潜孔锤反循环钻探工艺试验研究
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摘要
进入21世纪，随着社会经济的持续快速发展，对各种资源的需求量日益增加，矿产资源是不可再生资源，其采储量已濒临枯竭。为保证经济和社会的可持续发展，必须加大对矿产资源的勘查力度和范围，“攻深找盲”，深部找矿，勘探难度增大，如：复杂地质条件矿区、东北高寒地区、西部偏远地区、干旱缺水地区等深入开展地质勘探工作。上述复杂钻探条件下的钻探工程技术难度增大，使得钻孔效率降低，取心质量难于符合要求，施工成本高、工程周期长，甚至无法达到钻探工程目标，影响了钻探工程的顺利进行。
为解决上述诸多问题，贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取心钻探技术作为一项钻探高新技术，它的应用领域逐步受到各界的关注。该项技术集潜孔锤的高效碎岩钻进、孔内多相流体介质（气、液、固）全孔反循环及钻进中不停钻，连续获取岩矿心样三项钻进工艺于一体，具有钻进效率高、钻探成本低、钻孔质量优、复杂地层条件适应能力强等诸多特点，解决了一系列钻探技术难题，是一项应用前景广阔的先进钻探技术。
目前空气潜孔锤反循环钻进技术已成功应用于小口径固体矿产勘探、水文水井钻凿、工程勘察、石油钻井等各钻孔领域。继续深入研究潜孔锤反循环机理，优化潜孔锤的工作性能参数，丰富贯通式潜孔锤的规格系列，开展潜孔锤反循环钻探技术的机具与设备配套研究，摸索和完善钻探工艺和操作规程，深入开展以潜孔锤反循环钻探技术为核心的多工艺、集成化钻探技术研究，扩大潜孔锤反循环技术的应用领域和应用效果，形成一套系统、完整的钻探高新技术，为地质工程和岩土工程事业做出贡献。
论文主要研究内容：
1.系统阐述了贯通式潜孔锤反循环钻探技术，对该钻探技术的钻具系统、钻具结构、工作参数等进行研究。钻具系统自上而下为：双通道气水龙头、双壁钻杆、贯通式潜孔锤及反循环钻头，是实施潜孔锤反循环钻探技术所特有的钻具系统。
2.深化空气潜孔锤反循环钻头机理研究，运用HYPEMESH网格模型，FLUENT流体动力学工程软件，分析孔底和钻头部位的流场及参数的变化规律，创新设计新型的反循环钻头，提高钻头的反循环形成能力，具良好的流体动力学参数，并适应极复杂地层条件，确保钻进中多相流体实现可靠的反循环。
3.运用计算机数值模拟仿真方法优化贯通式潜孔锤的工作性能参数，并使之与高风压空气压缩机相匹配。以GQ-89型贯通式潜孔锤活塞质量为4.9kg为例，研究不同风压条件下潜孔锤工作参数的变化规律；再设定不同的活塞质量，并使活塞的冲击末速度达到极限值8m/s时，研究潜孔锤的工作特性参数，得出了重要结论。
4.运用有限元ANSYS/LS-DYNA工程软件，研究潜孔锤反循环钻具系统的应力和强度，提高钻具的可靠性和使用寿命。
5.通过工程应用实践，丰富和完善潜孔锤反循环取心样钻探工艺技术、操作方法及钻进规程参数，研究潜孔锤反循环钻探技术设备配套的合理性，促进该技术的进步和发展，以利在全国逐渐推广和应用。
6.深入研究和创新了地表连续获取岩矿心样的收集、缩分、整理、封装和装运方法；提出了在干孔段、潮湿孔段、出水孔段等不同水文地质条件下岩矿心样获取的有效措施。
取得的重要研究成果及结论：
采用流体动力学工程软件，模拟反循环钻头井底流场及流体运动规律，创新设计了大直径反循环钻头，试验中取得了突出的应用效果。
运用研发的潜孔锤模拟仿真电算软件，研究潜孔锤内部动力过程及工作性能参数的变化规律，重点研究了风压变化和潜孔锤活塞质量变化对潜孔锤工作性能参数的影响规律，得出了重要结论：
1.在空压机保证供风能量的前提下，潜孔锤的单次冲击能只取决活塞的质量大小，并呈线性关系变化；
2.潜孔锤的额定冲击频率只取决于潜孔锤设计时的配气行程大小，并呈反比变化，与风压和活塞质量无关；
3.同一潜孔锤的额定风压与活塞质量相关，活塞质量增大则潜孔锤额定风压增高，单次冲击能增大，钻进效率提高；因活塞质量在设计时可提高的空间大，故研发高风压、超高风压型的潜孔锤可大幅度提高冲击能量和钻进效率。
4.设计的潜孔锤额定风压提高，则潜孔锤的有效热工效率降低，高风压潜孔锤需配套使用高风压型空气压缩机。使用超高风压型空压机，研发超高风压型潜孔锤，还将使钻进效率大幅度得以提升，同时钻进孔深也可得到突破，展示出潜孔锤未来的发展远景。
In21st century, the need for various resources is growing everyday with thecontinuous and fast development of social economy, and the recoverable reserves ofmineral resources are running out due to their non-renewable availability. In order toguarantee the sustainable development of economy and the society, the explorationinvestment as well as boundary must be enlarged, and efforts must be made to explorethe mineral resources reserved in deep formation or difficult working areas whiledrilling for the target of deep and unknown mineral exploring, such as the geologicalexploration in complicated formation, northeast arctic-alpine areas, remote westernregions and arid regions. Meanwhile, the drilling efficiency or ROP (Rate of Penetration)is low, the coring quality is not meeting the requirements of core drilling, theconstruction cost is high, the construction period is long, and even no way toaccomplish the drilling project targets due to the complicated formation and climate. Ina word, the above-mentioned problem of drilling technology is severe, and affecting thesmooth implementation of drilling project.
As an advanced technology, the hollow-through DTH continuous coring andreverse circulation drilling technique is gradually focused on its application in order toresolve the above-mentioned problems. Furthermore, this technology combines highdrilling efficiency of DTH air hammer, reverse circulation in full hole with multiphase(Gas, Liquid and Solid) fluid medium, continuous rock debris discharge withoutdeclutching the drill rig, and continuous core drilling, and this drilling technology hasmany drilling advantages such as high drilling efficiency, high quality of borehole, highadaptive ability in complicated formation and the low construction cost. Therefore, this advanced drilling technology is deserved to extensive application in order to settleseries of drilling issues.
Nowadays, the reverse circulation drilling technology with DTH air hammer hasbeen widely applied to drill in solid mineral resource exploration of slim hole, waterwell drilling and building foundation construction with rock-socketed piles etc.Therefore, this paper will emphasize on the mechanism study on reverse circulationdrilling with DTH air hammer, enriching the specification options for hollow throughDTH air hammer, optimizing the working parameters of DTH air hammer, achieving theconfiguration of equipment and reverse circulation drilling tools with DTH air hammer,seeking and completing the working parameters and drilling operation procedure,conducting the deep research on multi-process drilling integration of reverse circulationdrilling with DTH air hammer, enlarging the application region and working effect ofreverse circulation drilling, forming a systematic and complete drilling technique,contributing to the development of geological and geotechnical engineering.
The research contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The reverse circulation drilling technology with Down-the-Hole (DTH)hollow-through air hammer was systematically introduced and researched on drillingtools, the structure of drilling tools and working parameters of this reverse circulationdrilling technology. In addition, the dual-channel gas and water faucet, dual-walldrilling string, pneumatic DTH air hammer and reverse circulation drill bit as shownfrom above to below the drilling system are the specific drilling equipment of reversecirculation drilling technology with hollow-through DTH air hammer.
2. The working mechanism of reverse circulation drill bit was intensivelyresearched with the skillful application of computational fluid dynamics softwareFLUNET, and the parameter variation and flow field of the drill bit as well as thebottom of the borehole are analyzed. Moreover, the structure of reverse circulation drillbit was innovated to assure the superior strength of the drill bit and dynamic parameterof the fluid within the bit. Meanwhile, the structure of the reverse circulation drill bitwas creatively designed to adapt to severely complicated formation, which could guarantee the steady formation of reverse circulation of multiphase fluid in the bottomof the borehole.
3. The working performance parameter of the hollow through DTH air hammerwas researched by the means of computer simulation to let the hammer match with thehigh-pressure air compressor. In addition, the variation law of working parameter of theDTH hammer in different air pressure conditions was researched in the assumption thatthe mass of the piston of GQ-89hollow through DTH air hammer was4.9Kg. When themass of the piston changed, the impact velocity of the piston reached to the ultimatevalue8m/s. What’s more, some important conclusions are obtained after finishing theresearch on working parameters of DTH air hammer.
4. The stress and strength of reverse circulation drilling tool with DTH air hammerwere studied with the application of finite element method (FEM) engineering softwareANSYS/LS-DYNA to enhance the strength and the service life of drilling tools.
5. The drilling and exploring technique of reverse circulation core drilling withDTH air hammer, the operation method and the drilling specification parameters wereenriched and completed. Furthermore, the drilling and exploring technique of reversecirculation core drilling with DTH air hammer was detailedly researched to promote theprogress and development of this technology for the sake of nationwide popularizationand application.
6. The method for collecting, clarifying, arrangement, packaging and transmittingthe obtained core was researched and innovated, and the problem of core acquisitionand collection in various hydro-geological conditions was settled, such as dry formation,moist and aquifer stratum drilling.
Important conclusions are as follows:
The influence of air pressure on DTH air hammer was researched, and the workingperformance parameter of DTH air hammer with various air pressure was optimized onthe basis of computer simulation，meanwhile the effective thermal efficiency and airpressure were also calculated.
1. The einmal impact energy of the DTH air hammer just depended on the mass ofpiston while sufficient compressed air was provided, and linear relationship waspresented with each other.
2. The impact frequency of DTH air hammer was just related to the designed gasdistribution stroke of the hammer, nevertheless had nothing to do with the air pressureand mass of the piston.
3. The rated air pressure of DTH air hammer was related to the mass of piston, andthe einmal impact energy and the rated air pressure of DTH air hammer increase withthe mass augment of piston. Furthermore, the drilling efficiency or rate of penetration(ROP) was increased with a large extent.
4. The effective thermal efficiency of DTH air hammer decreased via the rated airpressure increased, and the high-pressure DTH air hammer must be assorted with highpressure air compressor. In addition, the drilling efficiency could be dramaticallyenlarged by using super-high pressure air compressor and developing new DTH airhammer with super-high air pressure. Meanwhile, the depth of drilled borehole could beenhanced and optimized, which would present a superior prospect for the application ofDTH air hammer.
为解决上述诸多问题，贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取心钻探技术作为一项钻探高新技术，它的应用领域逐步受到各界的关注。该项技术集潜孔锤的高效碎岩钻进、孔内多相流体介质（气、液、固）全孔反循环及钻进中不停钻，连续获取岩矿心样三项钻进工艺于一体，具有钻进效率高、钻探成本低、钻孔质量优、复杂地层条件适应能力强等诸多特点，解决了一系列钻探技术难题，是一项应用前景广阔的先进钻探技术。
目前空气潜孔锤反循环钻进技术已成功应用于小口径固体矿产勘探、水文水井钻凿、工程勘察、石油钻井等各钻孔领域。继续深入研究潜孔锤反循环机理，优化潜孔锤的工作性能参数，丰富贯通式潜孔锤的规格系列，开展潜孔锤反循环钻探技术的机具与设备配套研究，摸索和完善钻探工艺和操作规程，深入开展以潜孔锤反循环钻探技术为核心的多工艺、集成化钻探技术研究，扩大潜孔锤反循环技术的应用领域和应用效果，形成一套系统、完整的钻探高新技术，为地质工程和岩土工程事业做出贡献。
论文主要研究内容：
1.系统阐述了贯通式潜孔锤反循环钻探技术，对该钻探技术的钻具系统、钻具结构、工作参数等进行研究。钻具系统自上而下为：双通道气水龙头、双壁钻杆、贯通式潜孔锤及反循环钻头，是实施潜孔锤反循环钻探技术所特有的钻具系统。
2.深化空气潜孔锤反循环钻头机理研究，运用HYPEMESH网格模型，FLUENT流体动力学工程软件，分析孔底和钻头部位的流场及参数的变化规律，创新设计新型的反循环钻头，提高钻头的反循环形成能力，具良好的流体动力学参数，并适应极复杂地层条件，确保钻进中多相流体实现可靠的反循环。
3.运用计算机数值模拟仿真方法优化贯通式潜孔锤的工作性能参数，并使之与高风压空气压缩机相匹配。以GQ-89型贯通式潜孔锤活塞质量为4.9kg为例，研究不同风压条件下潜孔锤工作参数的变化规律；再设定不同的活塞质量，并使活塞的冲击末速度达到极限值8m/s时，研究潜孔锤的工作特性参数，得出了重要结论。
4.运用有限元ANSYS/LS-DYNA工程软件，研究潜孔锤反循环钻具系统的应力和强度，提高钻具的可靠性和使用寿命。
5.通过工程应用实践，丰富和完善潜孔锤反循环取心样钻探工艺技术、操作方法及钻进规程参数，研究潜孔锤反循环钻探技术设备配套的合理性，促进该技术的进步和发展，以利在全国逐渐推广和应用。
6.深入研究和创新了地表连续获取岩矿心样的收集、缩分、整理、封装和装运方法；提出了在干孔段、潮湿孔段、出水孔段等不同水文地质条件下岩矿心样获取的有效措施。
取得的重要研究成果及结论：
采用流体动力学工程软件，模拟反循环钻头井底流场及流体运动规律，创新设计了大直径反循环钻头，试验中取得了突出的应用效果。
运用研发的潜孔锤模拟仿真电算软件，研究潜孔锤内部动力过程及工作性能参数的变化规律，重点研究了风压变化和潜孔锤活塞质量变化对潜孔锤工作性能参数的影响规律，得出了重要结论：
1.在空压机保证供风能量的前提下，潜孔锤的单次冲击能只取决活塞的质量大小，并呈线性关系变化；
2.潜孔锤的额定冲击频率只取决于潜孔锤设计时的配气行程大小，并呈反比变化，与风压和活塞质量无关；
3.同一潜孔锤的额定风压与活塞质量相关，活塞质量增大则潜孔锤额定风压增高，单次冲击能增大，钻进效率提高；因活塞质量在设计时可提高的空间大，故研发高风压、超高风压型的潜孔锤可大幅度提高冲击能量和钻进效率。
4.设计的潜孔锤额定风压提高，则潜孔锤的有效热工效率降低，高风压潜孔锤需配套使用高风压型空气压缩机。使用超高风压型空压机，研发超高风压型潜孔锤，还将使钻进效率大幅度得以提升，同时钻进孔深也可得到突破，展示出潜孔锤未来的发展远景。
In21st century, the need for various resources is growing everyday with thecontinuous and fast development of social economy, and the recoverable reserves ofmineral resources are running out due to their non-renewable availability. In order toguarantee the sustainable development of economy and the society, the explorationinvestment as well as boundary must be enlarged, and efforts must be made to explorethe mineral resources reserved in deep formation or difficult working areas whiledrilling for the target of deep and unknown mineral exploring, such as the geologicalexploration in complicated formation, northeast arctic-alpine areas, remote westernregions and arid regions. Meanwhile, the drilling efficiency or ROP (Rate of Penetration)is low, the coring quality is not meeting the requirements of core drilling, theconstruction cost is high, the construction period is long, and even no way toaccomplish the drilling project targets due to the complicated formation and climate. Ina word, the above-mentioned problem of drilling technology is severe, and affecting thesmooth implementation of drilling project.
As an advanced technology, the hollow-through DTH continuous coring andreverse circulation drilling technique is gradually focused on its application in order toresolve the above-mentioned problems. Furthermore, this technology combines highdrilling efficiency of DTH air hammer, reverse circulation in full hole with multiphase(Gas, Liquid and Solid) fluid medium, continuous rock debris discharge withoutdeclutching the drill rig, and continuous core drilling, and this drilling technology hasmany drilling advantages such as high drilling efficiency, high quality of borehole, highadaptive ability in complicated formation and the low construction cost. Therefore, this advanced drilling technology is deserved to extensive application in order to settleseries of drilling issues.
Nowadays, the reverse circulation drilling technology with DTH air hammer hasbeen widely applied to drill in solid mineral resource exploration of slim hole, waterwell drilling and building foundation construction with rock-socketed piles etc.Therefore, this paper will emphasize on the mechanism study on reverse circulationdrilling with DTH air hammer, enriching the specification options for hollow throughDTH air hammer, optimizing the working parameters of DTH air hammer, achieving theconfiguration of equipment and reverse circulation drilling tools with DTH air hammer,seeking and completing the working parameters and drilling operation procedure,conducting the deep research on multi-process drilling integration of reverse circulationdrilling with DTH air hammer, enlarging the application region and working effect ofreverse circulation drilling, forming a systematic and complete drilling technique,contributing to the development of geological and geotechnical engineering.
The research contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The reverse circulation drilling technology with Down-the-Hole (DTH)hollow-through air hammer was systematically introduced and researched on drillingtools, the structure of drilling tools and working parameters of this reverse circulationdrilling technology. In addition, the dual-channel gas and water faucet, dual-walldrilling string, pneumatic DTH air hammer and reverse circulation drill bit as shownfrom above to below the drilling system are the specific drilling equipment of reversecirculation drilling technology with hollow-through DTH air hammer.
2. The working mechanism of reverse circulation drill bit was intensivelyresearched with the skillful application of computational fluid dynamics softwareFLUNET, and the parameter variation and flow field of the drill bit as well as thebottom of the borehole are analyzed. Moreover, the structure of reverse circulation drillbit was innovated to assure the superior strength of the drill bit and dynamic parameterof the fluid within the bit. Meanwhile, the structure of the reverse circulation drill bitwas creatively designed to adapt to severely complicated formation, which could guarantee the steady formation of reverse circulation of multiphase fluid in the bottomof the borehole.
3. The working performance parameter of the hollow through DTH air hammerwas researched by the means of computer simulation to let the hammer match with thehigh-pressure air compressor. In addition, the variation law of working parameter of theDTH hammer in different air pressure conditions was researched in the assumption thatthe mass of the piston of GQ-89hollow through DTH air hammer was4.9Kg. When themass of the piston changed, the impact velocity of the piston reached to the ultimatevalue8m/s. What’s more, some important conclusions are obtained after finishing theresearch on working parameters of DTH air hammer.
4. The stress and strength of reverse circulation drilling tool with DTH air hammerwere studied with the application of finite element method (FEM) engineering softwareANSYS/LS-DYNA to enhance the strength and the service life of drilling tools.
5. The drilling and exploring technique of reverse circulation core drilling withDTH air hammer, the operation method and the drilling specification parameters wereenriched and completed. Furthermore, the drilling and exploring technique of reversecirculation core drilling with DTH air hammer was detailedly researched to promote theprogress and development of this technology for the sake of nationwide popularizationand application.
6. The method for collecting, clarifying, arrangement, packaging and transmittingthe obtained core was researched and innovated, and the problem of core acquisitionand collection in various hydro-geological conditions was settled, such as dry formation,moist and aquifer stratum drilling.
Important conclusions are as follows:
The influence of air pressure on DTH air hammer was researched, and the workingperformance parameter of DTH air hammer with various air pressure was optimized onthe basis of computer simulation，meanwhile the effective thermal efficiency and airpressure were also calculated.
1. The einmal impact energy of the DTH air hammer just depended on the mass ofpiston while sufficient compressed air was provided, and linear relationship waspresented with each other.
2. The impact frequency of DTH air hammer was just related to the designed gasdistribution stroke of the hammer, nevertheless had nothing to do with the air pressureand mass of the piston.
3. The rated air pressure of DTH air hammer was related to the mass of piston, andthe einmal impact energy and the rated air pressure of DTH air hammer increase withthe mass augment of piston. Furthermore, the drilling efficiency or rate of penetration(ROP) was increased with a large extent.
4. The effective thermal efficiency of DTH air hammer decreased via the rated airpressure increased, and the high-pressure DTH air hammer must be assorted with highpressure air compressor. In addition, the drilling efficiency could be dramaticallyenlarged by using super-high pressure air compressor and developing new DTH airhammer with super-high air pressure. Meanwhile, the depth of drilled borehole could beenhanced and optimized, which would present a superior prospect for the application ofDTH air hammer.
引文
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