情绪影响决策过程与结果评价的认知神经机制
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摘要
决策行为贯穿个体的日常生活。现代社会中,尤其是与金钱有关的经济决策行为,对于个体的生存发展具有十分重要的意义。因此,经济决策行为一直是经济学家、社会学、心理学家等研究的热点。借助于日新月异的脑成像技术,研究者对于经济决策行为的研究早已从单纯的关注行为变化,发展为对其背后深层的脑动态神经机制的探索。决策过程包括个体对决策环境、对手的认知评估等,决策的结果评价是指个体认知系统对自身决策行为所导致的结果或外界反馈进行快速评价的过程,对于决策过程和结果评价的脑机制的研究有助于理解和预测个体的决策行为,因此探讨决策加工的认知神经机制具有十分重要的理论意义。最初采用脑成像技术对于决策行为的研究多是从简单的实验范式入手,以便于抽取出普遍适用的研究结果,故已有国内外研究多对于实验情境的真实性考虑不足。但随着研究的发展和深化,以及对研究结果生态化效度要求的日益提高,现有研究必须注重和塑造各种真实的社会情境。本系列研究正是从此角度出发,关注社会情境因素的影响,仿照真实社会情境中的决策互动,结合具有较高时间分辨率的事件相关脑成像技术(event-related potential, ERP),对决策加工的脑机制进行研究,以期在实验情境中得到真实社会情境下的研究结果,提高研究结果的实践意义。
本研究一从整体性角度考虑,综合研究个体的情绪因素(正负性情绪)、公平与否的社会情境以及人际互动对于决策过程的影响。首先采用观看不同类型情绪图片的方法了诱发被试的正负性情绪,随后被试作为反应者参与最后通牒任务,全程记录被试的脑电变化。分析被试在分钱提议阶段的脑电变化,结果发现,相对于负性情绪及公平情境,内侧前额负波(medial frontal negativity, MFN)波幅在正性情绪和不公平情境中显著较大；本研究还调查了被试的人格维度,探索不同人格特点的个体与决策加工之间的联系,发现相对于正性情绪和公平情境,在负性情绪和不公平情境中责任感人格维度得分越高,MFN波幅越正。结果表明MFN反映的是对决策情境的认知评价且正性情绪更有利于对决策情境的觉知；责任感通过影响由不利情境带来的认知反应来压制个体对于决策情境的敏感性,以追求更好的决策结果。
最后通牒任务具有特殊性,被试作为反应者在对分钱提议加工的阶段就能得知自己选择的对错,但随后在结果呈现阶段,被试会再一次清楚地得到自我选择行为的反馈。相对于分钱提议阶段,结果评价阶段的反馈只能是弱反馈。本研究二中关注的就是最后通牒任务中的弱反馈(结果评价)阶段,着重研究对个体日常决策行为有重要影响的结果评价加工,综合考虑个体的正负性情绪、公平与否社会情境和人际互动对于结果评价的影响,一方面探索正负性情绪对于弱反馈是否存在影响,如何存在影响；另一方面,试图探索正负性情绪对决策加工影响的时间效应。被试同样首先观看不同类型的情绪图片以诱发不同的情绪,随后作为反应者参与最后通牒任务。分析被试在结果评价阶段的脑电变化,结果发现,无论是正性情绪还是负性情绪,都诱发了显著的反馈相关负波(feedback-related negativity,FRN)；不公平提议下的FRN成分要大于公平提议下的FRN；与正性情绪相比,负性情绪下的结果评价的FRN差异波(不公平分钱提议下ERP成分减去公平分钱提议下的ERP成分)更大。结果表明正负性情绪不仅对于最后通牒任务中的弱反馈存在影响；并且与研究一中决策加工的认知阶段不同,相对于正性情绪,决策的结果评价阶段受负性情绪的影响更大。
个体和群体在经济决策行为中都存在着“公平偏好”,不公平行为容易产生“社会性厌恶”情绪。本研究三细化不同类型的情绪,着重研究与“社会性厌恶”相关的即时厌恶情绪对于决策过程的影响。研究中操纵即时情绪、公平与否社会情境和人际互动因素。被试首先观看厌恶性情绪图片和中性情绪图片,随后作为反应者参与最后通牒任务,全程记录被试的脑电活动。分析被试在最后通牒任务中分钱提议阶段的脑神经活动变化,结果发现,相对于中性情绪,厌恶情绪下决策加工过程的MFN差异更大,MFN的脑地图也发现厌恶情绪下MFN在前额部分的分布区域更广。结果支持了情绪的一致性效应,说明与社会性厌恶强烈相关的个体即时的厌恶情绪,促进了个体对于决策加工中不公平情境的认知。
悲伤心境是各种神经官能症的重要特征,尤其对于高发病率和高复发率的抑郁症而言,研究抑郁症病人的决策加工具有重要的实践意义。本研究四就从将研究结果应用于临床心理学方向的角度考虑,探索了即时的悲伤情绪对于个体结果评价的影响。采用真实金钱博弈任务,被试首先需要完成博弈任务(被试在此阶段并不知道结果),随后呈现悲伤图片和中性图片来诱发被试不同的即时情绪,最后呈现被试选择的结果(金钱得失),全程记录被试的脑电反应。分析被试在结果评价阶段的脑电活动,结果发现,相对于赢钱,被试在输钱阶段的FRN更大；相对于中性情绪,被试在即时悲伤情绪下的FRN更小,被试的FRN差异波(输钱情境下的FRN减去赢钱情境下的FRN)也更小。这说明相对于中性情绪,悲伤情绪下的被试对于金钱得失的敏感性降低；证明了抑郁症症状严重性与FRN显著负相关这一研究结果。结果表明,FRN成分可以作为分辨抑郁症患者的认知神经指标。
综合上述四个研究的结果,可以认为,在对社会情境影响决策过程和结果评价的研究中,需要考虑到各种不同的复杂环境(公平与否、人际互动)、不同的决策加工阶段(决策认知、结果评价),还要考虑到各种特殊性的情绪。总之,社会情境中情绪与认知等对于决策加工的影响是十分复杂的,考察多种特殊情绪和真实情境的影响,也是未来相关研究的方向。但本系列研究管中窥豹,采用ERP技术,不仅探索了决策加工的认知神经机制,并且变化多种真实社会情境变量,提高了研究的生态学效度,使得研究结果具有极好的实践意义和推广价值。
Decision-making behaviors can always be observed in individual's daily life. Economic decision-making which related to money gain or loss especially has great influence on people's survival and development in modern society. Therefore, economic decision-making always became research focus to economists, sociologists and psychologists. By brain imaging technologies, not just the behavioral study of decision-making behavior, but also their deep brain dynamic neural mechanisms were explored. Decision-making processes include rapid assessment of decision-making's environment and opponents'cognition, etc; outcome evalutation refers to assessment of people's own decision-making behavior and feedbacks from external enviorment. There are both helpful to decision-making, so it is very important to explore the cognitive neuroscience mechanisms of decision-making processes. Some initial studies always used simple experimental paradigms to get general applicable findings. Therefore, existed domestic and international researches ignored real social conditions. With the developmental and increasing ecological validity's requirements of research, these series of studies focused on different emotions, social interaction, and some social contexts, combied with high time resolution event-related brain imaging techniques (ERP), tried to build real social context in laboratory, in order to improve the ecological validity of research results.
In study1, we considered positive and negative emotions, fairness and unfairness in social situations, interpersonal decision-making process. The study directly investigated differential influence from positive and negative emotions in ultimatum game (UG). Also the study considered personality, to explore the relationship between different personalitiese and and decision-making behavior. We found th at compared to negative emotions and fair offers, larger medial frontal negativity (MFN) amplitudes were found in positive emotions and unf air offers; in negative emotions and unfair offers, conscientiousness and the amplitude of MFN had a positive rela tionship, related to positive emotions and fair offers. The results reveal that the MFN reflected the cognitive evaluate process of decision-making situations and positive emotions benefited the cognition of different situations; conscientiousness enhanced the economic incomes by weakening the MFN in negative emotions and unfair situation.
Because of the particularity of UG (subjects in cognitive decision-making stage can get their choice of right or wrong), so the money gains and losses feedback in the UG can only be regarded as relatively weaker feedback. In study2, we also considered positive and negative emotions, fairness and unfairness in social situations, and social interaction in outcome evaluation. Therefore, this is a different study which attempted to examine the feedback stimulation of outcome evaluation phase whether would be influenced by positive and negative emotions, and, different emotions how to affect the outcome phase. Results showed: both positive and negative emotions induced a significant feedback-related negivity (FRN) in the feefdback phase; compared with positive emotions, negative emotions induced bigger FRN difference wave. These indicated that positive and negative emotions impact the weaker feedback of UG; and negative emotions have more serious influence on outcome evaluation.
In study3, we considered different types of immediate emotions, social situations and interpersonal fairness. This study explored a special emotion-disgust, which related to aversion of equity preference (unfairese also has a "social aversion") decision-making process as fair/unfair situations in the UG. Results showed that relative to neutral mood, digust brought larger FRN difference waveform. As disgust is strongly related to social aversion, this result indicated disgust promoted awareness of the decision-making processing in unfair situations.
In study4, research results can be applied to clinical psychology. This study focused on sadness, to study the influence of sadness on economic decision-making. Analysis found, relative to neutral mood, sadness brought a smaller FRN difference waveform in outcome evaluation (money win or lose). The result of this study was not similar to the result of study2, indicated compared to neutral and positive emotions, negative emotions' impact on decision-making have to depend on different social contexts.
Take all above four studies together, we can found, when we explore the impact of social situations to decision-making process and outcome evaluation, we should consider confused social contexts (fair or unfair, social interaction), different decision-making stages (congnitive stage, outcome evaluation), and special emotions. In all, it is complex to examine the relationship between social situations and decision-making, take special emotions and real social situations into the research of decision-making are also the future of that kind study. However, these serials studies used ERP technique, not only explored the cognitive neural mechanisms of decision-making, but also used some kind of social contexts, improved the ecological validity of these studies, made these results can be used in real life.
本研究一从整体性角度考虑,综合研究个体的情绪因素(正负性情绪)、公平与否的社会情境以及人际互动对于决策过程的影响。首先采用观看不同类型情绪图片的方法了诱发被试的正负性情绪,随后被试作为反应者参与最后通牒任务,全程记录被试的脑电变化。分析被试在分钱提议阶段的脑电变化,结果发现,相对于负性情绪及公平情境,内侧前额负波(medial frontal negativity, MFN)波幅在正性情绪和不公平情境中显著较大；本研究还调查了被试的人格维度,探索不同人格特点的个体与决策加工之间的联系,发现相对于正性情绪和公平情境,在负性情绪和不公平情境中责任感人格维度得分越高,MFN波幅越正。结果表明MFN反映的是对决策情境的认知评价且正性情绪更有利于对决策情境的觉知；责任感通过影响由不利情境带来的认知反应来压制个体对于决策情境的敏感性,以追求更好的决策结果。
最后通牒任务具有特殊性,被试作为反应者在对分钱提议加工的阶段就能得知自己选择的对错,但随后在结果呈现阶段,被试会再一次清楚地得到自我选择行为的反馈。相对于分钱提议阶段,结果评价阶段的反馈只能是弱反馈。本研究二中关注的就是最后通牒任务中的弱反馈(结果评价)阶段,着重研究对个体日常决策行为有重要影响的结果评价加工,综合考虑个体的正负性情绪、公平与否社会情境和人际互动对于结果评价的影响,一方面探索正负性情绪对于弱反馈是否存在影响,如何存在影响；另一方面,试图探索正负性情绪对决策加工影响的时间效应。被试同样首先观看不同类型的情绪图片以诱发不同的情绪,随后作为反应者参与最后通牒任务。分析被试在结果评价阶段的脑电变化,结果发现,无论是正性情绪还是负性情绪,都诱发了显著的反馈相关负波(feedback-related negativity,FRN)；不公平提议下的FRN成分要大于公平提议下的FRN；与正性情绪相比,负性情绪下的结果评价的FRN差异波(不公平分钱提议下ERP成分减去公平分钱提议下的ERP成分)更大。结果表明正负性情绪不仅对于最后通牒任务中的弱反馈存在影响；并且与研究一中决策加工的认知阶段不同,相对于正性情绪,决策的结果评价阶段受负性情绪的影响更大。
个体和群体在经济决策行为中都存在着“公平偏好”,不公平行为容易产生“社会性厌恶”情绪。本研究三细化不同类型的情绪,着重研究与“社会性厌恶”相关的即时厌恶情绪对于决策过程的影响。研究中操纵即时情绪、公平与否社会情境和人际互动因素。被试首先观看厌恶性情绪图片和中性情绪图片,随后作为反应者参与最后通牒任务,全程记录被试的脑电活动。分析被试在最后通牒任务中分钱提议阶段的脑神经活动变化,结果发现,相对于中性情绪,厌恶情绪下决策加工过程的MFN差异更大,MFN的脑地图也发现厌恶情绪下MFN在前额部分的分布区域更广。结果支持了情绪的一致性效应,说明与社会性厌恶强烈相关的个体即时的厌恶情绪,促进了个体对于决策加工中不公平情境的认知。
悲伤心境是各种神经官能症的重要特征,尤其对于高发病率和高复发率的抑郁症而言,研究抑郁症病人的决策加工具有重要的实践意义。本研究四就从将研究结果应用于临床心理学方向的角度考虑,探索了即时的悲伤情绪对于个体结果评价的影响。采用真实金钱博弈任务,被试首先需要完成博弈任务(被试在此阶段并不知道结果),随后呈现悲伤图片和中性图片来诱发被试不同的即时情绪,最后呈现被试选择的结果(金钱得失),全程记录被试的脑电反应。分析被试在结果评价阶段的脑电活动,结果发现,相对于赢钱,被试在输钱阶段的FRN更大；相对于中性情绪,被试在即时悲伤情绪下的FRN更小,被试的FRN差异波(输钱情境下的FRN减去赢钱情境下的FRN)也更小。这说明相对于中性情绪,悲伤情绪下的被试对于金钱得失的敏感性降低；证明了抑郁症症状严重性与FRN显著负相关这一研究结果。结果表明,FRN成分可以作为分辨抑郁症患者的认知神经指标。
综合上述四个研究的结果,可以认为,在对社会情境影响决策过程和结果评价的研究中,需要考虑到各种不同的复杂环境(公平与否、人际互动)、不同的决策加工阶段(决策认知、结果评价),还要考虑到各种特殊性的情绪。总之,社会情境中情绪与认知等对于决策加工的影响是十分复杂的,考察多种特殊情绪和真实情境的影响,也是未来相关研究的方向。但本系列研究管中窥豹,采用ERP技术,不仅探索了决策加工的认知神经机制,并且变化多种真实社会情境变量,提高了研究的生态学效度,使得研究结果具有极好的实践意义和推广价值。
Decision-making behaviors can always be observed in individual's daily life. Economic decision-making which related to money gain or loss especially has great influence on people's survival and development in modern society. Therefore, economic decision-making always became research focus to economists, sociologists and psychologists. By brain imaging technologies, not just the behavioral study of decision-making behavior, but also their deep brain dynamic neural mechanisms were explored. Decision-making processes include rapid assessment of decision-making's environment and opponents'cognition, etc; outcome evalutation refers to assessment of people's own decision-making behavior and feedbacks from external enviorment. There are both helpful to decision-making, so it is very important to explore the cognitive neuroscience mechanisms of decision-making processes. Some initial studies always used simple experimental paradigms to get general applicable findings. Therefore, existed domestic and international researches ignored real social conditions. With the developmental and increasing ecological validity's requirements of research, these series of studies focused on different emotions, social interaction, and some social contexts, combied with high time resolution event-related brain imaging techniques (ERP), tried to build real social context in laboratory, in order to improve the ecological validity of research results.
In study1, we considered positive and negative emotions, fairness and unfairness in social situations, interpersonal decision-making process. The study directly investigated differential influence from positive and negative emotions in ultimatum game (UG). Also the study considered personality, to explore the relationship between different personalitiese and and decision-making behavior. We found th at compared to negative emotions and fair offers, larger medial frontal negativity (MFN) amplitudes were found in positive emotions and unf air offers; in negative emotions and unfair offers, conscientiousness and the amplitude of MFN had a positive rela tionship, related to positive emotions and fair offers. The results reveal that the MFN reflected the cognitive evaluate process of decision-making situations and positive emotions benefited the cognition of different situations; conscientiousness enhanced the economic incomes by weakening the MFN in negative emotions and unfair situation.
Because of the particularity of UG (subjects in cognitive decision-making stage can get their choice of right or wrong), so the money gains and losses feedback in the UG can only be regarded as relatively weaker feedback. In study2, we also considered positive and negative emotions, fairness and unfairness in social situations, and social interaction in outcome evaluation. Therefore, this is a different study which attempted to examine the feedback stimulation of outcome evaluation phase whether would be influenced by positive and negative emotions, and, different emotions how to affect the outcome phase. Results showed: both positive and negative emotions induced a significant feedback-related negivity (FRN) in the feefdback phase; compared with positive emotions, negative emotions induced bigger FRN difference wave. These indicated that positive and negative emotions impact the weaker feedback of UG; and negative emotions have more serious influence on outcome evaluation.
In study3, we considered different types of immediate emotions, social situations and interpersonal fairness. This study explored a special emotion-disgust, which related to aversion of equity preference (unfairese also has a "social aversion") decision-making process as fair/unfair situations in the UG. Results showed that relative to neutral mood, digust brought larger FRN difference waveform. As disgust is strongly related to social aversion, this result indicated disgust promoted awareness of the decision-making processing in unfair situations.
In study4, research results can be applied to clinical psychology. This study focused on sadness, to study the influence of sadness on economic decision-making. Analysis found, relative to neutral mood, sadness brought a smaller FRN difference waveform in outcome evaluation (money win or lose). The result of this study was not similar to the result of study2, indicated compared to neutral and positive emotions, negative emotions' impact on decision-making have to depend on different social contexts.
Take all above four studies together, we can found, when we explore the impact of social situations to decision-making process and outcome evaluation, we should consider confused social contexts (fair or unfair, social interaction), different decision-making stages (congnitive stage, outcome evaluation), and special emotions. In all, it is complex to examine the relationship between social situations and decision-making, take special emotions and real social situations into the research of decision-making are also the future of that kind study. However, these serials studies used ERP technique, not only explored the cognitive neural mechanisms of decision-making, but also used some kind of social contexts, improved the ecological validity of these studies, made these results can be used in real life.
引文
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