秋水仙素诱导金钱树染色体加倍的技术研究
|
摘要
金钱树(Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl.)为天南星科(Araceae)雪铁芋属(Zamioculcas HW.Schott)的多年生常绿草本植物,原产于非洲东部,因独特的外表、耐阴耐旱、病虫害少、管理简单、室内摆设效果佳,使其成为具有很高观赏价值的室内园艺植物。进行多倍体育种,有助于金钱树品种的开发和育种工作,是提高金钱树观赏品质的快速有效途径。本研究对秋水仙碱诱导金钱树染色体加倍的方法进行了研究,获得了金钱树四倍体植株,对其鉴定并与二倍体植株比较,研究了不同倍性的金钱树在外观形态、气孔大小、叶片横截面、叶绿素含量以及过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性的差异。主要研究结果如下：
1、通过离体诱导和田间诱导的方法,研究了不同秋水仙碱浓度与处理时间对金钱树诱变的效果。研究表明：离体诱导中,秋水仙素浸渍嫩叶法以浓度0.1%处理24h的组合诱导变异率为13.3%,但未获得纯合四倍体；秋水仙素浸渍不定芽法以浓度0.2%处理48h的组合诱变率为23.3%,四倍体诱导率为6.7%。田间诱导中,秋水仙素浸渍块茎的叶芽以浓度0.1%处理48h组合的诱变率最高,达25%,四倍体诱导率达到15%；滴液法以浓度为0.1%处理6天组合的变异率达12.5%,四倍体诱导率为5%。可见,秋水仙素诱导金钱树多倍体的最佳方法为田间浸渍金钱树块茎的叶芽诱导法,其中以浓度0.1%处理48h的组合最佳,获得的四倍体植株最多。
2、经流式细胞仪检测表明,纯合四倍体植株细胞的DNA含量是二倍体的2倍,证明染色体相应的增加了一倍。利用流式细胞仪可准确测定DNA相对含量,试样制备简单,鉴定快速,精度高,可有效鉴别嵌合体,是鉴定金钱树倍性的理想方法。
3、形态学与解剖学鉴定表明,四倍体比二倍体植株生长缓慢,叶轴增粗：叶片更厚,叶形指数减小；保卫细胞增大,单位面积气孔数减少；叶片上表皮细胞变大,栅栏组织、海绵组织都增厚；叶片叶绿素含量也随着染色体的加倍而增多。对过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的测定表明,四倍体植株的POD和CAT活性显著提高。
Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl., belongs to the Zamioculcas HW.Schott of the Araceae family that is an evergreen herbaceous perennial plant originate from eastern Africa. The Z. zamiifolia is a shade and drought tolerant plants with grow under low light conditions. As its unique appearance, low maintenance requirements and limited pest problems are characteristics that contribute significantly to its ornamental and interior plant. Polyploid breeding of Z. zamiifolia will be helpful to create new varieties and improve the ornamental quality to advance more quickly. In this study, the method of colchicine induced chromosome doubling of Z. zamiifolia was researched and the homozygous autotetraploid plantlets through chromosome identification were obtained. The experiment also compared the difference in appearance, stomata, the leaf cross-section, the content of chlorophyll, the activity of POD and CAT of different ploidy Z. zamiifolia.
The results are as follows:
1. The effects of different concentrations and processing-time of colchicine was studied at different stages in Vitro and Vivo of Z. zamiifolia. The results showed that:in Vitro, dipping the young leaf in0.1%colchicine solution for24h lead to a variant rate of plants13.3%, but there was not got tetraploid plantlets; dipping the buds in0.2%colchicine solution for48h, the rates of variant plantlets and tetraploid plants were23.3%and6.7%; in Vivo, dipping the buds in0.1%colchicine solution for48h was gained the high frequency induction which the rates of variant plants and tetraploid plants were25%and15%; immersing tuber buds with0.1%colchicine solutions for6d was the best result which the rates of variant plants and tetraploid plantlets were12.5%and5%respectively. All of above, the most tetraploid plantlets obtained by immersing buds with0.1%concentration colchicine solution for48h in Vivo.
2. The result showed that the nuclear DNA content in the cells of the homozygous autotetraploid plants was twice of that in diploid plants by flow cytometry determination. It is good method by using flow cytometry to identify ploidy of Z zamiifolia was simpler, rapid and accurate.
3. The tetraploid plantlets grew slower than the diploid plants. And leaves of tetraploid had thicker rachis, thicker leaf, smaller leaf index, larger guard cells, less stomata per unit area, larger epidermal cells of leaves, broader palisade tissue and the sponge tissue than the leaves of diploid. The increase of chlorophyll content in the leaves was significant with the chromosome doubling. And the activity of POD and CAT also increased significantly along with the chromosome doubling.
1、通过离体诱导和田间诱导的方法,研究了不同秋水仙碱浓度与处理时间对金钱树诱变的效果。研究表明：离体诱导中,秋水仙素浸渍嫩叶法以浓度0.1%处理24h的组合诱导变异率为13.3%,但未获得纯合四倍体；秋水仙素浸渍不定芽法以浓度0.2%处理48h的组合诱变率为23.3%,四倍体诱导率为6.7%。田间诱导中,秋水仙素浸渍块茎的叶芽以浓度0.1%处理48h组合的诱变率最高,达25%,四倍体诱导率达到15%；滴液法以浓度为0.1%处理6天组合的变异率达12.5%,四倍体诱导率为5%。可见,秋水仙素诱导金钱树多倍体的最佳方法为田间浸渍金钱树块茎的叶芽诱导法,其中以浓度0.1%处理48h的组合最佳,获得的四倍体植株最多。
2、经流式细胞仪检测表明,纯合四倍体植株细胞的DNA含量是二倍体的2倍,证明染色体相应的增加了一倍。利用流式细胞仪可准确测定DNA相对含量,试样制备简单,鉴定快速,精度高,可有效鉴别嵌合体,是鉴定金钱树倍性的理想方法。
3、形态学与解剖学鉴定表明,四倍体比二倍体植株生长缓慢,叶轴增粗：叶片更厚,叶形指数减小；保卫细胞增大,单位面积气孔数减少；叶片上表皮细胞变大,栅栏组织、海绵组织都增厚；叶片叶绿素含量也随着染色体的加倍而增多。对过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的测定表明,四倍体植株的POD和CAT活性显著提高。
Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl., belongs to the Zamioculcas HW.Schott of the Araceae family that is an evergreen herbaceous perennial plant originate from eastern Africa. The Z. zamiifolia is a shade and drought tolerant plants with grow under low light conditions. As its unique appearance, low maintenance requirements and limited pest problems are characteristics that contribute significantly to its ornamental and interior plant. Polyploid breeding of Z. zamiifolia will be helpful to create new varieties and improve the ornamental quality to advance more quickly. In this study, the method of colchicine induced chromosome doubling of Z. zamiifolia was researched and the homozygous autotetraploid plantlets through chromosome identification were obtained. The experiment also compared the difference in appearance, stomata, the leaf cross-section, the content of chlorophyll, the activity of POD and CAT of different ploidy Z. zamiifolia.
The results are as follows:
1. The effects of different concentrations and processing-time of colchicine was studied at different stages in Vitro and Vivo of Z. zamiifolia. The results showed that:in Vitro, dipping the young leaf in0.1%colchicine solution for24h lead to a variant rate of plants13.3%, but there was not got tetraploid plantlets; dipping the buds in0.2%colchicine solution for48h, the rates of variant plantlets and tetraploid plants were23.3%and6.7%; in Vivo, dipping the buds in0.1%colchicine solution for48h was gained the high frequency induction which the rates of variant plants and tetraploid plants were25%and15%; immersing tuber buds with0.1%colchicine solutions for6d was the best result which the rates of variant plants and tetraploid plantlets were12.5%and5%respectively. All of above, the most tetraploid plantlets obtained by immersing buds with0.1%concentration colchicine solution for48h in Vivo.
2. The result showed that the nuclear DNA content in the cells of the homozygous autotetraploid plants was twice of that in diploid plants by flow cytometry determination. It is good method by using flow cytometry to identify ploidy of Z zamiifolia was simpler, rapid and accurate.
3. The tetraploid plantlets grew slower than the diploid plants. And leaves of tetraploid had thicker rachis, thicker leaf, smaller leaf index, larger guard cells, less stomata per unit area, larger epidermal cells of leaves, broader palisade tissue and the sponge tissue than the leaves of diploid. The increase of chlorophyll content in the leaves was significant with the chromosome doubling. And the activity of POD and CAT also increased significantly along with the chromosome doubling.
引文
[1]毕春侠.杜仲多倍体的诱导[J].河北林果研究,1999,14(2)：148-150
[2]曾武.金钱树扦插繁殖技术[J].林业科技开发,2003(3)：49
[3]程金水.园林植物遗传育种学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000,176-180
[4]代西梅,黄群策.植物多倍体研究进展[J].河南农业科学,2005,1：9-12
[5]段英姿,陈玉琴,柴凤瑞.秋水仙碱诱导菘蓝多倍体的研究[J].唐山师范学院学报,2006,28(2)： 21-23
[6]顾俊,王飞,张鹏,胡梁斌,徐朗莱.植物叶表皮蜡质的生物学功能[J].江苏农业学报,2007,23(2)：144-148
[7]顾丽红,杨本鹏,张树珍,杨学.金钱树的组织培养[J].热带农业科学,2006,26(2)：19-21
[8]郭启高,宋明等.植物多倍体诱导育种研究进展[J].生物学通报,2000,35(2)：8-10
[9]郭启高,张钟灵等.秋水仙素诱导生姜多倍体的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(5)：400-402
[10]郭英,梁国鲁.小叶绿萝同源多倍体诱导研究初报[J].西南园艺,2002,30(4)：1-3
[11]韩礼星,赵改荣,李玉红等.猕猴桃多倍体的研究[J].果树研究,1998,15(3)：273-276
[12]何建,冯焱,王建辉等.长穗桑组织培养和四倍体新种质诱导[J].西南农业报,2008,21(1)：142-146.
[13]黄国振,徐立铭.荷花人工诱导多倍体的方法[J].园艺学报,1983,10(2)：143-144
[14]雷家军,王冲.观赏植物多倍体诱导研究进展[J].东北农业大学学报,2012,43(1)：18-24
[15]冷青云,邓自豪,莫饶.金钱树的核型分析[J].福建林业科技,2008,35(3)：70-71
[16]李赞,石荫坪等.利用流式细胞光度术鉴定苹果倍性的研究[J].西北植物学报,1998,18(4)：499-504
[17]李明银.马蹄纹天竺葵异倍型嵌合体不同层体细胞染色体数目的直接测定[J].林业科学,2007,43(7)：125-128
[18]李树贤.植物染色体与遗传育种[M].科学出版社,2008
[19]李树贤.利用秋水仙素诱导黄瓜多倍体的效应[J].湖南湘潭.中国园艺学会：全国蔬菜育种新途径学术讨论会论文.1979
[20]李永红,谢利娟,高俊平.NAA处理提高金钱树叶柄的扦插效果[J].北方园艺,2004(4)：40-41
[21]梁君.金钱树快繁和四倍体新种质选育研究[D].西南大学硕士学位论文.2008
[22]廖飞雄,邹春萍等.金钱树叶插繁殖试验初报[J].广东园艺,2001,2(3)：22
[23]廖苏梅.铁皮石斛多倍体诱导及鉴定[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2002
[24]刘奕清.金钱树的扦插繁殖育苗技术研究[J].北方园艺,2005(5)：37
[25]罗健,刘士哲.静止水培下扎米莲的生长及养分吸收动态[J].华南农业大学学报,2004,25(3)：18-21
[26]罗思宝,黄萍等.沪定百合多倍体诱导试验[J].西部林业科学,2007,36(1)：74-78
[27]罗远华,莫饶.主要热带作物种质资源离体快繁技术规程[M],李志英,陈业渊主编.2007年11月第1版,157-159
[28]吕复兵,朱根发,廖飞雄等.金钱树的组织培养与快速繁殖[J].植物生理学通讯,2003,39(1)：35
[29]马爱红.四倍体葡萄诱导技术的研究[D].河北农业大学硕士学位论文.2005
[30]马国斌,王鸣.西瓜和甜瓜茎尖离体培养诱导四倍体[J].中国西瓜甜瓜,2002(1)：4-5
[31]马新才,戴建民等.虞美人多倍体化学诱变研究初报[[J].莱阳农学院学报,2003,20(3)：172-174
[32]莫饶,凌绪柏.秋水仙素诱导中粒种咖啡染色体加倍技术研究[J].热带作物学报,2000(6)：9-18
[33]莫锡君,桂敏等.大花香石竹多倍体育种研究[J].园艺园林科学,2005(11)：262-264
[34]南芝润,范月仙.植物过氧化氢酶的研究进展[J].安徽农学通报,2008,14(5)：27-29
[35]牛维和,徐玉冰等.诱导君子兰多倍体的研究初报[J].园艺学报,1986,13(1)：61-63
[36]潘瑞炽.植物组织培养[M].广东高等教育出版社.2003
[37]彭晓军,王永清.批把胚乳愈伤组织诱导和不定芽发生的研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2002,20(3)：228-231
[38]钱仁卷.金钱树栽培基质及需肥特性研究[D].西南大学硕士学位论文.2007
[39]钱拴提.园林植物育种技术[M].中国林业出版社.2005
[40]乔永刚,宋芸.我国园艺植物多倍体育种研究进展[J].北方园艺,2002(6)：7-8
[41]瞿素萍,熊丽等.香石竹的多倍体诱导及其变异研究[J].西南农业人学学报,2004,6(5)：609-612
[42]沈河溪,梁国鲁,韩素英,齐力旺.秋水仙素诱导中间锦鸡儿多倍体的研究[J].园艺学报,2011,38(8)：1595-1600
[43]孙敏红,张蜀宁等.多倍体育种在园艺作物中的应用[J].江苏农业科学,2004,1：68-72
[44]孙仲序.刺槐同源多倍体诱导初报[J].山东林业科技,1984(2)：12-23
[45]谭德冠,庄南生等.组织培养与秋水仙素诱导相结合培育植物多倍体的应用[J].亚热带植物科学,2005,34(1)：77-80
[46]唐利球,唐君海,陆祖正等.金钱树愈伤组织的诱导及其褐化的防止[J].广西热带农业,2005(3)：12-13
[47]田国忠,李怀方,裘维蕃.植物过氧化物酶研究进展[J].武汉植物学研究,2001, 19(4)：332-344
[48]王超,张宗申,王建波.植物多倍体起源与分子进化研究进展[J].武汉植物学研究,2000,18(4)：339-343
[49]王凤兰,周厚高,黄子锋,刘扬芳.不同激素处理对水培金钱树生长的影响[J].植物生理科学,2008,24(8)：270-273
[50]王鸿鹤.秋水仙素诱导重瓣大岩桐多倍体的研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1999,7(3)：237-242
[51]王季芳,李悦.植物多倍体育种研究进展[J].林业科技,2003,28(5)：1-5
[52]王军玲,汪卫星等.鸡冠花离体快繁及多倍体诱导[J].分子植物育种,2008,6(1)：87-192
[53]王立英,李健,王锦华等.枸杞不同发育时期的离体培养研究初报[J].宁夏农村科技,1993(4)：12-15
[54]王木桂,曾瑞珍,谢利,高许花,张志胜.墨兰多倍体的离体诱导和鉴定[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(02)：132-136
[55]王强,兰利琼,傅华龙.秋水仙碱诱导川贝母愈伤组织多倍体的研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2002,20(6)：449-452
[56]王小华,熊丽,屈云慧.中国桔梗多倍体诱导与鉴定[J].云南植物研究,2006,28(6)：593-598
[57]王晓红,谭晓风.用秋水仙素诱导非洲菊多倍体的研究[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(4)：57-61
[58]王元.柑桔胚培养技术的研究II多胚性品种未熟幼胚的早期离体培养[J].园艺学报,1981,(1)：1-6
[59]魏跃,王开冻等.矮牵牛的多倍体试验[J].浙江农业科学,2007(2)：164-166
[60]向增旭,高山林.金银花同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(6)：696-697
[61]谢春燕,张国武.不同轻型基质对金钱树生长影响初报[J].热带作物学报,2010,31(3)：365-370
[62]谢毓男.多倍体在育种中的利用[J].世界农业,1983,9
[63]徐世松,尹俊梅.海南金钱树设施栽培技术[J].热带农业工程,2009,33(1)：69-71
[64]徐忠东,倪奎.金钱树组织培养体系的建立及其影响因素的研究[J].安徽农学通报,2004,10(6)：54
[65]晏春耕.植物多倍体及其应用[J].生物学通报,2007,42(4)：14-18
[66]杨其保.金钱树种植技术[J].广西热带农业,2003,88(3)：38
[67]杨志清,魏真真,曹艳春等.不同诱导方法对毛泡桐和白花泡桐四倍体诱导的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2008,42(2)：180-187
[68]姚继忠,丁丽琼.金钱树的大棚盆栽管理[J].广西热带农业,2008(4)：58-59
[69]张超,李枝林,李佳,张婷,蒋亚莲,李涵.滇北球花报春多倍体诱导及核型分析[J].西北植物学报,2011,31(2)：0236-0241
[70]张教方.诱导金鱼草多倍体的初步研究[J].园艺学报,1990,17(1)：76-80
[71]张蜀敏,王晓军等.新疆雪莲多倍体的诱导初探[J].西北农业学报,2008,17(1)：216-220
[72]张天真主编.作物育种学总论[M].中国农业出版社,2003：130-137
[73]张晓曼,周怀军等.花卉多倍体育种研究[J].河北林果研究2004,19(3)：288-293
[74]张有做,楼程富等.不同倍性桑品种基因组DNA多态性比较[J].浙江农业大学学报,1998,24(1)：79
[75]张志胜,,黎扬辉等.红掌四倍体的离体诱导及其鉴定[J].园艺学报,2007,34(3)：729-734
[76]郑君强,陈露薇,罗筱玉等.金柑多倍体诱导初探[J].亚热带农业研究,2005(4)：17-20.
[77]郑君强,罗筱玉,方小燕.秋水仙碱对四季桔多倍体的诱导效应[J].福建果树,2005(4)：3-5.
[78]郑思乡,张福泉,李宗道,晏春耕,崔国贤,鄢明芳.不同倍性苎麻的细胞学观察[J].作物学报,2000,26(3)：347-351.
[79]郑思乡,胡秀等.离体培养条件下三色堇多倍体诱导研究[J].农业大学学报,2003,18(4)：397-400
[80]郑思乡,李利良,甘红霞,李罗先.芦笋多倍体诱导及其离体培养的研究[J].湖南农业科学,1996,1：22-23
[81]郑思乡,章海龙等.东方百合多倍体诱导及种球繁育的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2004,26(3)：260-263
[82]钟杰.金钱树栽培技术[J].广西园艺,2006(5)：58-59
[83]周俊辉,周莹,刘雪梅等.美铁芋的离体培养与快速繁殖研究[J].江西农业学报,2005,17(2)：26-30
[84]周朴华.组织培养中用秋水仙素诱发黄花菜同源四倍体的研究[J].中国农业科学,1995,28(1)：49-55.
[85]朱军主编.遗传学[M].中国农业出版社,2002
[86]Aebi H. Catalasein vitro[J]. Methods Enzymology,1984,105:121-126.
[87]Baur E. Das Wesen and die Erblichkeitsverhaltnisseder, Varietates albomarginatae hort. von Pelargonium zonale. Zeitschrift fur induktive Abstammungund Vererbungs-lehre,1909,1: 330-351
[88]Ben J M., Zonneveld, Frank Van Iren. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in Hosta reveals ploidy chimeras [J]. Euphytica,2000,111:105-110
[89]Blakeslee A, AVERY A. Methods of inducing doubling of chromosome in plant [J]. Plant Science,1937,28:393-411.
[90]Bogner J, Nicolson D H. A revised classification of Araceae with dichotomous keys [J]. Willdenowia,1991,21:35-50
[91]Bown D, Aroids. Plants of the arum family.2 ed. Timber Press, Portland,2000, Ore:392
[92]Chen J J, Henny R J, MeConnell D B. Development of new foliage Plant cultivars, p In:Janiek J and WhiPkey A.(eds.).Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alex., Va. 2002,446-452
[93]Cohen D., Yao J. In vitro chromosome doubling of nine Zantedesehia cultivars [J]. Plant "ell,Tissue and Organ Culture,1996,47:43-49
[94]Compton M., Barnett N, Gray D. Use of fluorescein diacetate(FDA) to determine Ploidy of in vitro watermelon shoots [J]. Plant Cell.Tissue and Organ Culture,1999,58(3):199-203
[95]Dolezel J, Novak F J, Cihalikov,etal.Induction of tetraploid Cymbidium plants form olchicine streated Protoeorm seulturedin vitro [J]. Plant Tissue Cell Culture, I984,455-456
[96]Frederiek G., G.Jr,Xubai L. Embryogenesis in vitro and nonehimeric tetraploid plant reeovery from undeveloped Citrusovules treated with colehieines.J.Alner.Soc.Sci.,1991,116 (2):317-321
[97]Gates R. R. The stature and chromosome of Oenotheragigal [J]. Arch.Zellf.,1909, 525-532
[98]Grayum M H. Evolutionary and ecological significance of starch storage in pollen of the Araceae. Amer.J.Bot,1985,72:1565-1577
99]Griesbach R.J. Colchicine induced polyploidy in phalaenopsis orchids[J]. Aust Orchid Kev,1983,10:103-108
[100]Hesse M, Bogner J, Halbritter H, et al.Palnology of the perigoniate Aroideae: amioculcas, Gonatopus, and Stylochacton (Araceae). Gran a,2001,40:26-34
[101]Hsien R M, Chen W H,Wu C C, etal. Aitificial induction of polyploidy in Doritis Pulcherrima [J]. Reporte of the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute,1991,132:13-18
[102]LI ying, Whitesides J F, Rhodes B. Preparation of nuelei from in vitro watermelon shoot tissue for cell flow cytometry [J].Cueurbit Geneties Coop.RPt,1999,22:43-46
[103]Maria Papafotiou, Aekaterini N, Martini. Effect of position and orientation of leaflet explants with respect to plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl. (ZZ) [J].Scientia Horticulturae,2009,120:115-120
[104]Mark E S. DeveloPment and application of RFLP in Polyploids [J]. crop.Sci,1992, 32:1086
[105]Mayo S J, Bogner J, Boyee P C.The genera of Araceae.Royal Bot.Garden, Kew, 1997.67-71
[106]Paulo. Induction and identification of polyploids in Cattleya intermedia LINDL. (Orchidaceae) by in vitro Techniques [J]. Ciencia Rural,2000,30(1):105-111
[107]Polle A, Tilman T, Seifert F. Apoplastic peroxidases and lignification in needles of Norway Spruce(Picea abies L) [J]. Plant Physiology,1994,53-60
[108]Romberger J A, Hejnowicz Z, Hill J F. Plant Structure:Function and Development. SpringerVerlager, Berlin,1993,324-401
[109]Sari N, Abak K, Pitrat M. Comparison of Ploidy level sereening methodsin watermelon:Citrullus Lanatus(Thunb.) Seientia Hortieulturae,1999,82:265-277
[110]Simon R. Function of plant shoot meristems [J].Cell and Developmental Biology,2001, 12:357-362
[111]Tambong J T, Sapra V T,Garton S. In vitro induetion of tetraploids in colchicines-treated coeoyam plantlets [J].Euphytie,1998,104:191-197
[112]Vance B.W.,Estager A. S.,Wells J.K.. Estimating nuclear DNA content in Peach and related diploid specics using laser flow cytometry and DNA hybridization [J]. Amer Soc Hort Sct,1994,119(6):1312
[113]Vandenhout H.,Ortiz R.,Vaylsteke D.,el al. Effect of ploidy on stomalal and other quantitative traits in plaptain and bansns hybrids.Euphytica,1995,83:117
[114]Vanzie-canton S.D., Leonhardt K.W. In Vivo Polyploidization of Zamioculcas zamiifolia[J]. New Floricultural Crops,2009,531-536
[115]Vanzie-canton S.D., Leonhardt K.W. In Vitro Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration Protocol Developed for the Oryzalin Treatment of Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.)Engl.(Araceae)[J]. New Floricultural Crops,2009,201-207
[116]Winkler H. The die experimentelle Erzeugung von Pflanzen mitabweichend Chromosome nzahlen. Z.Bot,1916,8:417-531
[2]曾武.金钱树扦插繁殖技术[J].林业科技开发,2003(3)：49
[3]程金水.园林植物遗传育种学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000,176-180
[4]代西梅,黄群策.植物多倍体研究进展[J].河南农业科学,2005,1：9-12
[5]段英姿,陈玉琴,柴凤瑞.秋水仙碱诱导菘蓝多倍体的研究[J].唐山师范学院学报,2006,28(2)： 21-23
[6]顾俊,王飞,张鹏,胡梁斌,徐朗莱.植物叶表皮蜡质的生物学功能[J].江苏农业学报,2007,23(2)：144-148
[7]顾丽红,杨本鹏,张树珍,杨学.金钱树的组织培养[J].热带农业科学,2006,26(2)：19-21
[8]郭启高,宋明等.植物多倍体诱导育种研究进展[J].生物学通报,2000,35(2)：8-10
[9]郭启高,张钟灵等.秋水仙素诱导生姜多倍体的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(5)：400-402
[10]郭英,梁国鲁.小叶绿萝同源多倍体诱导研究初报[J].西南园艺,2002,30(4)：1-3
[11]韩礼星,赵改荣,李玉红等.猕猴桃多倍体的研究[J].果树研究,1998,15(3)：273-276
[12]何建,冯焱,王建辉等.长穗桑组织培养和四倍体新种质诱导[J].西南农业报,2008,21(1)：142-146.
[13]黄国振,徐立铭.荷花人工诱导多倍体的方法[J].园艺学报,1983,10(2)：143-144
[14]雷家军,王冲.观赏植物多倍体诱导研究进展[J].东北农业大学学报,2012,43(1)：18-24
[15]冷青云,邓自豪,莫饶.金钱树的核型分析[J].福建林业科技,2008,35(3)：70-71
[16]李赞,石荫坪等.利用流式细胞光度术鉴定苹果倍性的研究[J].西北植物学报,1998,18(4)：499-504
[17]李明银.马蹄纹天竺葵异倍型嵌合体不同层体细胞染色体数目的直接测定[J].林业科学,2007,43(7)：125-128
[18]李树贤.植物染色体与遗传育种[M].科学出版社,2008
[19]李树贤.利用秋水仙素诱导黄瓜多倍体的效应[J].湖南湘潭.中国园艺学会：全国蔬菜育种新途径学术讨论会论文.1979
[20]李永红,谢利娟,高俊平.NAA处理提高金钱树叶柄的扦插效果[J].北方园艺,2004(4)：40-41
[21]梁君.金钱树快繁和四倍体新种质选育研究[D].西南大学硕士学位论文.2008
[22]廖飞雄,邹春萍等.金钱树叶插繁殖试验初报[J].广东园艺,2001,2(3)：22
[23]廖苏梅.铁皮石斛多倍体诱导及鉴定[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2002
[24]刘奕清.金钱树的扦插繁殖育苗技术研究[J].北方园艺,2005(5)：37
[25]罗健,刘士哲.静止水培下扎米莲的生长及养分吸收动态[J].华南农业大学学报,2004,25(3)：18-21
[26]罗思宝,黄萍等.沪定百合多倍体诱导试验[J].西部林业科学,2007,36(1)：74-78
[27]罗远华,莫饶.主要热带作物种质资源离体快繁技术规程[M],李志英,陈业渊主编.2007年11月第1版,157-159
[28]吕复兵,朱根发,廖飞雄等.金钱树的组织培养与快速繁殖[J].植物生理学通讯,2003,39(1)：35
[29]马爱红.四倍体葡萄诱导技术的研究[D].河北农业大学硕士学位论文.2005
[30]马国斌,王鸣.西瓜和甜瓜茎尖离体培养诱导四倍体[J].中国西瓜甜瓜,2002(1)：4-5
[31]马新才,戴建民等.虞美人多倍体化学诱变研究初报[[J].莱阳农学院学报,2003,20(3)：172-174
[32]莫饶,凌绪柏.秋水仙素诱导中粒种咖啡染色体加倍技术研究[J].热带作物学报,2000(6)：9-18
[33]莫锡君,桂敏等.大花香石竹多倍体育种研究[J].园艺园林科学,2005(11)：262-264
[34]南芝润,范月仙.植物过氧化氢酶的研究进展[J].安徽农学通报,2008,14(5)：27-29
[35]牛维和,徐玉冰等.诱导君子兰多倍体的研究初报[J].园艺学报,1986,13(1)：61-63
[36]潘瑞炽.植物组织培养[M].广东高等教育出版社.2003
[37]彭晓军,王永清.批把胚乳愈伤组织诱导和不定芽发生的研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2002,20(3)：228-231
[38]钱仁卷.金钱树栽培基质及需肥特性研究[D].西南大学硕士学位论文.2007
[39]钱拴提.园林植物育种技术[M].中国林业出版社.2005
[40]乔永刚,宋芸.我国园艺植物多倍体育种研究进展[J].北方园艺,2002(6)：7-8
[41]瞿素萍,熊丽等.香石竹的多倍体诱导及其变异研究[J].西南农业人学学报,2004,6(5)：609-612
[42]沈河溪,梁国鲁,韩素英,齐力旺.秋水仙素诱导中间锦鸡儿多倍体的研究[J].园艺学报,2011,38(8)：1595-1600
[43]孙敏红,张蜀宁等.多倍体育种在园艺作物中的应用[J].江苏农业科学,2004,1：68-72
[44]孙仲序.刺槐同源多倍体诱导初报[J].山东林业科技,1984(2)：12-23
[45]谭德冠,庄南生等.组织培养与秋水仙素诱导相结合培育植物多倍体的应用[J].亚热带植物科学,2005,34(1)：77-80
[46]唐利球,唐君海,陆祖正等.金钱树愈伤组织的诱导及其褐化的防止[J].广西热带农业,2005(3)：12-13
[47]田国忠,李怀方,裘维蕃.植物过氧化物酶研究进展[J].武汉植物学研究,2001, 19(4)：332-344
[48]王超,张宗申,王建波.植物多倍体起源与分子进化研究进展[J].武汉植物学研究,2000,18(4)：339-343
[49]王凤兰,周厚高,黄子锋,刘扬芳.不同激素处理对水培金钱树生长的影响[J].植物生理科学,2008,24(8)：270-273
[50]王鸿鹤.秋水仙素诱导重瓣大岩桐多倍体的研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1999,7(3)：237-242
[51]王季芳,李悦.植物多倍体育种研究进展[J].林业科技,2003,28(5)：1-5
[52]王军玲,汪卫星等.鸡冠花离体快繁及多倍体诱导[J].分子植物育种,2008,6(1)：87-192
[53]王立英,李健,王锦华等.枸杞不同发育时期的离体培养研究初报[J].宁夏农村科技,1993(4)：12-15
[54]王木桂,曾瑞珍,谢利,高许花,张志胜.墨兰多倍体的离体诱导和鉴定[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(02)：132-136
[55]王强,兰利琼,傅华龙.秋水仙碱诱导川贝母愈伤组织多倍体的研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2002,20(6)：449-452
[56]王小华,熊丽,屈云慧.中国桔梗多倍体诱导与鉴定[J].云南植物研究,2006,28(6)：593-598
[57]王晓红,谭晓风.用秋水仙素诱导非洲菊多倍体的研究[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(4)：57-61
[58]王元.柑桔胚培养技术的研究II多胚性品种未熟幼胚的早期离体培养[J].园艺学报,1981,(1)：1-6
[59]魏跃,王开冻等.矮牵牛的多倍体试验[J].浙江农业科学,2007(2)：164-166
[60]向增旭,高山林.金银花同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(6)：696-697
[61]谢春燕,张国武.不同轻型基质对金钱树生长影响初报[J].热带作物学报,2010,31(3)：365-370
[62]谢毓男.多倍体在育种中的利用[J].世界农业,1983,9
[63]徐世松,尹俊梅.海南金钱树设施栽培技术[J].热带农业工程,2009,33(1)：69-71
[64]徐忠东,倪奎.金钱树组织培养体系的建立及其影响因素的研究[J].安徽农学通报,2004,10(6)：54
[65]晏春耕.植物多倍体及其应用[J].生物学通报,2007,42(4)：14-18
[66]杨其保.金钱树种植技术[J].广西热带农业,2003,88(3)：38
[67]杨志清,魏真真,曹艳春等.不同诱导方法对毛泡桐和白花泡桐四倍体诱导的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2008,42(2)：180-187
[68]姚继忠,丁丽琼.金钱树的大棚盆栽管理[J].广西热带农业,2008(4)：58-59
[69]张超,李枝林,李佳,张婷,蒋亚莲,李涵.滇北球花报春多倍体诱导及核型分析[J].西北植物学报,2011,31(2)：0236-0241
[70]张教方.诱导金鱼草多倍体的初步研究[J].园艺学报,1990,17(1)：76-80
[71]张蜀敏,王晓军等.新疆雪莲多倍体的诱导初探[J].西北农业学报,2008,17(1)：216-220
[72]张天真主编.作物育种学总论[M].中国农业出版社,2003：130-137
[73]张晓曼,周怀军等.花卉多倍体育种研究[J].河北林果研究2004,19(3)：288-293
[74]张有做,楼程富等.不同倍性桑品种基因组DNA多态性比较[J].浙江农业大学学报,1998,24(1)：79
[75]张志胜,,黎扬辉等.红掌四倍体的离体诱导及其鉴定[J].园艺学报,2007,34(3)：729-734
[76]郑君强,陈露薇,罗筱玉等.金柑多倍体诱导初探[J].亚热带农业研究,2005(4)：17-20.
[77]郑君强,罗筱玉,方小燕.秋水仙碱对四季桔多倍体的诱导效应[J].福建果树,2005(4)：3-5.
[78]郑思乡,张福泉,李宗道,晏春耕,崔国贤,鄢明芳.不同倍性苎麻的细胞学观察[J].作物学报,2000,26(3)：347-351.
[79]郑思乡,胡秀等.离体培养条件下三色堇多倍体诱导研究[J].农业大学学报,2003,18(4)：397-400
[80]郑思乡,李利良,甘红霞,李罗先.芦笋多倍体诱导及其离体培养的研究[J].湖南农业科学,1996,1：22-23
[81]郑思乡,章海龙等.东方百合多倍体诱导及种球繁育的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2004,26(3)：260-263
[82]钟杰.金钱树栽培技术[J].广西园艺,2006(5)：58-59
[83]周俊辉,周莹,刘雪梅等.美铁芋的离体培养与快速繁殖研究[J].江西农业学报,2005,17(2)：26-30
[84]周朴华.组织培养中用秋水仙素诱发黄花菜同源四倍体的研究[J].中国农业科学,1995,28(1)：49-55.
[85]朱军主编.遗传学[M].中国农业出版社,2002
[86]Aebi H. Catalasein vitro[J]. Methods Enzymology,1984,105:121-126.
[87]Baur E. Das Wesen and die Erblichkeitsverhaltnisseder, Varietates albomarginatae hort. von Pelargonium zonale. Zeitschrift fur induktive Abstammungund Vererbungs-lehre,1909,1: 330-351
[88]Ben J M., Zonneveld, Frank Van Iren. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in Hosta reveals ploidy chimeras [J]. Euphytica,2000,111:105-110
[89]Blakeslee A, AVERY A. Methods of inducing doubling of chromosome in plant [J]. Plant Science,1937,28:393-411.
[90]Bogner J, Nicolson D H. A revised classification of Araceae with dichotomous keys [J]. Willdenowia,1991,21:35-50
[91]Bown D, Aroids. Plants of the arum family.2 ed. Timber Press, Portland,2000, Ore:392
[92]Chen J J, Henny R J, MeConnell D B. Development of new foliage Plant cultivars, p In:Janiek J and WhiPkey A.(eds.).Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alex., Va. 2002,446-452
[93]Cohen D., Yao J. In vitro chromosome doubling of nine Zantedesehia cultivars [J]. Plant "ell,Tissue and Organ Culture,1996,47:43-49
[94]Compton M., Barnett N, Gray D. Use of fluorescein diacetate(FDA) to determine Ploidy of in vitro watermelon shoots [J]. Plant Cell.Tissue and Organ Culture,1999,58(3):199-203
[95]Dolezel J, Novak F J, Cihalikov,etal.Induction of tetraploid Cymbidium plants form olchicine streated Protoeorm seulturedin vitro [J]. Plant Tissue Cell Culture, I984,455-456
[96]Frederiek G., G.Jr,Xubai L. Embryogenesis in vitro and nonehimeric tetraploid plant reeovery from undeveloped Citrusovules treated with colehieines.J.Alner.Soc.Sci.,1991,116 (2):317-321
[97]Gates R. R. The stature and chromosome of Oenotheragigal [J]. Arch.Zellf.,1909, 525-532
[98]Grayum M H. Evolutionary and ecological significance of starch storage in pollen of the Araceae. Amer.J.Bot,1985,72:1565-1577
99]Griesbach R.J. Colchicine induced polyploidy in phalaenopsis orchids[J]. Aust Orchid Kev,1983,10:103-108
[100]Hesse M, Bogner J, Halbritter H, et al.Palnology of the perigoniate Aroideae: amioculcas, Gonatopus, and Stylochacton (Araceae). Gran a,2001,40:26-34
[101]Hsien R M, Chen W H,Wu C C, etal. Aitificial induction of polyploidy in Doritis Pulcherrima [J]. Reporte of the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute,1991,132:13-18
[102]LI ying, Whitesides J F, Rhodes B. Preparation of nuelei from in vitro watermelon shoot tissue for cell flow cytometry [J].Cueurbit Geneties Coop.RPt,1999,22:43-46
[103]Maria Papafotiou, Aekaterini N, Martini. Effect of position and orientation of leaflet explants with respect to plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl. (ZZ) [J].Scientia Horticulturae,2009,120:115-120
[104]Mark E S. DeveloPment and application of RFLP in Polyploids [J]. crop.Sci,1992, 32:1086
[105]Mayo S J, Bogner J, Boyee P C.The genera of Araceae.Royal Bot.Garden, Kew, 1997.67-71
[106]Paulo. Induction and identification of polyploids in Cattleya intermedia LINDL. (Orchidaceae) by in vitro Techniques [J]. Ciencia Rural,2000,30(1):105-111
[107]Polle A, Tilman T, Seifert F. Apoplastic peroxidases and lignification in needles of Norway Spruce(Picea abies L) [J]. Plant Physiology,1994,53-60
[108]Romberger J A, Hejnowicz Z, Hill J F. Plant Structure:Function and Development. SpringerVerlager, Berlin,1993,324-401
[109]Sari N, Abak K, Pitrat M. Comparison of Ploidy level sereening methodsin watermelon:Citrullus Lanatus(Thunb.) Seientia Hortieulturae,1999,82:265-277
[110]Simon R. Function of plant shoot meristems [J].Cell and Developmental Biology,2001, 12:357-362
[111]Tambong J T, Sapra V T,Garton S. In vitro induetion of tetraploids in colchicines-treated coeoyam plantlets [J].Euphytie,1998,104:191-197
[112]Vance B.W.,Estager A. S.,Wells J.K.. Estimating nuclear DNA content in Peach and related diploid specics using laser flow cytometry and DNA hybridization [J]. Amer Soc Hort Sct,1994,119(6):1312
[113]Vandenhout H.,Ortiz R.,Vaylsteke D.,el al. Effect of ploidy on stomalal and other quantitative traits in plaptain and bansns hybrids.Euphytica,1995,83:117
[114]Vanzie-canton S.D., Leonhardt K.W. In Vivo Polyploidization of Zamioculcas zamiifolia[J]. New Floricultural Crops,2009,531-536
[115]Vanzie-canton S.D., Leonhardt K.W. In Vitro Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration Protocol Developed for the Oryzalin Treatment of Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.)Engl.(Araceae)[J]. New Floricultural Crops,2009,201-207
[116]Winkler H. The die experimentelle Erzeugung von Pflanzen mitabweichend Chromosome nzahlen. Z.Bot,1916,8:417-531