渗滤液中NH_4～+-N和NO_2～--N对土壤和地下水的影响及对策
摘要
垃圾渗滤液是垃圾在卫生填埋或堆放过程产生的一种高浓度有机废水,由于渗滤液的水质水量变化大,含有多种有害污染物质,其对周边环境尤其是对土壤和地下水的污染很大,对人类的生产和生活构成了危险。本文在这种背景下针对渗滤液、在土壤和地下水中的迁移转化规律作了初步的研究,通过研究氮类的迁移转化来研究渗滤液对土壤和地下水影响程度和规律,并就已被污染的土壤和地下水提出了生物修复的理论。本文的研究概要大致如下:
分析了城市生活垃圾的组成和影响因素、渗滤液产生的机理以及渗滤液对环境地质的影响。通过划分土壤层理结构,对渗滤液氮类污染物在土壤和地下水中的迁移作了系统分析;从化学反应和生物作用的角度,对其转化作用作了机理分析,氮类转化是硝化、反硝化和吸附作用等几个主要化学动力学过程。
通过土柱试验装置,对数学模型所要涉及到的参数进行了测定,如土壤含水率、土壤水力学参数、平衡吸附和硝化反应速度常数。除了室内试验,还进行了野外现场观测试验。本文在前人的研究基础上构建了数学模型,并用现场监测的数据对数学模型进行了检验,检验结果表明该模型能够反映垃圾填埋场场地渗滤液、在土壤和地下水迁移转化规律。
就渗滤液对土壤和地下水的污染状况,本文提出了原位生物修复技术,本就原位生物修复技术中的供给系统、微生物、表面活性剂、阻塞控制以及通风和供氧进行了研究。
Leachate is kind of highly concentrated organic wastewater yielding from the processes of MSW(municipal solid waste)landfill or packing. Since the fluctuation of quality and quantity, and full of harmful pollutants, leachate pose pollution to the environment around the landfill, especially to soil and groundwater. On this background, preliminary study on transfer and transformation of 、 from leachate in soil and groundwater was carried out, which could be used to describe the degree and law of leachate pollution to environmental geology.
Factors affecting the composition of MSW、generation mechanism of the leachate and effects of leachate on environmental geology were discussed. According stratification study of the tested soil, transfer and transformation of nitrogen contaminants from leachate in soil and groundwater were systematically analyzed. In accordance with chemical and biological reactivity, transformation mechanism of nitrogen contaminants was discussed. Nitrogen transformation was carried out by the integrated chemical dynamic process of nitrification, denitrification and adsorption.
Through soil column test, parameters of the integrated simulation model, such as soil content、groundwater hydraulic parameters、the equilibrium adsorption equation of 、the rate constant of nitration reaction were determined. In addition to laboratory experiments, field surveys were also adopted. The experimental data were applied to determine parameters and validation of the model. The results show that mathematic model can describe the law of transfer and transformation of 、 from leachate in soil and groundwater.
According to the degree and law of leachate pollution to soil and groundwater, in situ bioremediation were conducted. The questions involved in in situ bioremediation ,which were feedway、microorganism、the cosurfactant、block control、aeration, were studied in detail.
分析了城市生活垃圾的组成和影响因素、渗滤液产生的机理以及渗滤液对环境地质的影响。通过划分土壤层理结构,对渗滤液氮类污染物在土壤和地下水中的迁移作了系统分析;从化学反应和生物作用的角度,对其转化作用作了机理分析,氮类转化是硝化、反硝化和吸附作用等几个主要化学动力学过程。
通过土柱试验装置,对数学模型所要涉及到的参数进行了测定,如土壤含水率、土壤水力学参数、平衡吸附和硝化反应速度常数。除了室内试验,还进行了野外现场观测试验。本文在前人的研究基础上构建了数学模型,并用现场监测的数据对数学模型进行了检验,检验结果表明该模型能够反映垃圾填埋场场地渗滤液、在土壤和地下水迁移转化规律。
就渗滤液对土壤和地下水的污染状况,本文提出了原位生物修复技术,本就原位生物修复技术中的供给系统、微生物、表面活性剂、阻塞控制以及通风和供氧进行了研究。
Leachate is kind of highly concentrated organic wastewater yielding from the processes of MSW(municipal solid waste)landfill or packing. Since the fluctuation of quality and quantity, and full of harmful pollutants, leachate pose pollution to the environment around the landfill, especially to soil and groundwater. On this background, preliminary study on transfer and transformation of 、 from leachate in soil and groundwater was carried out, which could be used to describe the degree and law of leachate pollution to environmental geology.
Factors affecting the composition of MSW、generation mechanism of the leachate and effects of leachate on environmental geology were discussed. According stratification study of the tested soil, transfer and transformation of nitrogen contaminants from leachate in soil and groundwater were systematically analyzed. In accordance with chemical and biological reactivity, transformation mechanism of nitrogen contaminants was discussed. Nitrogen transformation was carried out by the integrated chemical dynamic process of nitrification, denitrification and adsorption.
Through soil column test, parameters of the integrated simulation model, such as soil content、groundwater hydraulic parameters、the equilibrium adsorption equation of 、the rate constant of nitration reaction were determined. In addition to laboratory experiments, field surveys were also adopted. The experimental data were applied to determine parameters and validation of the model. The results show that mathematic model can describe the law of transfer and transformation of 、 from leachate in soil and groundwater.
According to the degree and law of leachate pollution to soil and groundwater, in situ bioremediation were conducted. The questions involved in in situ bioremediation ,which were feedway、microorganism、the cosurfactant、block control、aeration, were studied in detail.
引文
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[34] 郑茂辉,李鸿喜. 岩溶断块区地下水流数值模拟[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2001,(1):7～10
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[2] 专家呼吁加强垃圾的资源化利用[N]. 中国环境报,1999-5-25
[3] 郑雅杰. 我国城市垃圾渗滤液量预测与污染防治对策[J]. 城市环境与城市生态,1997,10(1):29?30
[4] 藏文超. 我国城市生活垃圾的管理现状[J]. 环境保护,1998,(8),41?43
[5] Rudakov D V, Rudakov V C. Analytical modeling of aquifer pollution caused by solid waste depositories[J]. Ground water, 1999, 37 (3): 352?357
[6] 陈梦雄. 生活垃圾污染调查及其地质处置[J]. 中国地质,1990,(2):5?10
[7] 徐壮. 我国城市生活垃圾特性和污染状况的综合调查[J]. 环境科学,1987,(5):81?84
[8] 韦敬祥. 城市垃圾的二次污染防治[J]. 上海环境科学,1987,(10):41?42
[9] 王东升. 地下淡水演变与水致疾病[J]. 地球学报,1998,19(4):443?448
[10] 罗泽娇,靳孟贵. 地下水三氮污染的研究进展[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2002,(4):65?69
[11] World Health Organization(WHO). Environmental levels and human exposure[I], http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/GDWQ/Chemicals/nitratenitritefull.htm#Environmental, http://www.who.int/, 2001
[12] 李东,顾恒兵. 重庆市主城区生活垃圾现状调查与分析[J]. 重庆环境科学,2001,23(1):67?69
[13] 张久根. 我国城市生活垃圾现状分析[J]. 环境科学研究,1994,7(6):42?45
[14] 郑雅杰. 垃圾填埋场渗滤液特征及其治理[J]. 水资源保护,1997,(2):11?14
[15] 温小乐. 城市生活垃圾污染状况[硕士学位论文]. 北京中国农业大学,2001.6
[16] 陈长态,曾扬. 城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质特性及处理[J]. 环境保护,2001,(9):19?21
[17] 杨霞,杨朝晖等. 城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺的研究[J]. 环境工程,2000,18(5):12?14
[18] 沈耀良,王宝贞. 垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理特性分析[J]. 江苏环境科技,1999,(2):5?7
[19] Chian E. S. K, et. Characterization of soluble organic matter in leachate[J]. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 1997, 11(2): 158?163
[20] Oman C, et al. Identification of organic compounds in municipal landfill leachates[J]. Environ Pollute, 1993, 80(1): 265?271
[21] 郑雅杰. 我国城市垃圾渗滤液量预测与污染防治对策[J]. 城市环境与城市生态,1997,10(1):29?34
[22] 姜月华,沈加林,王爱华,钱迈平. 城市垃圾发展现状及其对生态地质环境的影响[J]. 火山地质与矿产,2000,21(2):96?106
[23] Logan T J. Physical and chemical characteristics of selcected U.S. municipal solid waste composits[J]. Jour. Of Environmental Quality, 1995, 24(3): 543?552
[24] 方满,朱俊林,刘洪海. 垃圾填埋场底土层污染状况调查[J]. 环境监测管理与技术,2000,12(1):23?25
[25] 廖利,全宏东等. 深圳盐田垃圾场对周围土壤污染状况分析[J]. 城市环境与城市生态. 1999,12(3):51?53
[26] 郑铣鑫. 城市垃圾场对地下水的污染[J]. 环境科学,1989,10(3):89?92
[27] 王翊虹,赵勇胜. 北京北天堂地区城市垃圾填埋对地下水的污染[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2002,(6):45?48
[28] 夏立江,温小乐. 垃圾渗滤液对土壤有效性和地下水质的影响[J]. 土壤与环境,200,11(1):6?9
[29] 李海明,陈鸿汉等. 垃圾堆放场氯代脂肪烃对浅层地下水的污染特征初步分析[J]. 中国地质大学学报-地球科学,2002,27(2):227?230
[30] 张澄博. 垃圾卫生填埋结构对地质环境效应的控制研究[J]. 地址灾害与环境保护. 1991,S1:68?88
[31] 孔德坊. 生活垃圾卫生填埋及地质环境效应概论[J]. 地址灾害与环境保护. 1991,S1:1～9
[32] 薛红琴,速宝玉,盛金昌. 垃圾填埋场渗滤液的防渗和地下水的污染防护[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2002,(4):18～22
[33] 王超.污染物在土壤和地下水中迁移转化规律的研究[博士学位论文],南京河海大学,1995年8月
[34] 郑茂辉,李鸿喜. 岩溶断块区地下水流数值模拟[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2001,(1):7～10
[35] 罗泽娇,靳孟贵. 地下水三氮污染的研究进展[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2002,( 4):65～69
[36] 郑彤,陈春云. 环境系统数学模型[M]. 北京化学工业出版社,2004年,第1版
[37] Forth J R. Modeling of nitrate transport in a regional groundwater system in south Australia. In proceedings of the groundwater pollution conference[M]. Australia government publishing service, 1991, 101～118
[38] 丁坚平,王中美,毛健全等. 岩溶地下水渗漏污染研究[J]. 贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,32(4):98～102
[39] 张增强,张一平,朱兆华. 镉在土壤中吸持的动力学特征研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2000, 20(3):370～375
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