仙人掌天然高分子絮凝剂的研究
|
摘要
用于水处理的天然高分子絮凝剂具有无毒、易生物降解、无二次污染、原料来源广、价格低等优点,近年来得到重视和发展应用。本文在分析和总结已有的天然高分子絮凝剂的制备和絮凝性能研究的基础上,选用来源丰富、价格便宜的天然高分子米邦塔仙人掌,旨在研发出一种新型绿色絮凝剂。
本文利用仙人掌制备了凝胶、干粉、多糖絮凝剂,用以处理高岭土悬浊液,其浊度去除率都达到了98%以上,然后选择了其中制备成本较低、絮凝效果较佳的凝胶,设计了一系列絮凝性能实验方案。絮凝实验表明,仙人掌凝胶对高岭土悬浊液体系有很好的絮凝性能,较佳投放量为1mg/L～6mg/L,浊度去除率高达99.3%,并且与其他絮凝剂相比,用量较少,且其受无机盐、温度、pH影响小。
其中,本文还设计了仙人掌凝胶与硫酸铁、聚合硫酸铁、聚丙烯酰胺的复配实验,结果表明,综合考虑浊度去除率、矾花大小、澄清程度,仙人掌-聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果最佳,仙人掌-硫酸铁次之。仙人掌-硫酸铁使用pH值较佳范围为5.0～9.0,受水温影响小;仙人掌-聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能受pH值、水温影响甚小。而无机盐的投加对两者均有一定影响。
此外,本文还对其实际应用作了初步的实验研究。实验结果表明:以实际生活污水体系为处理对象,仙人掌用量为2.14mg/L时,浊度去除率达到了最高,为88%左右,而仙人掌-硫酸铁、仙人掌-聚丙烯酰胺的浊度去除率分别达到了95.44%、96.33%,说明了复配絮凝效果优于仙人掌的单独使用。另外,仙人掌对去除生活污水的COD取得了良好的效果,其中与硫酸铁复配使用,对COD去除率可以达到72.99%。
More attention have been paid on natural polymer used in the water treatment because of its advantages, such as non-toxic, easily biodegradable, no secondary pollution, many raw materials and low prices in recent years. This dissertation analyzes and sums up the existing natural polymer flocculants preparation and flocculation in order to develop a new type of green flocculating agent from the o Milpa Alta cactus which is resourceful as well as low-priced.
Gel, powder, and polysaccharide flocculants were prepared using Cactus, and they are employed to degrade kaolin suspension, and the turbidity removal rate has reached more than 98%. Gel was chosen from the series of flocculation experiments in terms of lower cost and well flocculating effect. The results indicate that the cactus gel has good flocculating in kaolin suspension system, adding 1mg/L～6mg/L of cactus gel, the turbidity removal rate can reach as high as 99.3%, Compared with other flocculants, it is less affected by salts, temperature, and pH, and also less amount.
Remix experiments among cactus, sulfate gel, polyferric sulfate, and polyacrylamide are designed in this dissertation. The results show that, the cacti -polyacrylamide is the best flocculation, cacti-sulfate take second place considering the turbidity removal rate, size of alumina flower, the clarity. The best pH range of Cactus-sulfate is 5.0 to 9.0; it is less affected on water temperature. The effect on the flocculation of Cactus-polyacrylamide is lower both the pH and the water temperature; salts has negative impact on both of them.
In addition, the practical application has been studied in the dissertation. As an example of realistic domestic wastewater treatment, the results show that when adding 2.14 mg/L of cacti, the turbidity removal rate of real-life sewage will reached 88% whereas adding Cactus-sulfate, cacti-polyacrylamide the turbidity removal will reach to 95.44% and 96.33 % respectively. That's to say using the remix flocculation is better than using cactus only. Furthermore, the cactus has a better on the removal of COD on sewage, when remix with sulfate the COD removal rate can reach to 72.99%.
本文利用仙人掌制备了凝胶、干粉、多糖絮凝剂,用以处理高岭土悬浊液,其浊度去除率都达到了98%以上,然后选择了其中制备成本较低、絮凝效果较佳的凝胶,设计了一系列絮凝性能实验方案。絮凝实验表明,仙人掌凝胶对高岭土悬浊液体系有很好的絮凝性能,较佳投放量为1mg/L～6mg/L,浊度去除率高达99.3%,并且与其他絮凝剂相比,用量较少,且其受无机盐、温度、pH影响小。
其中,本文还设计了仙人掌凝胶与硫酸铁、聚合硫酸铁、聚丙烯酰胺的复配实验,结果表明,综合考虑浊度去除率、矾花大小、澄清程度,仙人掌-聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果最佳,仙人掌-硫酸铁次之。仙人掌-硫酸铁使用pH值较佳范围为5.0～9.0,受水温影响小;仙人掌-聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能受pH值、水温影响甚小。而无机盐的投加对两者均有一定影响。
此外,本文还对其实际应用作了初步的实验研究。实验结果表明:以实际生活污水体系为处理对象,仙人掌用量为2.14mg/L时,浊度去除率达到了最高,为88%左右,而仙人掌-硫酸铁、仙人掌-聚丙烯酰胺的浊度去除率分别达到了95.44%、96.33%,说明了复配絮凝效果优于仙人掌的单独使用。另外,仙人掌对去除生活污水的COD取得了良好的效果,其中与硫酸铁复配使用,对COD去除率可以达到72.99%。
More attention have been paid on natural polymer used in the water treatment because of its advantages, such as non-toxic, easily biodegradable, no secondary pollution, many raw materials and low prices in recent years. This dissertation analyzes and sums up the existing natural polymer flocculants preparation and flocculation in order to develop a new type of green flocculating agent from the o Milpa Alta cactus which is resourceful as well as low-priced.
Gel, powder, and polysaccharide flocculants were prepared using Cactus, and they are employed to degrade kaolin suspension, and the turbidity removal rate has reached more than 98%. Gel was chosen from the series of flocculation experiments in terms of lower cost and well flocculating effect. The results indicate that the cactus gel has good flocculating in kaolin suspension system, adding 1mg/L～6mg/L of cactus gel, the turbidity removal rate can reach as high as 99.3%, Compared with other flocculants, it is less affected by salts, temperature, and pH, and also less amount.
Remix experiments among cactus, sulfate gel, polyferric sulfate, and polyacrylamide are designed in this dissertation. The results show that, the cacti -polyacrylamide is the best flocculation, cacti-sulfate take second place considering the turbidity removal rate, size of alumina flower, the clarity. The best pH range of Cactus-sulfate is 5.0 to 9.0; it is less affected on water temperature. The effect on the flocculation of Cactus-polyacrylamide is lower both the pH and the water temperature; salts has negative impact on both of them.
In addition, the practical application has been studied in the dissertation. As an example of realistic domestic wastewater treatment, the results show that when adding 2.14 mg/L of cacti, the turbidity removal rate of real-life sewage will reached 88% whereas adding Cactus-sulfate, cacti-polyacrylamide the turbidity removal will reach to 95.44% and 96.33 % respectively. That's to say using the remix flocculation is better than using cactus only. Furthermore, the cactus has a better on the removal of COD on sewage, when remix with sulfate the COD removal rate can reach to 72.99%.
引文
[1]徐晓军,刘祥义,张艮林,等.化学絮凝剂作用原理.第一版.北京:科学出版社,2005
[2]Lachlan M.Coagulation treatment of drinking water.Environmetics,1995,(6):233
[3]Sablevicience D,Klimaviciute R.Flocculation properties of high-substitued cationic starches.PhysicochemEngAspects,2005,259:23-30
[4]Bratskaya S,Schwarz S,Liebert T,et al.Starch derivatives of high degree of functionalization.PhysicochemEngAspects,2005,254:675-680
[5]Pal S,Mal D,Singh R P.Cationic starch:an effective flocculating agent.Carbohydr Polym,2005,59(4):417-423
[6]Kim B S,Lim S T.Removal of heavy metal ions from water by cross-linked carboxymethylcomstarch.CarbohydrPolym,1999,39:217-223
[7]Kweon D K,Choi J K,Kim E K,et al.Adsorption of divalentmetal ions by succinylated and oxidized corn starches.CarbohydrPolym,2001,46:171-177
[8]Karmakar N C.Investigation on flocculation characteristics ofpolysaccharide-bas ed graft copolymers in coal fines suspension.J Appl polym Sci,1998,70:2619-2625
[9]王琛,李硕文,王惠丰.阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的合成及应用.精细化工进展,2001,2(8):13-16
[10]赵彦生,李万捷.淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的合成及其性能.水处理技术,1994,20(6):370-373
[11]裘兆蓉,裴峻峰,花震言.阳离子高分子絮凝剂F2合成及表征.江苏工业学院学报,2003,15(3):17-19
[12]潘松汉,王真智.接枝共聚丙烯酰胺高分子絮凝剂结构和性能的研究.精细化工,1991,8(3):12-15
[13]全易.羧基高交联淀粉阳离子交换剂的合成及应用.环境工程,1991,9(4):57-59
[14]刘广田.淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备和应用.胶体与聚合物,2007,1(25):11-12
[15]孙衍宁,马希晨.淀粉改性阳离子絮凝剂的合成及应用.大连轻工业学院学报,2006,2(25):114-117
[16]张延霖,张秋云,刘佩红.CAN-KPS体系引发淀粉接枝共聚为絮凝剂的工艺研究.化学工程师,2007,7:6-8
[17]张延霖,张秋云.Fe~(3+)-H_2O_2引发体系对淀粉接枝共聚改性为絮凝剂的影响研究.江苏化工,2007,1(35):23-25
[18]王强林,李旭祥,吕飞.复合絮凝剂的去浊协同效应机理研究.污染防治技术,2003,16(4):19-21
[19]金漫彤.淀粉接枝丙烯酸吸附剂Cr(VI)吸附性能的研究.水处理技术,2001,27(3):167-168.
[20]邹新禧,刘正春.丙烯酰胺与顺酐的共聚合反应及其产物的特性研究.高分子材料科学与工程,1999,15(1):40-43
[21]卢绍杰,孙希明,刘瑞贤,等.淀粉与DADMAC-AM接枝共聚反相胶乳.高分子材料科学与工程,1999,15(5):52-55
[22]张黎明,尹向春,李卓美.羧甲基纤维素接枝AM/DMDAAC共聚物的合成.油田化学,1999,16(2):106-108
[23]刘千钧,刘明华,詹怀宇,等.两性木质素絮凝剂的制备及脱色性能研究.福州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):152-156
[24]Mckague J.Flocculating agent derived from kraft lignin.Appl Chem Biotechnol,1974,9(4):607-610
[25]Slacke M P,Riedl B,Stevanovic-Janezic T.Friendly pulping bleaching technol Eur Workshop Lignocellu Pulp.Adv Lignocellu Chem Ecol,1998,(5):325-327
[26]Pulkkinen E,Makeia A,Mikkonen H.Preparation and testing of cationic flocculant from kraft lignin.ACSSympSer,1989,397(lignin):284-293
[27]朱建华.木质素阳离子表面活性剂的合成及应用.精细化工,1992,9(4):1-3
[28]吴冰艳,余刚.新型脱色絮凝剂木质素季铵盐的研制及其絮凝性能与机理的研究.化工环保,1997,17(5):268-272
[29]协中方,陆雍森.木质素混凝作用分析.中国环境科学,1997,17(6):535-539
[30]张芝兰,陆雍森.木质素混凝剂的性质及其应用研究.水处理技术,1997,23(1):38-44
[31]薛学佳,周钰明,吕波.天然植物胶絮凝剂的改性和性能研究.精细化工,2001,18(7):405-407
[32]熊燕,胡志勇.两性离子型瓜尔胶的合成研究.化工时刊,2007,21(1):37-39
[33]朱昌玲,顾龚平,史劲松,等.改性瓜尔胶的制备及其絮凝性能的研究.中国野生植物资源,2005,24(6):25-40
[34]邹时英,王克.瓜尔胶的改性研究.化学研究与应用,2003,15(3):318-320
[35]王军利,陈夫山.瓜尔胶的应用研究.天津造纸.2002,(3):10-12
[36]薛学佳,周钰明.天然植物胶改性阳离子絮凝剂的合成及性能研究.化工时刊,2001, (12):47-49
[37]吴敏,周钰明,薛学佳.天然植物单宁季铵盐改性絮凝剂的制备和性能评价.环境科学与技术,2002,25(6):22-23,39
[38]林炎平.壳聚糖的结构、性质和应用.化学工程师,1998(5):33-35
[39]Ganjidoust H.Effect of synthetic and natural coagulant on lignin removal from pulp and paper wastewater.WatSciTech,1997,35(2-3):291-296
[40]范瑞泉,刘镝英.甲壳糖的制备和絮凝作用.福州大学学报(自然科学版),1995,23(1):71-75
[41]Asano H,Takashi S.Use ofchitosan in dewatering of anaerobic sludge,proceedings of the first international conference on Chitin and chitosan,MTT-SG-78-7,ed.R A A Muzzarelli,Pariser E R,Cambridge,USA,MIT Sea Grant Program,1978
[42]Bouqh W R.Dewatering with chitosan of active sludge from beer factory.Proc Sixth Nat'1 Symp On food-Processing Wastes,US Environmental Protection Agency,1977
[43]古森尧喜.活性污泥的处理方法.公开特放公报,昭5160677
[44]Deans A.Removing polyvalent metals from aqueous waste stream with chitosan and halogenating agents.US005336415A,1994
[45]马德埒,李骏.复合絮凝降低饮用水残留有机物含量的研究.精细化工,1995,(6):8-11
[46]杨智宽,袁杨,曹丽芬.羧甲基壳聚糖对水溶性染料废水的脱色研究.环境科学与技术,1999,85(2):8-10,15
[47]张秋华,唐小琪,骆赞椿,等.羧甲基壳聚糖处理印染废水试验.环境污染与防治,1995,17(5):7-9
[48]蔡照胜,宋湛谦,杨春生,等.两性壳聚糖的制备及产物结构表征.林产化学与工业,2007,27(2):123-126
[49]吕德志,罗吴,谢华生,等.铸造用动物胶粘结剂的接枝共聚工艺研究.铸造,2006,55(7):678-682
[50]Liu H,Fang H P.Extraction of extracelluar polymeric substances(EPS)of sluge.Journal of Biotechnology,2002,95(3):249-256
[51]Frarias M E.Flocculation and cell surface charscterization of Kloeckera apiculata from wine.J.Appl.Microbiol,2003,95(3):457-462
[52]Oh H M,Lee S J,Park M H,et al.Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris using a bioflocculant from Paenibacillus sp AM49.Biotechnology Letters,2001,23(15):229-1234
[53]宫小燕,王曙光,栾兆坤,等.微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选和优化以及在水处理中的应用.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(2):196-199
[54]黄民生,吴苑.白腐真菌生物膜反应器处理染料生产废水实验研究.上海环境科学,2003,22(7):451-455
[55]邓述波,余刚,蒋展鹏,等.微生物絮凝剂在给水处理中的应用研究.中国给水排水,2001,17(2):5-7
[56]李振宇.我国仙人掌科植物的主要栽培种类.广西植物,1981,4:35
[57]Florian C,Andreas S,Reinhold C.Phytochemical and nutritional significance of cactus pear.EurFoodResTechnol,2001,(212):396-407
[58]张宏,余键,张治.仙人掌药理研究进展.时珍国医国药,2000,11(2):182
[59]连超群,陈治文.仙人掌抗衰老作用研究进展.蚌埠医学院学报.2007,3(32):377-399
[60]喻宁华,曾富华,饶力群,等.仙人掌属植物研究进展.湛江师范学院学报,2006,27(3):66-73
[61]王冬,李建华,祝锡键,等.仙人掌叶绿素提取工艺研究.安徽农学通报,2006,12(5):67-68
[62]严群芳.仙人掌的加工利用现状.广州食品工业科技.2004,3(20):166-168
[63]邱鹰昆,窦德强,徐碧霞,等.仙人掌肉质茎的化学成分.沈阳药科大学学报.2006,23(5):274-276,292
[64]夏慧玲,吴淩伟,王水兴.果汁型低聚木糖仙人掌饮料研究.中国食物与营养.2005,10:38-39
[65].孙海燕.“米邦塔”仙人掌原汁应用于皮肤的安全性研究.中国皮肤性病学杂志.2005,6(19):343-345
[66]江苏新中医学院编.中药大辞典.第一版.上海:上海人民出版社,1977
[67]何祥久,姚新生.仙人掌属植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展.天然产物研究与开发,2000,12(6):79-85
[68]汲晨峰,邹翔,高世勇,等.3种仙人掌多糖抗肿瘤作用的研究.哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,20(2):127-130
[69]刘洁,孙文娟.仙人掌粗多糖的药理实验研究.长春中医学院学报,1997,13(6):55
[70]Habibi Y,Mahrouz M,Marais M.An arabinogalactan from the skin of Opuntia ficus-indica prickly pear fruits.Carbohydrate Research,2004,6(339):1201-1205
[71]Habibi Y,Mahrouz M,Vignon M R.Arabinan-rich polysaccharides isolated and characterized from the endosperm of the seed of Opuntia ficus-indica prickly pear fruits.Carbohydrate Polymers,2005,3(60):319-329
[72]刘树粉,唐孟忠.“米邦塔”食用仙人掌多糖分级新方法的研究.食品工业科技.2006, 4(27):108-109
[73]丁玲玲,黄亚东.纯生仙人掌啤酒研制.中国酿造(新产品开发),2005,4:57-58
[74]任永新.果肉型仙人掌保健饮料的开发与研究.四川食品与发酵,2005,4:41-42
[75]郑书忠.水处理化学品发展现状及展望.精细与专用化学品,2001,(24):3-6
[76]牟洪燕,秦梦华.浅谈絮凝剂的研究进展.造纸化学品,2006,18(3):21-25
[77]周令剑,王洪昌,冀琳彦.我国絮凝剂的研究现状及前景展望.水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(2):39-42
[78]韩晶,张小燕,余中.我国水处理剂的研究与应用现状展望.精细石油化工,2001(3):38-42
[79]刘佳佳,康勇.绿色试剂——天然高分子絮凝剂的研究与利用进展.化学工业与工程,2005,22(6):476-481
[80]Anselme N,Dabigengesere K,Subba N.Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa Oleifera.Elsevier Science,1995,29(2):703-710
[81]Kebreab A,Ghebremichaela K,Gunaratnab R,et al.A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera seed.Water Research,2005,(39):2338-2344
[82]罗玉红,张敬东,阳红,等.天然高分子絮凝剂仙人掌絮凝性能的初步研究.工业水处理,2005,25(2):45-47
[83]叶勇.植物多糖的分离纯化与制备.中国食品添加剂,2001,(5):29-31
[84]李军,王淑莹.水科学与工程实验技术.第四版.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[85]严文瑶,钱岑.阳离子型改性絮凝剂的制备及在废水处理中的应用.江苏石油化工学院学报,2001,13(4):7-10
[86]严赞开.仙人掌叶绿素的提取工艺.江苏农业科学,2004,(3):76-77
[87]姚芳,夏文水.不同生长期仙人掌的营养及生理活性成分分析.食品与机械,2006,3(22):80-82
[88]任彩虹,闫桂琴,郜刚,等.高温胁迫对马铃薯幼苗叶片生理效应的影响.中国马铃薯,2007,21(1):5-10
[89]刘明华,张宏.一种复合絮凝剂的絮凝性能及应用研究.化学研究与应用,2003,15(4):475-78
[2]Lachlan M.Coagulation treatment of drinking water.Environmetics,1995,(6):233
[3]Sablevicience D,Klimaviciute R.Flocculation properties of high-substitued cationic starches.PhysicochemEngAspects,2005,259:23-30
[4]Bratskaya S,Schwarz S,Liebert T,et al.Starch derivatives of high degree of functionalization.PhysicochemEngAspects,2005,254:675-680
[5]Pal S,Mal D,Singh R P.Cationic starch:an effective flocculating agent.Carbohydr Polym,2005,59(4):417-423
[6]Kim B S,Lim S T.Removal of heavy metal ions from water by cross-linked carboxymethylcomstarch.CarbohydrPolym,1999,39:217-223
[7]Kweon D K,Choi J K,Kim E K,et al.Adsorption of divalentmetal ions by succinylated and oxidized corn starches.CarbohydrPolym,2001,46:171-177
[8]Karmakar N C.Investigation on flocculation characteristics ofpolysaccharide-bas ed graft copolymers in coal fines suspension.J Appl polym Sci,1998,70:2619-2625
[9]王琛,李硕文,王惠丰.阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的合成及应用.精细化工进展,2001,2(8):13-16
[10]赵彦生,李万捷.淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的合成及其性能.水处理技术,1994,20(6):370-373
[11]裘兆蓉,裴峻峰,花震言.阳离子高分子絮凝剂F2合成及表征.江苏工业学院学报,2003,15(3):17-19
[12]潘松汉,王真智.接枝共聚丙烯酰胺高分子絮凝剂结构和性能的研究.精细化工,1991,8(3):12-15
[13]全易.羧基高交联淀粉阳离子交换剂的合成及应用.环境工程,1991,9(4):57-59
[14]刘广田.淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备和应用.胶体与聚合物,2007,1(25):11-12
[15]孙衍宁,马希晨.淀粉改性阳离子絮凝剂的合成及应用.大连轻工业学院学报,2006,2(25):114-117
[16]张延霖,张秋云,刘佩红.CAN-KPS体系引发淀粉接枝共聚为絮凝剂的工艺研究.化学工程师,2007,7:6-8
[17]张延霖,张秋云.Fe~(3+)-H_2O_2引发体系对淀粉接枝共聚改性为絮凝剂的影响研究.江苏化工,2007,1(35):23-25
[18]王强林,李旭祥,吕飞.复合絮凝剂的去浊协同效应机理研究.污染防治技术,2003,16(4):19-21
[19]金漫彤.淀粉接枝丙烯酸吸附剂Cr(VI)吸附性能的研究.水处理技术,2001,27(3):167-168.
[20]邹新禧,刘正春.丙烯酰胺与顺酐的共聚合反应及其产物的特性研究.高分子材料科学与工程,1999,15(1):40-43
[21]卢绍杰,孙希明,刘瑞贤,等.淀粉与DADMAC-AM接枝共聚反相胶乳.高分子材料科学与工程,1999,15(5):52-55
[22]张黎明,尹向春,李卓美.羧甲基纤维素接枝AM/DMDAAC共聚物的合成.油田化学,1999,16(2):106-108
[23]刘千钧,刘明华,詹怀宇,等.两性木质素絮凝剂的制备及脱色性能研究.福州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):152-156
[24]Mckague J.Flocculating agent derived from kraft lignin.Appl Chem Biotechnol,1974,9(4):607-610
[25]Slacke M P,Riedl B,Stevanovic-Janezic T.Friendly pulping bleaching technol Eur Workshop Lignocellu Pulp.Adv Lignocellu Chem Ecol,1998,(5):325-327
[26]Pulkkinen E,Makeia A,Mikkonen H.Preparation and testing of cationic flocculant from kraft lignin.ACSSympSer,1989,397(lignin):284-293
[27]朱建华.木质素阳离子表面活性剂的合成及应用.精细化工,1992,9(4):1-3
[28]吴冰艳,余刚.新型脱色絮凝剂木质素季铵盐的研制及其絮凝性能与机理的研究.化工环保,1997,17(5):268-272
[29]协中方,陆雍森.木质素混凝作用分析.中国环境科学,1997,17(6):535-539
[30]张芝兰,陆雍森.木质素混凝剂的性质及其应用研究.水处理技术,1997,23(1):38-44
[31]薛学佳,周钰明,吕波.天然植物胶絮凝剂的改性和性能研究.精细化工,2001,18(7):405-407
[32]熊燕,胡志勇.两性离子型瓜尔胶的合成研究.化工时刊,2007,21(1):37-39
[33]朱昌玲,顾龚平,史劲松,等.改性瓜尔胶的制备及其絮凝性能的研究.中国野生植物资源,2005,24(6):25-40
[34]邹时英,王克.瓜尔胶的改性研究.化学研究与应用,2003,15(3):318-320
[35]王军利,陈夫山.瓜尔胶的应用研究.天津造纸.2002,(3):10-12
[36]薛学佳,周钰明.天然植物胶改性阳离子絮凝剂的合成及性能研究.化工时刊,2001, (12):47-49
[37]吴敏,周钰明,薛学佳.天然植物单宁季铵盐改性絮凝剂的制备和性能评价.环境科学与技术,2002,25(6):22-23,39
[38]林炎平.壳聚糖的结构、性质和应用.化学工程师,1998(5):33-35
[39]Ganjidoust H.Effect of synthetic and natural coagulant on lignin removal from pulp and paper wastewater.WatSciTech,1997,35(2-3):291-296
[40]范瑞泉,刘镝英.甲壳糖的制备和絮凝作用.福州大学学报(自然科学版),1995,23(1):71-75
[41]Asano H,Takashi S.Use ofchitosan in dewatering of anaerobic sludge,proceedings of the first international conference on Chitin and chitosan,MTT-SG-78-7,ed.R A A Muzzarelli,Pariser E R,Cambridge,USA,MIT Sea Grant Program,1978
[42]Bouqh W R.Dewatering with chitosan of active sludge from beer factory.Proc Sixth Nat'1 Symp On food-Processing Wastes,US Environmental Protection Agency,1977
[43]古森尧喜.活性污泥的处理方法.公开特放公报,昭5160677
[44]Deans A.Removing polyvalent metals from aqueous waste stream with chitosan and halogenating agents.US005336415A,1994
[45]马德埒,李骏.复合絮凝降低饮用水残留有机物含量的研究.精细化工,1995,(6):8-11
[46]杨智宽,袁杨,曹丽芬.羧甲基壳聚糖对水溶性染料废水的脱色研究.环境科学与技术,1999,85(2):8-10,15
[47]张秋华,唐小琪,骆赞椿,等.羧甲基壳聚糖处理印染废水试验.环境污染与防治,1995,17(5):7-9
[48]蔡照胜,宋湛谦,杨春生,等.两性壳聚糖的制备及产物结构表征.林产化学与工业,2007,27(2):123-126
[49]吕德志,罗吴,谢华生,等.铸造用动物胶粘结剂的接枝共聚工艺研究.铸造,2006,55(7):678-682
[50]Liu H,Fang H P.Extraction of extracelluar polymeric substances(EPS)of sluge.Journal of Biotechnology,2002,95(3):249-256
[51]Frarias M E.Flocculation and cell surface charscterization of Kloeckera apiculata from wine.J.Appl.Microbiol,2003,95(3):457-462
[52]Oh H M,Lee S J,Park M H,et al.Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris using a bioflocculant from Paenibacillus sp AM49.Biotechnology Letters,2001,23(15):229-1234
[53]宫小燕,王曙光,栾兆坤,等.微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选和优化以及在水处理中的应用.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(2):196-199
[54]黄民生,吴苑.白腐真菌生物膜反应器处理染料生产废水实验研究.上海环境科学,2003,22(7):451-455
[55]邓述波,余刚,蒋展鹏,等.微生物絮凝剂在给水处理中的应用研究.中国给水排水,2001,17(2):5-7
[56]李振宇.我国仙人掌科植物的主要栽培种类.广西植物,1981,4:35
[57]Florian C,Andreas S,Reinhold C.Phytochemical and nutritional significance of cactus pear.EurFoodResTechnol,2001,(212):396-407
[58]张宏,余键,张治.仙人掌药理研究进展.时珍国医国药,2000,11(2):182
[59]连超群,陈治文.仙人掌抗衰老作用研究进展.蚌埠医学院学报.2007,3(32):377-399
[60]喻宁华,曾富华,饶力群,等.仙人掌属植物研究进展.湛江师范学院学报,2006,27(3):66-73
[61]王冬,李建华,祝锡键,等.仙人掌叶绿素提取工艺研究.安徽农学通报,2006,12(5):67-68
[62]严群芳.仙人掌的加工利用现状.广州食品工业科技.2004,3(20):166-168
[63]邱鹰昆,窦德强,徐碧霞,等.仙人掌肉质茎的化学成分.沈阳药科大学学报.2006,23(5):274-276,292
[64]夏慧玲,吴淩伟,王水兴.果汁型低聚木糖仙人掌饮料研究.中国食物与营养.2005,10:38-39
[65].孙海燕.“米邦塔”仙人掌原汁应用于皮肤的安全性研究.中国皮肤性病学杂志.2005,6(19):343-345
[66]江苏新中医学院编.中药大辞典.第一版.上海:上海人民出版社,1977
[67]何祥久,姚新生.仙人掌属植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展.天然产物研究与开发,2000,12(6):79-85
[68]汲晨峰,邹翔,高世勇,等.3种仙人掌多糖抗肿瘤作用的研究.哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,20(2):127-130
[69]刘洁,孙文娟.仙人掌粗多糖的药理实验研究.长春中医学院学报,1997,13(6):55
[70]Habibi Y,Mahrouz M,Marais M.An arabinogalactan from the skin of Opuntia ficus-indica prickly pear fruits.Carbohydrate Research,2004,6(339):1201-1205
[71]Habibi Y,Mahrouz M,Vignon M R.Arabinan-rich polysaccharides isolated and characterized from the endosperm of the seed of Opuntia ficus-indica prickly pear fruits.Carbohydrate Polymers,2005,3(60):319-329
[72]刘树粉,唐孟忠.“米邦塔”食用仙人掌多糖分级新方法的研究.食品工业科技.2006, 4(27):108-109
[73]丁玲玲,黄亚东.纯生仙人掌啤酒研制.中国酿造(新产品开发),2005,4:57-58
[74]任永新.果肉型仙人掌保健饮料的开发与研究.四川食品与发酵,2005,4:41-42
[75]郑书忠.水处理化学品发展现状及展望.精细与专用化学品,2001,(24):3-6
[76]牟洪燕,秦梦华.浅谈絮凝剂的研究进展.造纸化学品,2006,18(3):21-25
[77]周令剑,王洪昌,冀琳彦.我国絮凝剂的研究现状及前景展望.水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(2):39-42
[78]韩晶,张小燕,余中.我国水处理剂的研究与应用现状展望.精细石油化工,2001(3):38-42
[79]刘佳佳,康勇.绿色试剂——天然高分子絮凝剂的研究与利用进展.化学工业与工程,2005,22(6):476-481
[80]Anselme N,Dabigengesere K,Subba N.Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa Oleifera.Elsevier Science,1995,29(2):703-710
[81]Kebreab A,Ghebremichaela K,Gunaratnab R,et al.A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera seed.Water Research,2005,(39):2338-2344
[82]罗玉红,张敬东,阳红,等.天然高分子絮凝剂仙人掌絮凝性能的初步研究.工业水处理,2005,25(2):45-47
[83]叶勇.植物多糖的分离纯化与制备.中国食品添加剂,2001,(5):29-31
[84]李军,王淑莹.水科学与工程实验技术.第四版.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[85]严文瑶,钱岑.阳离子型改性絮凝剂的制备及在废水处理中的应用.江苏石油化工学院学报,2001,13(4):7-10
[86]严赞开.仙人掌叶绿素的提取工艺.江苏农业科学,2004,(3):76-77
[87]姚芳,夏文水.不同生长期仙人掌的营养及生理活性成分分析.食品与机械,2006,3(22):80-82
[88]任彩虹,闫桂琴,郜刚,等.高温胁迫对马铃薯幼苗叶片生理效应的影响.中国马铃薯,2007,21(1):5-10
[89]刘明华,张宏.一种复合絮凝剂的絮凝性能及应用研究.化学研究与应用,2003,15(4):475-78