金钱树（Zamioculcas zamiifolia）栽培基质及需肥特性研究
|
摘要
金钱树(Zamioculcas zamiifolia)属天南星科，是国际新发掘的具独特观赏价值的室内观叶植物。引入中国后规模化生产发展很快，但对金钱树及其栽培技术研究较少。本文对其生长繁殖特性及不同苗龄植株生长特性作了初步观察；通过盆栽试验，研究采用单因素设计和正交L9(3~3)设计分别进行了基质和施肥试验，测定了基质理化性质、植株生长速率、鲜重及干重、叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率及叶片矿质养分含量等指标，提出了适宜金钱树生长的基质，初步探索了金钱树的需肥特性。主要的研究结果如下：
1．金钱树具有独特的繁殖与生长方式。块茎是其主要的繁殖器官。叶芽从块茎上萌发形成地上部复叶，之后所产生的复叶从复叶总叶柄基部依次产生，一般每复叶上仅有一新复叶从基部形成。块茎会衍生数量不等的小块茎而繁殖。3～11月为复叶生长期，可分叶芽形成期、快速生长期、成熟期。一般每年每植株衍生2～3片复叶。
2．基质栽培试验结果表明：Klasmann泥炭通透性及保肥保水性优良(总孔隙度89.17％，持水孔隙72.89％)、pH值相对稳定、有机质(含量77.21％)和养分含量丰富，因而栽培的金钱树生长较优，植株生物量显著大于其余三种基质处理，其叶干重和植株总干重分别比普通泥炭、普通泥炭：珍珠岩(3∶1)、普通泥炭：珍珠岩(6∶1)处理高出101.4％、71.7％、76.6％和40.9％、28.9％、31.4％，根系干、鲜重分别比普通泥炭处理高出31.3％和45.9％。单一普通泥炭通透性及保肥保水性相对较差(总孔隙度67.11％，通气孔隙7.88％)，养分含量相对较低(有机质含量48.50％)，栽培后pH值下降幅度大，栽培的金钱树生长较差。普通泥炭加入珍珠岩后基质通透性有所改善，金钱树生长要优于单一普通泥炭栽培，但对照Klasmann泥炭，还未达到理想标准，需在保水保肥、pH稳定、养分含量上进一步改进。
3．金钱树以氮肥量200mg·L~1时生长表现最佳，其各项生长指标综合优于100mg·L~1和300mg·L~1，其中植株叶干重比100mg·L~(-1)处理增加了13.6％。磷肥以50mg·L~(-1)用量时植株生长发育最好，其中根系鲜重、根系干重、叶干重以及植株总干重分别比25mg·L~(-1)处理增加了12.9％、11.1％、18.4％和13.4％。钾肥以350mg·L~(-1)用量时植株生长发育最好，生物量最大，其叶干重分别比150mg·L~(-1)、250mg·L~(-1)处理增加了12.4％和10.1％，植株总干重比150mg·L~(-1)处理增加了7.6％。适合金钱树生长发育的最佳氮磷钾用量分别为N200mg·L~(-1)、P_2O_550mg·L~(-1)、K_2O_350mg·L~(-1)，即N：P_2O_5：K_2O分别为4∶1∶7。
Zamioculcas zamiifolia, a member of the family Araceae, as an indoor foliage plant with unique ornamental value was developed in recent years in the world. After being introduced to China, the commercial production developed rapidly. But little information is available regarding Zamioculcas zamiifolia and its cultivation. Growth characteristics and propagation characteristics of one-year old, two-year old and three-year old seedling of Zamioculcas zamiifolia were observed. The single-factor design and orthogonal design L9 (3~3) were used to carry out the containerized experiments of substrates and fertilization respectively. Different morphologic features of plant, wet weight and dry weight, Leaves chlorophyll value (SPAD), Net photosynthetic rate, leaf nutrients and the physical and chemical characteristics of substrates were measured seven months later. Suitable substrate for the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia was suggested, and proper level of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium was put forward in this paper. The results were as follows:
1. Zamioculcas zamiifolia has unique characteristics of the growth and propagation. A pinnate leaflets arises directly from rhizome which is the main propagation organ. Later, the secondary pinnate leaflets arises one after the other from the base of petiole. In general, only one pinnate leaflets arises from the base of every pinnate leaflets. Zamioculcas zamiifolia propagates by rhizome division. The growth stage of pinnate leaflets is from March to November, which divides into the formation phrase of leaf bud, the rapid growth phrase of pinnate leaflets, the mature phrase of pinnate leaflets. Every plant arise 2 to 3 pinnate leaflets annually.
2. Substrates experiment indicates that the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia in Klasmann peat was better than in single peat (from Guangdong), 3peat (from Guangdong): 1perlite (v/v) and 6peat (from Guangdong) :1perlite (v/v). Because of Klasmann peat with properties of high porosity (total porosity of 89.17%, moisture content of 72.89%), pH stabilization, high content of organic matter (77.21%) and nutrient. Plant biomass production was significant greater in the Klasmann peat than in single peat (from Guangdong) , 3peat (from Guangdong) :1perlite (v/v) and 6peat (from Guangdong) : 1perlite (v/v).The dry weight (leaves and total plant) increased by 101.4%, 71.7%, 76.6% and 40.9%, 28.9%, 31.4% than that of single peat (from Guangdong) , 3peat (from Guangdong):1perlite (v/v) and 6peat (from Guangdong):1perlite (v/v) respectively. The wet weight (roots) and dry weight (roots) increased by 31.3% and 45.9% than that of single peat (from Guangdong) respectively. The single peat (from Guangdong) has low porosity (total porosity of 67.11%, air space of 7.88%), low content of organic matter (48.50%) and obvious declining of pH after treatment, so the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia was of a sort in it. The substrate's porosity was improved after adding perlite to peat (from Guangdong), in which the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia was better than in single peat (from Guangdong). But compared to Klasmann peat, the following properties of peat (from Guangdong) need to improve: the moisture content of porosity, property of pH stabilization and content of nutrient.
3. For Zamioculcas zamiifolia, the growth performance was better with 200mg·L~(-1)N and various growth index were better than that of 100mg·L~(-1) and 300mg·L~(-1) as a whole, the dry weight of leaf plant increased by 13.6% than that of the treatment of 100 mg·L~(-1).The growth performance was better with 50mg·L~(-1) P_2O_5, compared with 25mg·L~(-1)P_2O_5, the wet weight of roots and dry Weight(roots, leaves and total plant) increased by 12.9%,11.1%,18.4%,13.4% respectively. With 350mg·L~(-1)K_2O, the growth performance was better and plant biomass production was greater, the dry weight of leaves increased by 12.4% and 10.1% than that of the treatment of 150mg·L~(-1) and 250mg·L~(-1) respectively, the dry weight of total plant increased by 7.6% than that of the treatment of 150 mg·L~(-1). In the condition of this experiment, the optimum fertilization concentration of NPK for Zamioculcas zamiifolia was N200mg·L~(-1), P_2O_5 50mg·L~(-1), K_2O350mg·L~(-1), namely N: P2O5:K2O was 4:1:7 respectively.
1．金钱树具有独特的繁殖与生长方式。块茎是其主要的繁殖器官。叶芽从块茎上萌发形成地上部复叶，之后所产生的复叶从复叶总叶柄基部依次产生，一般每复叶上仅有一新复叶从基部形成。块茎会衍生数量不等的小块茎而繁殖。3～11月为复叶生长期，可分叶芽形成期、快速生长期、成熟期。一般每年每植株衍生2～3片复叶。
2．基质栽培试验结果表明：Klasmann泥炭通透性及保肥保水性优良(总孔隙度89.17％，持水孔隙72.89％)、pH值相对稳定、有机质(含量77.21％)和养分含量丰富，因而栽培的金钱树生长较优，植株生物量显著大于其余三种基质处理，其叶干重和植株总干重分别比普通泥炭、普通泥炭：珍珠岩(3∶1)、普通泥炭：珍珠岩(6∶1)处理高出101.4％、71.7％、76.6％和40.9％、28.9％、31.4％，根系干、鲜重分别比普通泥炭处理高出31.3％和45.9％。单一普通泥炭通透性及保肥保水性相对较差(总孔隙度67.11％，通气孔隙7.88％)，养分含量相对较低(有机质含量48.50％)，栽培后pH值下降幅度大，栽培的金钱树生长较差。普通泥炭加入珍珠岩后基质通透性有所改善，金钱树生长要优于单一普通泥炭栽培，但对照Klasmann泥炭，还未达到理想标准，需在保水保肥、pH稳定、养分含量上进一步改进。
3．金钱树以氮肥量200mg·L~1时生长表现最佳，其各项生长指标综合优于100mg·L~1和300mg·L~1，其中植株叶干重比100mg·L~(-1)处理增加了13.6％。磷肥以50mg·L~(-1)用量时植株生长发育最好，其中根系鲜重、根系干重、叶干重以及植株总干重分别比25mg·L~(-1)处理增加了12.9％、11.1％、18.4％和13.4％。钾肥以350mg·L~(-1)用量时植株生长发育最好，生物量最大，其叶干重分别比150mg·L~(-1)、250mg·L~(-1)处理增加了12.4％和10.1％，植株总干重比150mg·L~(-1)处理增加了7.6％。适合金钱树生长发育的最佳氮磷钾用量分别为N200mg·L~(-1)、P_2O_550mg·L~(-1)、K_2O_350mg·L~(-1)，即N：P_2O_5：K_2O分别为4∶1∶7。
Zamioculcas zamiifolia, a member of the family Araceae, as an indoor foliage plant with unique ornamental value was developed in recent years in the world. After being introduced to China, the commercial production developed rapidly. But little information is available regarding Zamioculcas zamiifolia and its cultivation. Growth characteristics and propagation characteristics of one-year old, two-year old and three-year old seedling of Zamioculcas zamiifolia were observed. The single-factor design and orthogonal design L9 (3~3) were used to carry out the containerized experiments of substrates and fertilization respectively. Different morphologic features of plant, wet weight and dry weight, Leaves chlorophyll value (SPAD), Net photosynthetic rate, leaf nutrients and the physical and chemical characteristics of substrates were measured seven months later. Suitable substrate for the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia was suggested, and proper level of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium was put forward in this paper. The results were as follows:
1. Zamioculcas zamiifolia has unique characteristics of the growth and propagation. A pinnate leaflets arises directly from rhizome which is the main propagation organ. Later, the secondary pinnate leaflets arises one after the other from the base of petiole. In general, only one pinnate leaflets arises from the base of every pinnate leaflets. Zamioculcas zamiifolia propagates by rhizome division. The growth stage of pinnate leaflets is from March to November, which divides into the formation phrase of leaf bud, the rapid growth phrase of pinnate leaflets, the mature phrase of pinnate leaflets. Every plant arise 2 to 3 pinnate leaflets annually.
2. Substrates experiment indicates that the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia in Klasmann peat was better than in single peat (from Guangdong), 3peat (from Guangdong): 1perlite (v/v) and 6peat (from Guangdong) :1perlite (v/v). Because of Klasmann peat with properties of high porosity (total porosity of 89.17%, moisture content of 72.89%), pH stabilization, high content of organic matter (77.21%) and nutrient. Plant biomass production was significant greater in the Klasmann peat than in single peat (from Guangdong) , 3peat (from Guangdong) :1perlite (v/v) and 6peat (from Guangdong) : 1perlite (v/v).The dry weight (leaves and total plant) increased by 101.4%, 71.7%, 76.6% and 40.9%, 28.9%, 31.4% than that of single peat (from Guangdong) , 3peat (from Guangdong):1perlite (v/v) and 6peat (from Guangdong):1perlite (v/v) respectively. The wet weight (roots) and dry weight (roots) increased by 31.3% and 45.9% than that of single peat (from Guangdong) respectively. The single peat (from Guangdong) has low porosity (total porosity of 67.11%, air space of 7.88%), low content of organic matter (48.50%) and obvious declining of pH after treatment, so the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia was of a sort in it. The substrate's porosity was improved after adding perlite to peat (from Guangdong), in which the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia was better than in single peat (from Guangdong). But compared to Klasmann peat, the following properties of peat (from Guangdong) need to improve: the moisture content of porosity, property of pH stabilization and content of nutrient.
3. For Zamioculcas zamiifolia, the growth performance was better with 200mg·L~(-1)N and various growth index were better than that of 100mg·L~(-1) and 300mg·L~(-1) as a whole, the dry weight of leaf plant increased by 13.6% than that of the treatment of 100 mg·L~(-1).The growth performance was better with 50mg·L~(-1) P_2O_5, compared with 25mg·L~(-1)P_2O_5, the wet weight of roots and dry Weight(roots, leaves and total plant) increased by 12.9%,11.1%,18.4%,13.4% respectively. With 350mg·L~(-1)K_2O, the growth performance was better and plant biomass production was greater, the dry weight of leaves increased by 12.4% and 10.1% than that of the treatment of 150mg·L~(-1) and 250mg·L~(-1) respectively, the dry weight of total plant increased by 7.6% than that of the treatment of 150 mg·L~(-1). In the condition of this experiment, the optimum fertilization concentration of NPK for Zamioculcas zamiifolia was N200mg·L~(-1), P_2O_5 50mg·L~(-1), K_2O350mg·L~(-1), namely N: P2O5:K2O was 4:1:7 respectively.
引文
[1]. Chen JJ, Henny R J, MeConnell D B. Development of new foliage plant cultivars, p. In: Janick J and Whipkey A. (eds.). Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alex., Va. 2002. 446～452.
[2]. Bogner J, Nicolson D H. A revised classification of Araceae with dichotomous keys. Willdenowia, 1991, 21: 35～50.
[3]. Mayo S J, Bogner J, Boyee P C. The genera of Araceae. Royal Bot. Garden, Kew, 1997. 67～71.
[4]. Hesse M, Bogner J, Halbritter H, et al. Palnology of the perigoniate Aroideae: Zamioculcas, Gonatopus, and Stylochacton(Araceae). Grana, 2001, 40: 26～34.
[5]. Bown D. Aroids: Plants of the arum family. 2 ed. Timber Press, Portland, Ore: 2000. 392.
[6]. Chen JJ, Henny R J. ZZ A Unique Tropical Ornamental Foliage Plant. Horltechnology. July-September, 2003, 13(3): 458～462.
[7]. Grayum M H. Evolutionary and ecological significance of starch storage in pollen of the Araceae. Amer. J. Bot, 1985, 72: 1565～1577.
[8]. Jones G E. Chromosome numbers and phylogenetic relationships in the Araceae. PhD diss., Univ. Va., Charlottesville, 1957. 182.
[9]. Ramachandran K. Cytological studies on south Indian Araceae. Cytologia 1978, 43: 289～303.
[10]. Doggart N, Joseph L, Bayliss J, et al. Manga Forest Reserve: A biodiversity surver. E. Usambara Conserv. Area, Tanga, Tanzania, Mgt. Programme Technical, 1999. 41.
[11]. Raven P H, Axelrod D I. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movements. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, 1974, 61: 539～673.
[12]．廖飞雄，邹春萍，等．金钱树叶插繁殖试验初报．广东园艺，2001，2(3)：22．
[13]．曾武．金钱树小叶扦插．林业科技开发．2003，17(3)：49．
[14]．朱根发．金钱树的扦插繁殖．花卉．2003，(1)：22～23．
[15]．李永红，谢利娟，高俊平．NAA处理提高金钱树叶柄的扦插效果．北方园艺．2004(4)：40～41．
[16]．吕复兵，朱根发，廖飞雄，等．金钱树的组织培养与快速繁殖．植物生理学通讯．2003，39(1)：35．
[17]．黄青峰，汤红玲，庄明川．扎米叶的组织培养与植株再生．植物生理学通讯．2002，38(3)：249．
[18]．黄青峰，庄卫东，庄明川，等．扎米叶的离体培养和快速繁殖．福建热作科技．2002，27(4)：4～5．
[19]．黄青峰，庄卫东，庄明川，等．扎米叶叶片离体培养技术研究．福建果树．2002，(s1)：9～ 11．
[20]．徐忠东，倪奎．金钱数组织培养体系的建立及其影响因素的研究．安徽农学通报．2004，10(6)：54．
[21]．周俊辉，周莹，刘雪梅，等．美铁芋的离体培养与快速繁殖研究．江西农业学报．2005，17(2)：26～30．
[22]．唐利球，唐君海，陆祖正，等．金钱树愈伤组织的诱导及其褐化的防止．广西热带农业．2005．3：12～13．
[23]．施和平，梁朋．扎米莲(Zamioculcas zamiifolia)叶片的植株再生．园艺学报．2003，30(5)：621～622．
[24]．施和平，梁朋．扎米莲叶片块茎的诱导及其植株再生．园艺学报．2005(1)：29．
[25]．沈夏琻．观叶新品—金钱树[J]．植物杂志．2001(6)：16．
[26]．王燕君，黄子锋．金钱树繁育与养护．农业科技通讯．2005，(2)：23．
[27]．杨其保．金钱树种植技术．广西热带农业．2003(3)：38．
[28]．王精明，陈丹生．金钱树苗期光合特性研究．广西科学．2004，11(1)：75～77．
[29]．罗键，林尔教，廖敏虹，等．静止水培下扎米莲的生长及养分吸收动态．华南农业大学学报．2004，25(3)：18～21．
[30]．刘奕清．金钱树离体枝条贮藏保鲜试验效果．北方园艺．2005，(4)：81～82．
[31]．郑光华．蔬菜无土栽培与绿色食品生产．中国蔬菜．1996(4)：1～3．
[32]．连兆煌．无十栽培原理与技术[M]．中国农业出版社．1994：1～7．
[33]. De Boodt M, Verdonck O. The physical properties soft the substrates inhort. ActaHort. 1983, 26: 37～44.
[34]. Rouin Nicole De, Caron Jean, Parent Leon E. The influence of some artificial subsmte on productivity and DIRIS diagnosis of greenhouse tomatoes[J]. Actahort. 1988, 221: 45-51.
[35]. M. Prasad, MJ Maher. Physical and chemical properties of fraction ated peat. Acta Hort. 1993, 342: 257～264.
[36]. Beel E. Application of artificial substmtes for pot-plants and azalea Acta-Horticulturae, 1974, 37: 14～15.
[37]．陈国霞，徐新，张龙宝．花卉无士栽培初报．上海园林科技专辑．1983(2)：20～22．
[38]．杜明芸，赵兰勇，陈相国．巴西木的无士盆栽技术．山东林业科技．2000(5)：40～41．
[39]．王广尔，李谦盛，吴震，李慧．不同基质对矮牵牛插穗离体生根的影响．植物资源与环境学报．2005，14(2)：35～37．
[40]. Goldstone J V, Pullin M J, Bertilsson S, etal. Reactions of hydroxyl radical with humic substances: bleaching, mineralization and production of bioavailable carbon substrates[J]. American Chemical Society, 2002, 36(3): 364～372.
[41]．王亚军，魏兴琥，谢忠奎，李凤琴．不同基质对切花百合生长及种球的影响．西北农业学报．2003，12(4)：109～112．
[42]. Lopez G S, Maroto J V, Cano E, etal. Enhancing root systems of waiting-bed strawberry plants grown on substrates[J]. Headley Brothers Ltd, 2002, 77(1): 58～61.
[43]．杨光明，任宏涛，杨映红，张丽君．大花惠兰栽培基质筛选试验．甘肃农业科技．2004(7)：39～40．
[44]. Boronat M, Madrid R, Martinez A. Development of surface color in red pepper fruit varieties: influence of substrates and low levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization[J]. Marcel Dekker Inc, 2002, 25(4): 797～807.
[45]. Gundersen V, McCall D, Bechmann I E. Comparison of major and trace element concentrations in Danish greenhouse tomatoes(Lycopersicon esculentum cv. aromata F1) cultivated in different substrates[J]. American Chemical Society, 2001, 49(8): 3808～3815.
[46]. Azim M E, Wahab M A, Dam A A, etal. Optimization of fertilization rate for maximizing periphyton production on artificial substrates and the implications for periphyton-based aquaculture[J]. Blackwell Science, 2001, 32(9): 749～760.
[47]. Klock M K A, Broschat T K. Effect of four growing substrates on growth of ornamental plants in two irrigation systems[J]. American Society for Horticultural Science, 2001, 11(3): 456～460.
[48]．李斗争，张志国．设施栽培基质研究进展．北方园艺．2005(5)：7～9．
[49]．徐桂磊，肖华山，李凤玉．我国无士栽培种有机型复合基质的应用研究．福建农业科技．2004(6)：37～39．
[50]. Zhao Jiuzhou, Zhou Chunling, Guo Shaoxia, Zhang Li, Wang Aihua. Effects of Media and Nutrient Levels on Growth and Flowering of Cymbidium hybridium Seedlings. Forestry Studies in China. 2001, 3(2):49～53.
[51]．罗晓波，王晓玲．一品红无土栽培试验．四川林勘设计．2005．12，(4)：46～48．
[52]. Klock M K. Effect of controlled-release fertilizer application rates on bedding plant growth in substrates containing compost[J]. JG Press, 2001, 9(3): 215～220.
[53]. Schie W. Standardization of substrates[J]. International Society for Horticultural Science, 1999(481): 71～77.
[54]．吴永华，冯国殉，李正平．仙客来无土栽培营养液中氮、磷、钾、铁浓度选优试验研究．甘肃农业大学学报．2000(2)：197～201．
[55]．谢志刚．基质栽培花卉氮磷钾营养配方研究．广东农业科学．2000(5)：37～39．
[56]．秦文英，林源祥，陆彩萍．夏鹃基质栽培试验．林业科技通讯．1988(7)：28～30．
[57]．沈兵，郭勤，杨静．无土栽培基质对酸碱的反应．石河子科技．1998，(5)：10～11．
[58]．赵九洲，陈洁敏，王义庆，等．六种无土栽培代用基质理化特性的比较．莱阳农学院学报， 2001(3)：161～165．
[59]．韩劲，龚学坤，刘悦秋，等．不同栽培基质及pH对火鹤生长的影响．北京农学院学报，1997(3)：26～30．
[60]．田吉林，汪寅虎．设施无土栽培基质的研究现状、存在问题与展望(综述)．上海农业学报．2000，16(1)：87～92．
[61]．秦文英，罗震伟，金为民，等．小苍兰基质栽培试验研究[J]．上海农学院学报，1994，12(1)：42～47．
[62]．张德威，牟咏花，等．几种无土栽培基质的理化性质，浙江农业学报，1993，5(3)：166～171．
[63]．候红波，陈明皋，郭天峰．无土栽培之不同基质的比较研究．湖南林业科技．2003．12，30(4)：73～75．
[64]．王月英，陈义增，曾爱平，等．基质及炼苗处理对蝴蝶兰组培苗落地和成苗生长的影响．浙江农业科学．2004(1)：16～18．
[65]．刘晓红，戴思兰．菊花无土栽培基质试验分析初探．河北科技师范学院学报．2004．3，18(1)：23～26．
[66]．荆延德，张志国，赵石萍．牡丹品种“朱砂垒”配方基质选择的研究．曲阜师范大学学报．2005．10，31(4)：93～96．
[67]．徐学军．仙客来盆栽基质筛选试验结果初报．甘肃农业科技．2005(7)：44～45．
[68]．沈宁东，唐蓉，韦梅琴，唐道城．香石竹试管苗移栽基质的筛选．北方园艺．2002(6)：67．
[69]．李志炎，钱萍．荷花基质无土栽培技术研究．浙江农业学报．1994，6(2)：127～130．
[70]．吴淑杭，姜震方，俞清英，许蔚文．鸡冠花栽培基质研究．上海农业学报．2001，17(1)：66～69．
[71]．庄应强，沈玉英．不同栽培基质对切花非洲菊生长和开花的影响．中国农学通报．2004．6，20(3)：173～174．
[72]．邢广萍，张志国，荆延德，等．牡丹栽培基质的研究．山东师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2004．12，19(4)：78～81
[73]．傅松玲，傅玉兰，高正辉．非洲菊有机生态型无土栽培基质的筛选．园艺学报．2001，28(6)：538～543．
[74]．郁书君，李贞植，俞奉植．杜鹃无土栽培基质配方的研究．园艺学报．2004，31(2)：210～214．
[75]．金陈斌，范凯峰，候樱，罗震伟．卡特兰盆栽基质筛选初试．上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)．2005．12，23(4)：430～434．
[76]．李文杰，方正，陈段芬，高杨．丽格海棠无土栽培基质的优化筛选．河北农业大学学报．2004．5，27(3)：56～59．
[77]．张启翔，康红梅，唐菁，潘会堂．切花月季无土栽培技术的研究．北京林业大学学 报．2003．5，25(3)：22～27．
[78]．王宝钦．文心兰无土栽培基质的选择．福建林业科技．2004．12，31(4)：64～66．
[79]．马申芳，刘泽东．比利时杜鹃花盆花栽培轻基质处理技术研究．江苏林业科技．2003．4，30(2)：18～20．
[80]．潘瑞炽．植物生理学(第5版)[M]．北京：高等教育出版社．2004，28～33
[81]．吴刚．山海带无土栽培的营养液配方及基质选择研究：[硕士学位论文]．南京．南京林业大学．2005．28～30．
[82]. Yoneda, Kazuo Usui, Mariko Kubota et al. Effect of nutrient deficiency on growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1997, 66(1): 141～147.
[83]. Chen ChiaChung. Study of non-destructive measurement and leaf chlorophyll concentration for Oncidium. Journal of Agriculture & Forestry. 2002, 51(2): 61～75.
[84]．龙秀文．施氮量和控释肥对矮牵牛、三色堇、雏菊和安祖花生长的影响：[硕士学位论文]．北京．中国农业大学．2004．39．
[85]. C. de Kreij, Th. J. M. van den Berg. Effect of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and fertilization regime on spike production and quality of Cymbidium. Scientia Horticulturae 1990(44): 293～300.
[86]. Barker A. V. and H. A. Mills. Ammonium and nitrate nutrition. In: J. Janick(ed.), Horticultural Reviews, Vol. 2. AVI, Westport, CT, 1980. 393～424.
[87]. Wen Z Q, Hew C S. Effects of nitrate and ammomniurn on photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation and growth of Cymbidium sinense. J Singapore Nat Acad Soc. 1993, 20&23: 21～23.
[88]. Holly L Scoggins and Harry A. Mills. Poinsettia Growth, Tissue Nutrient Concentration, and Nutrient Uptake as Influenced by Nitrogen Form and Stage of Growth. J. Plant Nutr. 1998, 21(1)191～198.
[89]. Lorenzo H, Cid MC, Siverio Jm et al. Influence of additional ammonium supply on some nutritional aspects in hydroponic rose plants. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2000, 134(4): 421～425.
[90]. P. A. Tew schrock; Growth responses of seed gerniurn and petunia to N source and growing Media. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1982, 107(2): 348～352.
[91]．潘瑞炽，陈俊贤．硝态氮和铵态氮对墨兰生长发育的影响．云南植物研究．1994，16(3)：285～290．
[92]．阮琳．几种营养元素对一品红生长发育影响的综述．广东园林，1996(4)：57～59．
[93]. Bierman P. M., C. J. Rosen and H. F. Wilkins. Leaf edge bum and axillary shoot growth of vegetative poinsettia plants: Influence of calcium, nitrogen form and molybdenum. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1990, 115(1): 73～78.
[94]．潘瑞炽，梁旭野．不同水平磷对磷饥饿墨兰生长发育及某些生理特性的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1993，1(1)：71～77．
[95]．徐志豪等．大花蕙兰催花栽培试验．浙江林业科技．2003，23(6)：23～25．
[96]．梁旭野，潘瑞炽．不同水平磷对磷饥饿墨兰某些生化特性的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1994，2(2)：65～70．
[97]．潘瑞炽，陈健源，温兆清．不同钾水平对钾饥饿墨兰生长发育和生理的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1994，2(3)：46～53．
[98]．陈健源，潘瑞炽，温兆清．不同钾水平对钾饥饿墨兰碳水化合物和蛋白质含量的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1994，2(3)：70～76．
[99]．廖沙．现代月季不同生长阶段营养元素及水平分析．园艺学报．1988，15(3)：123～125．
[100]．李荣华．铜和铝对新儿内亚凤仙生长发育及花色的影响：[硕士学位论文]．石家庄：河北农业大学．2005．34．
[101]. Dematte, M. E. S. P, Graziano, T. T. Growth of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. as related with nutrient concentration in the growing media. Acta Horticulturae. 2000. 511: 265～270．
[102]. Choi J M. Micronutrient toxicity in French Marigold Journal of the plant nutrition. 1996, 19(6): 901～906．
[103]．荆延德，张志国．栽培基质常用理化性质“一条龙”测定法．北方园艺．2002(3)：18～19．
[104]．鲍士旦．土壤农化分析[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2000．12．30～108．
[105]．田吉林等．无土栽培基质的质量参数(孔隙性)研究．上海农业学报．2003，19(1)：4649．
[106]．程智慧，等．番茄有机基质理化特性和栽培效益分析．中国农学通报．2005．7，21(7)：266～269．
[107]．闫荣华，等．蛭石中养分含量的变化对马铃薯脱毒苗生长的影响．青海农林科技．2006(4)：20～21．
[108]. J. Chen, D. MCConnell, R. Henny, and D. Norman. The Foliage Plant Industry Horticultural Reviews. Volume 31. Edited by Jules Janick. 2005: 79～80.
[109]．曾广文，蒋德安．植物生理学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社．2001．11，37～54．
[110]．陈桂芬．广西植物的锰毒与矫正对策．广西农业科学．2001(4)：187～188．
[111]. Goss M J, et al. Plant and Soil, 1992, 139, 91～98.
[112]. Bot J L et al. Plant and Soil, 1990, 124(2): 205～210.
[113]．汪吉东等．供氮水平对芦荟幼苗生长、硝酸盐和次生代谢产物含量的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2006，12(6)：864～868．
[114]．杨晓英，杨劲松．氮素供应水平对小白菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2007，13(1)：160～163．
[115]．赵峥，龚苏，段承俐，等．氮、磷、钾对灯盏花生长发育及光合色素含量的影响．云南农业大学学报．2005．10，20(5)：676～679．
[116]．赵正雄，关文灵．不同供磷水平对香石竹生长发育和养分吸收的影响．北方园艺．2007(1)：97～98．
[117]．赵护兵，王朝辉，李生秀．菠菜不同器官硝态氮与钾素的含量及关系．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2001，29(4)：43～46．
[118]．马作敏．氮素形态与营养液pH值对金脉单药花生长和营养状况的影响：[硕士学位论文]．北京．中国农业大学，2005．27～28．
[119]．李录久，等．钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响．土壤肥料．2003(5)：12～16．
[120]．隋方功，吕银燕，稻水醇二．氮素营养对甜椒果实生长发育的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2004，10(5)：499～503．
[121]．王洋，尚辛亥，阎秀峰．氮素营养水平对高山红景天生长和红景天苷含量的影响．植物生理与分了生物学学报．2003，29(4)：357～359．
[122]. Masarovieovd E, Welschen R, Lux A et al. Photosynthesis, biomasspartitioning and peroxi-somicine A I production of Karwinskia species in response to nitrogen supply. Plysiol. Plant. 2000, 108: 300～306.
[123]．张英鹏，徐旭军，林咸水，等．供氮水平对菠菜产量、硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响．植物营养与肥料报．2004，10(5)：494～498．
[124]．王琪贞．肥料学[M]．北京农业大学出版社．1993，134．
[125]．艾希珍，赵德婉，曲静然．施肥水平对生姜生长及产量的影响．中国蔬菜，1997(1)：18～21．
[126]．陆景陵．植物营养学(第2版)[M]．北京：中国农业大学出版社．2003，56～57．
[127]．王磊，白由路．不同氮处理春玉米叶片光谱反射率与叶片全氮和叶绿素含量的相关研究．中国农业科学．2005，38(11)：2268～2276．
[128]．上官周平．氮素营养对早作小麦光合特性的调控．植物营养与肥料学报．1997，3(2)：105～110．
[129]．李海波，李全英等．氮素不同用量对水稻叶片气孔密度及有关生理性状的影响．沈阳农业大学学报．2003，34(5)：340～343．
[130]．魏明吉．氮磷钾对萝卜生长发育、产量及品质的影响：[硕士学位论文]．武汉．华中农业大学，2004．51～52．
[131]．曲文章，等．氮素水平对甜菜主要营养的影响．中国甜菜糖业．1999，21(2)：1～6．
[132]．申莲英，毛永民，王永蕙．枣树盆栽试验(Ⅱ)不同氮素供应水平对植物体各器官氮、 磷、钾含量的影响．河北农业大学学报．1992，15(1)：73～76．
[133]．韩劲，龚学坤，侯继和，沈连峰．施肥与火鹤叶片营养状况之间的关系．北京农学院学报．1999．1，14(1)：35～38．
[134]．李娟，朱祝军，钱琼秋．氮肥和硫肥对叶芥菜生长及营养品质的影响．园艺学报．2005，32(6)：1045～1050．
[135]．马磊，梅凤娴，郑少玲，刘士哲．不同氮磷钾水平对生菜产量及体内养分的影响．仲凯农业技术学院学报．2006，19(4)：13～16．
[2]. Bogner J, Nicolson D H. A revised classification of Araceae with dichotomous keys. Willdenowia, 1991, 21: 35～50.
[3]. Mayo S J, Bogner J, Boyee P C. The genera of Araceae. Royal Bot. Garden, Kew, 1997. 67～71.
[4]. Hesse M, Bogner J, Halbritter H, et al. Palnology of the perigoniate Aroideae: Zamioculcas, Gonatopus, and Stylochacton(Araceae). Grana, 2001, 40: 26～34.
[5]. Bown D. Aroids: Plants of the arum family. 2 ed. Timber Press, Portland, Ore: 2000. 392.
[6]. Chen JJ, Henny R J. ZZ A Unique Tropical Ornamental Foliage Plant. Horltechnology. July-September, 2003, 13(3): 458～462.
[7]. Grayum M H. Evolutionary and ecological significance of starch storage in pollen of the Araceae. Amer. J. Bot, 1985, 72: 1565～1577.
[8]. Jones G E. Chromosome numbers and phylogenetic relationships in the Araceae. PhD diss., Univ. Va., Charlottesville, 1957. 182.
[9]. Ramachandran K. Cytological studies on south Indian Araceae. Cytologia 1978, 43: 289～303.
[10]. Doggart N, Joseph L, Bayliss J, et al. Manga Forest Reserve: A biodiversity surver. E. Usambara Conserv. Area, Tanga, Tanzania, Mgt. Programme Technical, 1999. 41.
[11]. Raven P H, Axelrod D I. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movements. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, 1974, 61: 539～673.
[12]．廖飞雄，邹春萍，等．金钱树叶插繁殖试验初报．广东园艺，2001，2(3)：22．
[13]．曾武．金钱树小叶扦插．林业科技开发．2003，17(3)：49．
[14]．朱根发．金钱树的扦插繁殖．花卉．2003，(1)：22～23．
[15]．李永红，谢利娟，高俊平．NAA处理提高金钱树叶柄的扦插效果．北方园艺．2004(4)：40～41．
[16]．吕复兵，朱根发，廖飞雄，等．金钱树的组织培养与快速繁殖．植物生理学通讯．2003，39(1)：35．
[17]．黄青峰，汤红玲，庄明川．扎米叶的组织培养与植株再生．植物生理学通讯．2002，38(3)：249．
[18]．黄青峰，庄卫东，庄明川，等．扎米叶的离体培养和快速繁殖．福建热作科技．2002，27(4)：4～5．
[19]．黄青峰，庄卫东，庄明川，等．扎米叶叶片离体培养技术研究．福建果树．2002，(s1)：9～ 11．
[20]．徐忠东，倪奎．金钱数组织培养体系的建立及其影响因素的研究．安徽农学通报．2004，10(6)：54．
[21]．周俊辉，周莹，刘雪梅，等．美铁芋的离体培养与快速繁殖研究．江西农业学报．2005，17(2)：26～30．
[22]．唐利球，唐君海，陆祖正，等．金钱树愈伤组织的诱导及其褐化的防止．广西热带农业．2005．3：12～13．
[23]．施和平，梁朋．扎米莲(Zamioculcas zamiifolia)叶片的植株再生．园艺学报．2003，30(5)：621～622．
[24]．施和平，梁朋．扎米莲叶片块茎的诱导及其植株再生．园艺学报．2005(1)：29．
[25]．沈夏琻．观叶新品—金钱树[J]．植物杂志．2001(6)：16．
[26]．王燕君，黄子锋．金钱树繁育与养护．农业科技通讯．2005，(2)：23．
[27]．杨其保．金钱树种植技术．广西热带农业．2003(3)：38．
[28]．王精明，陈丹生．金钱树苗期光合特性研究．广西科学．2004，11(1)：75～77．
[29]．罗键，林尔教，廖敏虹，等．静止水培下扎米莲的生长及养分吸收动态．华南农业大学学报．2004，25(3)：18～21．
[30]．刘奕清．金钱树离体枝条贮藏保鲜试验效果．北方园艺．2005，(4)：81～82．
[31]．郑光华．蔬菜无土栽培与绿色食品生产．中国蔬菜．1996(4)：1～3．
[32]．连兆煌．无十栽培原理与技术[M]．中国农业出版社．1994：1～7．
[33]. De Boodt M, Verdonck O. The physical properties soft the substrates inhort. ActaHort. 1983, 26: 37～44.
[34]. Rouin Nicole De, Caron Jean, Parent Leon E. The influence of some artificial subsmte on productivity and DIRIS diagnosis of greenhouse tomatoes[J]. Actahort. 1988, 221: 45-51.
[35]. M. Prasad, MJ Maher. Physical and chemical properties of fraction ated peat. Acta Hort. 1993, 342: 257～264.
[36]. Beel E. Application of artificial substmtes for pot-plants and azalea Acta-Horticulturae, 1974, 37: 14～15.
[37]．陈国霞，徐新，张龙宝．花卉无士栽培初报．上海园林科技专辑．1983(2)：20～22．
[38]．杜明芸，赵兰勇，陈相国．巴西木的无士盆栽技术．山东林业科技．2000(5)：40～41．
[39]．王广尔，李谦盛，吴震，李慧．不同基质对矮牵牛插穗离体生根的影响．植物资源与环境学报．2005，14(2)：35～37．
[40]. Goldstone J V, Pullin M J, Bertilsson S, etal. Reactions of hydroxyl radical with humic substances: bleaching, mineralization and production of bioavailable carbon substrates[J]. American Chemical Society, 2002, 36(3): 364～372.
[41]．王亚军，魏兴琥，谢忠奎，李凤琴．不同基质对切花百合生长及种球的影响．西北农业学报．2003，12(4)：109～112．
[42]. Lopez G S, Maroto J V, Cano E, etal. Enhancing root systems of waiting-bed strawberry plants grown on substrates[J]. Headley Brothers Ltd, 2002, 77(1): 58～61.
[43]．杨光明，任宏涛，杨映红，张丽君．大花惠兰栽培基质筛选试验．甘肃农业科技．2004(7)：39～40．
[44]. Boronat M, Madrid R, Martinez A. Development of surface color in red pepper fruit varieties: influence of substrates and low levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization[J]. Marcel Dekker Inc, 2002, 25(4): 797～807.
[45]. Gundersen V, McCall D, Bechmann I E. Comparison of major and trace element concentrations in Danish greenhouse tomatoes(Lycopersicon esculentum cv. aromata F1) cultivated in different substrates[J]. American Chemical Society, 2001, 49(8): 3808～3815.
[46]. Azim M E, Wahab M A, Dam A A, etal. Optimization of fertilization rate for maximizing periphyton production on artificial substrates and the implications for periphyton-based aquaculture[J]. Blackwell Science, 2001, 32(9): 749～760.
[47]. Klock M K A, Broschat T K. Effect of four growing substrates on growth of ornamental plants in two irrigation systems[J]. American Society for Horticultural Science, 2001, 11(3): 456～460.
[48]．李斗争，张志国．设施栽培基质研究进展．北方园艺．2005(5)：7～9．
[49]．徐桂磊，肖华山，李凤玉．我国无士栽培种有机型复合基质的应用研究．福建农业科技．2004(6)：37～39．
[50]. Zhao Jiuzhou, Zhou Chunling, Guo Shaoxia, Zhang Li, Wang Aihua. Effects of Media and Nutrient Levels on Growth and Flowering of Cymbidium hybridium Seedlings. Forestry Studies in China. 2001, 3(2):49～53.
[51]．罗晓波，王晓玲．一品红无土栽培试验．四川林勘设计．2005．12，(4)：46～48．
[52]. Klock M K. Effect of controlled-release fertilizer application rates on bedding plant growth in substrates containing compost[J]. JG Press, 2001, 9(3): 215～220.
[53]. Schie W. Standardization of substrates[J]. International Society for Horticultural Science, 1999(481): 71～77.
[54]．吴永华，冯国殉，李正平．仙客来无土栽培营养液中氮、磷、钾、铁浓度选优试验研究．甘肃农业大学学报．2000(2)：197～201．
[55]．谢志刚．基质栽培花卉氮磷钾营养配方研究．广东农业科学．2000(5)：37～39．
[56]．秦文英，林源祥，陆彩萍．夏鹃基质栽培试验．林业科技通讯．1988(7)：28～30．
[57]．沈兵，郭勤，杨静．无土栽培基质对酸碱的反应．石河子科技．1998，(5)：10～11．
[58]．赵九洲，陈洁敏，王义庆，等．六种无土栽培代用基质理化特性的比较．莱阳农学院学报， 2001(3)：161～165．
[59]．韩劲，龚学坤，刘悦秋，等．不同栽培基质及pH对火鹤生长的影响．北京农学院学报，1997(3)：26～30．
[60]．田吉林，汪寅虎．设施无土栽培基质的研究现状、存在问题与展望(综述)．上海农业学报．2000，16(1)：87～92．
[61]．秦文英，罗震伟，金为民，等．小苍兰基质栽培试验研究[J]．上海农学院学报，1994，12(1)：42～47．
[62]．张德威，牟咏花，等．几种无土栽培基质的理化性质，浙江农业学报，1993，5(3)：166～171．
[63]．候红波，陈明皋，郭天峰．无土栽培之不同基质的比较研究．湖南林业科技．2003．12，30(4)：73～75．
[64]．王月英，陈义增，曾爱平，等．基质及炼苗处理对蝴蝶兰组培苗落地和成苗生长的影响．浙江农业科学．2004(1)：16～18．
[65]．刘晓红，戴思兰．菊花无土栽培基质试验分析初探．河北科技师范学院学报．2004．3，18(1)：23～26．
[66]．荆延德，张志国，赵石萍．牡丹品种“朱砂垒”配方基质选择的研究．曲阜师范大学学报．2005．10，31(4)：93～96．
[67]．徐学军．仙客来盆栽基质筛选试验结果初报．甘肃农业科技．2005(7)：44～45．
[68]．沈宁东，唐蓉，韦梅琴，唐道城．香石竹试管苗移栽基质的筛选．北方园艺．2002(6)：67．
[69]．李志炎，钱萍．荷花基质无土栽培技术研究．浙江农业学报．1994，6(2)：127～130．
[70]．吴淑杭，姜震方，俞清英，许蔚文．鸡冠花栽培基质研究．上海农业学报．2001，17(1)：66～69．
[71]．庄应强，沈玉英．不同栽培基质对切花非洲菊生长和开花的影响．中国农学通报．2004．6，20(3)：173～174．
[72]．邢广萍，张志国，荆延德，等．牡丹栽培基质的研究．山东师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2004．12，19(4)：78～81
[73]．傅松玲，傅玉兰，高正辉．非洲菊有机生态型无土栽培基质的筛选．园艺学报．2001，28(6)：538～543．
[74]．郁书君，李贞植，俞奉植．杜鹃无土栽培基质配方的研究．园艺学报．2004，31(2)：210～214．
[75]．金陈斌，范凯峰，候樱，罗震伟．卡特兰盆栽基质筛选初试．上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)．2005．12，23(4)：430～434．
[76]．李文杰，方正，陈段芬，高杨．丽格海棠无土栽培基质的优化筛选．河北农业大学学报．2004．5，27(3)：56～59．
[77]．张启翔，康红梅，唐菁，潘会堂．切花月季无土栽培技术的研究．北京林业大学学 报．2003．5，25(3)：22～27．
[78]．王宝钦．文心兰无土栽培基质的选择．福建林业科技．2004．12，31(4)：64～66．
[79]．马申芳，刘泽东．比利时杜鹃花盆花栽培轻基质处理技术研究．江苏林业科技．2003．4，30(2)：18～20．
[80]．潘瑞炽．植物生理学(第5版)[M]．北京：高等教育出版社．2004，28～33
[81]．吴刚．山海带无土栽培的营养液配方及基质选择研究：[硕士学位论文]．南京．南京林业大学．2005．28～30．
[82]. Yoneda, Kazuo Usui, Mariko Kubota et al. Effect of nutrient deficiency on growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1997, 66(1): 141～147.
[83]. Chen ChiaChung. Study of non-destructive measurement and leaf chlorophyll concentration for Oncidium. Journal of Agriculture & Forestry. 2002, 51(2): 61～75.
[84]．龙秀文．施氮量和控释肥对矮牵牛、三色堇、雏菊和安祖花生长的影响：[硕士学位论文]．北京．中国农业大学．2004．39．
[85]. C. de Kreij, Th. J. M. van den Berg. Effect of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and fertilization regime on spike production and quality of Cymbidium. Scientia Horticulturae 1990(44): 293～300.
[86]. Barker A. V. and H. A. Mills. Ammonium and nitrate nutrition. In: J. Janick(ed.), Horticultural Reviews, Vol. 2. AVI, Westport, CT, 1980. 393～424.
[87]. Wen Z Q, Hew C S. Effects of nitrate and ammomniurn on photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation and growth of Cymbidium sinense. J Singapore Nat Acad Soc. 1993, 20&23: 21～23.
[88]. Holly L Scoggins and Harry A. Mills. Poinsettia Growth, Tissue Nutrient Concentration, and Nutrient Uptake as Influenced by Nitrogen Form and Stage of Growth. J. Plant Nutr. 1998, 21(1)191～198.
[89]. Lorenzo H, Cid MC, Siverio Jm et al. Influence of additional ammonium supply on some nutritional aspects in hydroponic rose plants. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2000, 134(4): 421～425.
[90]. P. A. Tew schrock; Growth responses of seed gerniurn and petunia to N source and growing Media. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1982, 107(2): 348～352.
[91]．潘瑞炽，陈俊贤．硝态氮和铵态氮对墨兰生长发育的影响．云南植物研究．1994，16(3)：285～290．
[92]．阮琳．几种营养元素对一品红生长发育影响的综述．广东园林，1996(4)：57～59．
[93]. Bierman P. M., C. J. Rosen and H. F. Wilkins. Leaf edge bum and axillary shoot growth of vegetative poinsettia plants: Influence of calcium, nitrogen form and molybdenum. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1990, 115(1): 73～78.
[94]．潘瑞炽，梁旭野．不同水平磷对磷饥饿墨兰生长发育及某些生理特性的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1993，1(1)：71～77．
[95]．徐志豪等．大花蕙兰催花栽培试验．浙江林业科技．2003，23(6)：23～25．
[96]．梁旭野，潘瑞炽．不同水平磷对磷饥饿墨兰某些生化特性的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1994，2(2)：65～70．
[97]．潘瑞炽，陈健源，温兆清．不同钾水平对钾饥饿墨兰生长发育和生理的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1994，2(3)：46～53．
[98]．陈健源，潘瑞炽，温兆清．不同钾水平对钾饥饿墨兰碳水化合物和蛋白质含量的影响．热带亚热带植物学报．1994，2(3)：70～76．
[99]．廖沙．现代月季不同生长阶段营养元素及水平分析．园艺学报．1988，15(3)：123～125．
[100]．李荣华．铜和铝对新儿内亚凤仙生长发育及花色的影响：[硕士学位论文]．石家庄：河北农业大学．2005．34．
[101]. Dematte, M. E. S. P, Graziano, T. T. Growth of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. as related with nutrient concentration in the growing media. Acta Horticulturae. 2000. 511: 265～270．
[102]. Choi J M. Micronutrient toxicity in French Marigold Journal of the plant nutrition. 1996, 19(6): 901～906．
[103]．荆延德，张志国．栽培基质常用理化性质“一条龙”测定法．北方园艺．2002(3)：18～19．
[104]．鲍士旦．土壤农化分析[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2000．12．30～108．
[105]．田吉林等．无土栽培基质的质量参数(孔隙性)研究．上海农业学报．2003，19(1)：4649．
[106]．程智慧，等．番茄有机基质理化特性和栽培效益分析．中国农学通报．2005．7，21(7)：266～269．
[107]．闫荣华，等．蛭石中养分含量的变化对马铃薯脱毒苗生长的影响．青海农林科技．2006(4)：20～21．
[108]. J. Chen, D. MCConnell, R. Henny, and D. Norman. The Foliage Plant Industry Horticultural Reviews. Volume 31. Edited by Jules Janick. 2005: 79～80.
[109]．曾广文，蒋德安．植物生理学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社．2001．11，37～54．
[110]．陈桂芬．广西植物的锰毒与矫正对策．广西农业科学．2001(4)：187～188．
[111]. Goss M J, et al. Plant and Soil, 1992, 139, 91～98.
[112]. Bot J L et al. Plant and Soil, 1990, 124(2): 205～210.
[113]．汪吉东等．供氮水平对芦荟幼苗生长、硝酸盐和次生代谢产物含量的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2006，12(6)：864～868．
[114]．杨晓英，杨劲松．氮素供应水平对小白菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2007，13(1)：160～163．
[115]．赵峥，龚苏，段承俐，等．氮、磷、钾对灯盏花生长发育及光合色素含量的影响．云南农业大学学报．2005．10，20(5)：676～679．
[116]．赵正雄，关文灵．不同供磷水平对香石竹生长发育和养分吸收的影响．北方园艺．2007(1)：97～98．
[117]．赵护兵，王朝辉，李生秀．菠菜不同器官硝态氮与钾素的含量及关系．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2001，29(4)：43～46．
[118]．马作敏．氮素形态与营养液pH值对金脉单药花生长和营养状况的影响：[硕士学位论文]．北京．中国农业大学，2005．27～28．
[119]．李录久，等．钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响．土壤肥料．2003(5)：12～16．
[120]．隋方功，吕银燕，稻水醇二．氮素营养对甜椒果实生长发育的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2004，10(5)：499～503．
[121]．王洋，尚辛亥，阎秀峰．氮素营养水平对高山红景天生长和红景天苷含量的影响．植物生理与分了生物学学报．2003，29(4)：357～359．
[122]. Masarovieovd E, Welschen R, Lux A et al. Photosynthesis, biomasspartitioning and peroxi-somicine A I production of Karwinskia species in response to nitrogen supply. Plysiol. Plant. 2000, 108: 300～306.
[123]．张英鹏，徐旭军，林咸水，等．供氮水平对菠菜产量、硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响．植物营养与肥料报．2004，10(5)：494～498．
[124]．王琪贞．肥料学[M]．北京农业大学出版社．1993，134．
[125]．艾希珍，赵德婉，曲静然．施肥水平对生姜生长及产量的影响．中国蔬菜，1997(1)：18～21．
[126]．陆景陵．植物营养学(第2版)[M]．北京：中国农业大学出版社．2003，56～57．
[127]．王磊，白由路．不同氮处理春玉米叶片光谱反射率与叶片全氮和叶绿素含量的相关研究．中国农业科学．2005，38(11)：2268～2276．
[128]．上官周平．氮素营养对早作小麦光合特性的调控．植物营养与肥料学报．1997，3(2)：105～110．
[129]．李海波，李全英等．氮素不同用量对水稻叶片气孔密度及有关生理性状的影响．沈阳农业大学学报．2003，34(5)：340～343．
[130]．魏明吉．氮磷钾对萝卜生长发育、产量及品质的影响：[硕士学位论文]．武汉．华中农业大学，2004．51～52．
[131]．曲文章，等．氮素水平对甜菜主要营养的影响．中国甜菜糖业．1999，21(2)：1～6．
[132]．申莲英，毛永民，王永蕙．枣树盆栽试验(Ⅱ)不同氮素供应水平对植物体各器官氮、 磷、钾含量的影响．河北农业大学学报．1992，15(1)：73～76．
[133]．韩劲，龚学坤，侯继和，沈连峰．施肥与火鹤叶片营养状况之间的关系．北京农学院学报．1999．1，14(1)：35～38．
[134]．李娟，朱祝军，钱琼秋．氮肥和硫肥对叶芥菜生长及营养品质的影响．园艺学报．2005，32(6)：1045～1050．
[135]．马磊，梅凤娴，郑少玲，刘士哲．不同氮磷钾水平对生菜产量及体内养分的影响．仲凯农业技术学院学报．2006，19(4)：13～16．