世界银行在华教育贷款项目述评[J].世界教育信息,2009,(10):29-32.
    1摘自世界银行行长佐利克在中国与世界银行合作30周年座谈会上的致辞,2010年9月13日,中国北京.
    2摘自世界银行网站新闻稿《世界银行行长说中国在帮助世界克服贫困方面提供了经验》,2010年9月15日,中国北京.
    1根据2002年世界银行进行的一次客户调查,超过半数的调查对象表示传播新的项目观念是世界银行最大的或第二大的价值所在。资金和其他方面的贡献被认为没那么重要。
    1翁士洪,林挺进.非营利组织对中国基础教育援助的影响[J].教育学报,2010(04):6064.
    1 Sherman Robinson & FinnTarp.Foreign Aid and Development,eds..Foreign Aid and Development[C].London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.5.
    2转引自赵玉池.国际教育援助[D].西南大学博士学位论文,2010:p10.
    1尽管这里讨论的三个方法在给国家的排名上有所差异,但北欧国家都毫无例外地位居前列。
    1尤其当我们只是假定适应性和期望,而不是合理性时,更是如此。
    2例如,如果两国长期潜在的收入水平是相类似的,那么目前收入较低的那一个国家增长速度更快。因为收入较低的国家往往比收入较高的国家有一个较小的资本存量(更少的机器,工厂,道路)。由于资本相对稀缺,新投资的回报率的往往会更高,从而导致更快增长。收入较低的国家还有的优势是,可以直接引进较富裕国家的新技术和管理办法,而不用支付研发费用。许多关于经济增长的研究表明,一旦其他重要结构和政策变量的差异被考虑到,较贫穷国家的经济增长确实通常快于较富裕国家(Barro1991;Sachs和Warner 1995)。这一结果是被称为条件趋同,条件趋同的意思是指如果不同的地区都具备一些相同的发展条件,如人力资本水平、基础设施条件等,那些较不发达的地区就会以更快的速度发展。
    4收入级别的分类来自世界银行2005h
    1邓斐,杰弗里·库尔根.中国的校车安全之路[A].世界银行交通运输系列专题[C].华盛顿:世界银行出版社,2011.
    1世界银行官方网站www.worldbank.org
    1.王晓辉.全球教育治理——鸟瞰国际组织在世界教育发展中的作用[J].北京大学教育评论,2008,(7):23-27.
    2.赵玉池.国际教育援助研究[D].西南大学,2010.
    3.张民选.国际组织与教育发展[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2010.
    4.田野.作为治理结构的正式国际组织:一种新制度经济学的视角[J].教学与研究,2005,(1):77-81.
    5.靳希斌,安雪慧,闫国华,周玲.国际教育援助研究——理论概述与实践分析[M].福州:福建教育出版社,2008.
    6.李小云,唐丽霞.国际发展援助概论[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009.
    7.徐红亚.官方发展援助问题研究[D].浙江大学,2004.
    8.徐辉.战后国际教育援助的影响、问题及趋势[J].外国教育研究,2000,(2):35-39.
    9.[德]马克斯.韦伯.支配社会学[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.
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