经济合作署与战后初期西欧重建（1947-1951年）
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摘要
经济合作署作为欧洲复兴计划的主管机构,在促进二战后初期西欧重建上发挥了独特的作用。本文试图在借鉴国内外学者研究成果和尽可能充分利用档案文献的基础上,对经济合作署存续三年间在西欧重建中推行的重要项目做一比较全面的透视和分析,剖析其实施欧洲复兴计划的目标与手段,探究它所产生的作用与影响,并进而对其历史地位作出评价。
欧洲复兴计划是美国政府、企业和劳工利益团体合作的产物。尽管美国政府和利益团体关注的侧重点不同,但它们在重建欧洲的问题上却能很好地合作,形成了共识,具体表现在它们不仅成功推动了欧洲复兴计划的制定及《1948年经济合作法》的通过,而且建立了经济合作署来主管欧洲复兴计划的具体实施。经济合作署拥有一整套独立的、较为完备的组织体系,广泛吸纳来自商业、劳工等利益团体的人士,从而为来自民间组织、拥有丰富经验的专家和政府官员共同解决欧洲复兴计划实施中的各种繁杂问题搭建了理想的平台。经济合作署在执行欧洲复兴计划上发挥了重要作用,使美国政府和利益团体制定欧洲复兴计划的初衷基本上得以实现,包括促进西欧经济的复苏,抑制共产主义在西欧的扩展,促进自由贸易。
经济合作署在西欧重建中实施的项目既有眼前考虑,又有长远目标;它与美国政府和利益团体既有合作,又有矛盾。经济合作署在推动西欧经济复兴以服务于美国政府的冷战战略和利益集团实际利益的同时,具有相当强的主导意识,它希望将美国的企业文化和大众文化传播到欧洲,使美国模式的资本主义制度在世界范围内扩大影响。为达到这一长远目标,经济合作署在欧洲复兴计划参与国采取促进自由贸易的举措,鼓励西欧打破战前支离破碎的民族经济,督促欧洲国家进行货币改革,削减关税壁垒;经济合作署推出技术援助项目,向西欧国家提供技术、管理经验和劳资关系协调方式,倡导欧洲国家的企业采取美国的生产方式;经济合作署还推行了以资助发行杂志书籍、制作电影和举办展览为主体的信息项目,向欧洲国家宣传和推广与美国资本主义经济的繁荣紧密相联系的美国大众文化和价值观念。尽管经济合作署实现长远目标的努力由于冷战政治的发展而未能继续下去,但它在推行欧洲复兴计划时着眼于世界资本主义体系长远未来的尝试仍不失为影响深远的旷世之作。
Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) was the agency to administer European Recovery Program. Drawing on all kinds of archival sources, this dissertation examines the important role that ECA played in the reconstruction of Western Europe. One of the hallmarks of the European Recovery Program was the cooperation between government authorities and interest groups, they assured the legislative enactment of a European aid Program and the establishment of Economic Cooperation Administration. ECA brought together business, labor and government representative, it became the hub in an elaborate system of public-private cooperation and power sharing, which could recruit talent from the private sector and guarantee a business-like efficiency in operational matters. ECA had helped European restore production, control inflation, revive trade and contain the growing of communist.
The promotion of economic recovery and anti-Communism were the most well-known objectives of the European Recovery Program, yet the plan also had a cultural component. As a separate agency, ECA was able to exercise a considerable degree of autonomy. ECA dispensed advice as well as aid, offering Europeans the American model along with American money. One such strategy involved the ECA's plans for an integrated European economic order and a fully multilateral system of world trade, the ECA launched a campaign to remove import quotas, liberalize trade and making currencies convertible; Being convinced that the American system of industrial production was a most efficient model, ECA launched the technical assistance program to disseminate American technical and production methods to Europe; Through information program, ECA sought to increase support for American policy goals as well as spread of American mass culture. ECA advertised the Untied States as a land that Europe could emulate if it accepted the key American principles of economic efficiency and unlimited productivity. However, the Cold War forced the dramatic reorientation of European aid policy to military production, which prevented the ECA from achieving its full potential.
欧洲复兴计划是美国政府、企业和劳工利益团体合作的产物。尽管美国政府和利益团体关注的侧重点不同,但它们在重建欧洲的问题上却能很好地合作,形成了共识,具体表现在它们不仅成功推动了欧洲复兴计划的制定及《1948年经济合作法》的通过,而且建立了经济合作署来主管欧洲复兴计划的具体实施。经济合作署拥有一整套独立的、较为完备的组织体系,广泛吸纳来自商业、劳工等利益团体的人士,从而为来自民间组织、拥有丰富经验的专家和政府官员共同解决欧洲复兴计划实施中的各种繁杂问题搭建了理想的平台。经济合作署在执行欧洲复兴计划上发挥了重要作用,使美国政府和利益团体制定欧洲复兴计划的初衷基本上得以实现,包括促进西欧经济的复苏,抑制共产主义在西欧的扩展,促进自由贸易。
经济合作署在西欧重建中实施的项目既有眼前考虑,又有长远目标;它与美国政府和利益团体既有合作,又有矛盾。经济合作署在推动西欧经济复兴以服务于美国政府的冷战战略和利益集团实际利益的同时,具有相当强的主导意识,它希望将美国的企业文化和大众文化传播到欧洲,使美国模式的资本主义制度在世界范围内扩大影响。为达到这一长远目标,经济合作署在欧洲复兴计划参与国采取促进自由贸易的举措,鼓励西欧打破战前支离破碎的民族经济,督促欧洲国家进行货币改革,削减关税壁垒;经济合作署推出技术援助项目,向西欧国家提供技术、管理经验和劳资关系协调方式,倡导欧洲国家的企业采取美国的生产方式;经济合作署还推行了以资助发行杂志书籍、制作电影和举办展览为主体的信息项目,向欧洲国家宣传和推广与美国资本主义经济的繁荣紧密相联系的美国大众文化和价值观念。尽管经济合作署实现长远目标的努力由于冷战政治的发展而未能继续下去,但它在推行欧洲复兴计划时着眼于世界资本主义体系长远未来的尝试仍不失为影响深远的旷世之作。
Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) was the agency to administer European Recovery Program. Drawing on all kinds of archival sources, this dissertation examines the important role that ECA played in the reconstruction of Western Europe. One of the hallmarks of the European Recovery Program was the cooperation between government authorities and interest groups, they assured the legislative enactment of a European aid Program and the establishment of Economic Cooperation Administration. ECA brought together business, labor and government representative, it became the hub in an elaborate system of public-private cooperation and power sharing, which could recruit talent from the private sector and guarantee a business-like efficiency in operational matters. ECA had helped European restore production, control inflation, revive trade and contain the growing of communist.
The promotion of economic recovery and anti-Communism were the most well-known objectives of the European Recovery Program, yet the plan also had a cultural component. As a separate agency, ECA was able to exercise a considerable degree of autonomy. ECA dispensed advice as well as aid, offering Europeans the American model along with American money. One such strategy involved the ECA's plans for an integrated European economic order and a fully multilateral system of world trade, the ECA launched a campaign to remove import quotas, liberalize trade and making currencies convertible; Being convinced that the American system of industrial production was a most efficient model, ECA launched the technical assistance program to disseminate American technical and production methods to Europe; Through information program, ECA sought to increase support for American policy goals as well as spread of American mass culture. ECA advertised the Untied States as a land that Europe could emulate if it accepted the key American principles of economic efficiency and unlimited productivity. However, the Cold War forced the dramatic reorientation of European aid policy to military production, which prevented the ECA from achieving its full potential.
引文
[1]罗伊·尼科尔:《马歇尔计划的起源》(Roy Nichols,The Genesis of the Marshall Plan),圣马丁1949年版。
[2]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》(Harry Price,The Marshall Plan and its Meaning),1955年版。
[3]罗伯特·伍德《从马歇尔计划到债务危机:世界经济中的对外援助和发展抉择》(Robert Wood,From Marshall Plan to debt crisis:foreign aid and development choices in the world economy),伯克利1986年版。
[1]伊曼纽尔·韦克斯勒:《重新审视马歇尔计划:欧洲复兴计划的经济回顾》(Imanuel Wexler,The Marshall Plan Revisited:The European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective),格林伍德1983年版。
[2]罗伯特·伍德《从马歇尔计划到债务危机:世界经济中的对外援助和发展抉择》(Robert Wood,From Marshall Plan to debt crisis:foreign aid and development choices in the world economy),伯克利1986年版。
[3]哈德利·阿克斯的《官僚机构,马歇尔计划和国家利益》(Hadley Arkes,Bureaucracy,the Marshall Plan,and the national interest),普林斯顿1972年版。
[4]迪安·艾奇逊:《初创亲历记:我在国务院的年代》(Acheson,Dean,Present at the Creation:My Year in the State Department),纽约1969年版;乔治·凯南:《回忆录》(Kennan,George,Memoirs,1950-1963),纽约1972年版。
[1]麦考尔·霍根:《马歇尔计划:美国,英国和西欧重建1947—1952),(Michael Hogan,The Marshall Plan:America,Britain,and the Reconstruction of Western Europe,1947-1952),伦敦1987年版。
[1]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》(Harry Price,The Marshall Plan and its Meaning),1955年版,第46-47页。
[1]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》,第50-52页。
[2]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》,第56页。
[1]罗伊·尼科尔:《马歇尔计划的起源》(Roy Nichols,The Genesis of the Marshall Plan),圣马丁1949年版,第34-38页。
[1]约瑟夫·琼斯:《十五周》,第140页。
[2]载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1945年,第2卷,第809页。
[3]沃尔特·罗斯托:(二战后欧洲的分裂:1946年》(Rostow Walt,The Division of Europe after World War Ⅱ:1946),奥斯丁1981年版,第51-69页。
[1]《美国国务院公报》1947年5月11日(Department of State,Bulletin 16,May 11,1947),第919-924页。
[1]1947年5月29日有关援助、复兴和重建的讨论,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第234-236页。
[2]1947年5月29日有关援助、复兴和重建的讨论,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第234-236页。
[3]1947年5月29日有关援助、复兴和重建的讨论,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第234-236页。
[1]马歇尔1947年6月5日哈佛大学演讲词原稿与修改稿,载丹尼斯·莫瑞尔主编:《杜鲁门总统文献史(第13卷):马歇尔计划的酝酿1947-1948》,第171-173页。
[1]“从美国利益的角度审视欧洲复兴问题的各个要素”(Certain Aspects of the European Recovery Problem From the United States standpoint,July 23,1947),载丹尼斯·莫瑞尔主编:《杜鲁门总统文献史(第13卷):马歇尔计划的酝酿1947-1948》,第208页。
[2]“从美国利益的角度审视欧洲复兴问题的各个要素”,载丹尼斯·莫瑞尔主编:《杜鲁门总统文献史(第13卷):马歇尔计划的酝酿1947-1948)),第208-210页。
[1]《国家资源与对外援助:内政部克鲁格委员会报告》(Secretary of the Interior,National Resources and Foreign Aid),第19页。
[1]《国家资源与对外援助:内政部克鲁格委员会报告》,第20页。
[2]《国家资源与对外援助:内政部克鲁格委员会报告》,第24-28页。
[3]总统经济顾问委员会:《外援对国内经济的影响》(Couneii of Economic Advisers,The Impact of Foreign Aid Upon the Domestic Economy,Nourse Report),华盛顿1947年,第12-14页。
[1]经济顾问委员会:《外援对国内经济的影响》,第26页。
[2]经济顾问委员会:《外援对国内经济的影响》,第27-28页。
[1]1947年6月24日美国助理国务卿克莱顿同英国内阁成员第一次会晤备忘录(Summary of First Meeting of Under Secretary Clayton and Ambassador with British Cabinet Members),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第270页。
[2]1947年6月25日克莱顿同英国内阁成员第二次会晤备忘录(Substance of Second Meeting of Under Secretary Clayton and Ambassador with British Cabinet Members),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第278页
[1]1947年7月20日美国驻法大使卡弗里致国务卿电文(The Ambassdaor in France Caffery to the Secretary of State,July 20,1947),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,333-334页。
[2]1947年8月4-6日“关于马歇尔计划讨论的备忘录”(Paris Discussion on the Marshall Plan,August 8,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,348-349页。
[3]1947年8月6日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文(The Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State,August 6,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第343页。
[4]1947年8月6日克莱顿、卡弗里致洛维特电文(Clayton,Caffery to the Secretary and Lovett,August6,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第343-344页。
[1]1947年8月4-6日“关于马歇尔计划讨论的备忘录”(Paris Discussion on the Marshall Plan,August 8,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第345-350页。
[2]1947年8月14日洛维特致克莱顿电文(The Secretary of State to the Consulate at Geneva,August 14,1947)载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第359页。
[3]1947年8月26日洛维特致克莱顿电文(The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassyin France,August 26,1947)载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第391-396页。
[1]国务院就欧洲经济合作委员会结构和功能的建议,《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第384页。
[2]1948年1月30日美国驻法大使卡弗里致国务卿艾奇逊电文(The Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第377页。
[3]1948年3月12日高尔曼致艾奇逊电文(The Charge in the United Kingdom Gallman to the Secretary of State,March 12,1948),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第391-392页。
[1]1948年3月20日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文(the Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第396页。
[2]1948年3月20日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第395-398页。
[3]1948年3月28日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文(the Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第404-409页。
[1]1948年4月8日洛维特致法国使馆电文(The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in France),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第414-417页。
[2]欧洲经济合作组织:欧洲复兴计划中期报告(附录)(Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme.Paris,December 30,1948),巴黎1948年。
[1]欧洲经济合作组织:欧洲复兴计划中期报告(附录)(Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme.Paris,December 30,1948),巴黎1948年。
[2]欧洲经济合作组织:欧洲复兴计划中期报告(附录),巴黎1948年。
[3]1948年4月16日美国驻法大使卡弗里呈送国务卿电文(The Ambassador in France Caffery to the Secretary of State,April 16,1948),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第425页。
[1]1948年4月8日洛维特致法国使馆电文(The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in France),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第414-417页。
[2]1948年4月10日克莱顿、卡弗里致洛维特电文(Clayton to the Secretary and Lovett,)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第344页。
[1]亨利·黑兹利特:《美元能挽救世界吗?》(Henry Hazlitt,Will Dollars Save The World?),纽约1947年版
[2]威廉·福斯特:《劳工与马歇尔计划》(William Z.Foster,Labor and the Marshall Plan),1948年,第25页。
[3]威廉·福斯特:《劳工与马歇尔计划》,第45-48页。
[4]威廉·福斯特:《劳工与马歇尔计划》,第49-52页。
[5]约瑟夫·斯塔罗宾:《美国人应该支持马歇尔计划吗?》(Joseph Starobin,Should Americans Back the Marshall Plan?),纽约1948年版。
[1]乔治·布莱克:《谁为冷战付款?马歇尔计划是如何影响你的生活水平》(George Blake,Who Pays for the Cold War? How the Marshall Plan affects your living standards),1948年。
[2]经济发展委员会:《更多的生产,更多的工作,更多的自由》(Committee on Economic Development,Toward More Production,More Jobs and More Freedom),纽约1945年版。
[1]经济发展委员会:“美国关于欧洲经济合作的计划”(Committee for Economic Development,An American Program of European Economic Cooperation),1948年2月。
[2]全国制造业协会:“马歇尔计划的数据和经济背景”("Statistical and Economic Background to the Marshall Plan," Prepared by the Research Department,National Association of Manufacturers),1947年。
[1]全国计划协会:“马歇尔计划总原则及行政机构”("The General Principles and Administration of the Marshall Plan," a joint statement by the National Planning Association,December 8-9,1947),载经济发展委员会:“美国关于欧洲经济合作的计划”(Committee for Economic Development:An American Program of European Economic Cooperation),1948年。
[2]保罗·霍夫曼:《赢得和平》(Hoffman,Peace Can Be Won),第102-104页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》(The President's Committee on Foreign Aid:European Recovery and Amencan Aid),华盛顿1947年,第7-9页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第12-15页。
[2]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第97页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第34-38页。
[2]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第93-97页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴与美国援助》,第99-101页。
[2]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴与美国援助》,第103-105页。
[3]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴与美国援助》,第114页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第118-122页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第477页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第707-712页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第712页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第1次会议,1948年,第212-215页。
[3]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,8~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第1次会议,1948年,第612-658页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1585-1590页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1601-1602页。
[3]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1603-1605页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1606-1609页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1581-1625页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第847页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第577页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1142-1163页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第833-843页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1383-1395页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,Hearings,European Recovery Program,80~(th) Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1377-1395页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第969页。
[1]《1948年经济合作法》第111部分,第2款,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[2]《1948年经济合作法》第115部分,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1163-1179页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1311-1314页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,Hearings,European Recovery Program,80~(th) Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1311-1314页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1282-1287页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1391-1409页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1314-1323页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1432页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,European Recovery Program,Hearings Held in Executive Session,80~(th) Cong.,2d Session.,1948)。第2次执行会议,1948年,第257-258页。
[3]《1948年经济合作法》第11部分,第4款,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,European Recovery Program,Hearings Held in Executive Session,80~(th) Cong.,2d Session.,1948),第2次执行会议,1948年。
[4]《欧洲复兴计划第935号报告:美国80届国会参议院对外关系委员会第二次会议》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,80~(th) Cong.,2d Sess.Report No.935,Report.European Recovery Program,1948),第36页。
[5]见美国产业工会联盟新闻公报(AFL Information and Publicity Service,Press Release,)March 8,1948.
[1]《1948年经济合作法》第111部分,第2款,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[2]美国国务院:《欧洲复兴计划:立法草案与背景信息(提交80届国会参议院对外关系委员会)》,第131页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1432-1436页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第940-958页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第921-926页。
[1]“关于欧洲复兴实施结构的备忘录”("Staff Memorandum concerning Administration of the Program for European Recovery," June 4,1947)转引自美国国务院:《欧洲复兴计划:立法草案与背景信息(提交80届国会参议院对外关系委员会)》,华盛顿1947年,第253页。
[1]美国国务院:《欧洲复兴计划:立法草案与背景信息(提交80届国会参议院对外关系委员会)》,第254-257页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第1次会议,1947年,第1-6页。 Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第810页。第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,Hearings,European Recovery Program,80~(th) Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第808页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第8-22,150-7,266-7,314页。第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第1次会议,1947年,第46-50页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第665-667页。第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第806-809页
[1]《1948年经济合作法》第109部分,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[2]《1948年经济合作法》第110部分,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第118页。
[2]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第120-121页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第122-124页。
[2]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第126-127页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国商业与欧洲复兴》(ECA.American Business and European Recovery),华盛顿1948年版,第171页。
[1]1948年欧洲内部支付与补偿协定全文见(BIS,Nineteenth Annual Report),第232-245页。
[2]经济合作署:《向国会的第5次报告》(ECA,Fifth Report to Congress),1949年,第13页。
[1]经济合作署:《向国会的第7次报告》(ECA,Seventh Report to Congress)华盛顿1949年,第132-136页。
[1]“体现在欧洲支付同盟中的欧洲内部支付安排”(“the Intra-European Payments Arrangements,Embodied in the European Payments Union,"),经济合作署:《向国会的第9次报告》(ECA,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第46-50页。
[2]国家顾问委员会:“对欧洲清偿同盟的提议”(Proposed European Clearing Union,January 16,1950)国家顾问委员会档案(National Advisory Council Document),第948号。
[1]1950年1月22日哈里曼呈送霍夫曼信函(Harriman letter to Hoffman,January 20,1950),《经济合作署通信集》,51A268。
[2]威廉·迪博尔德:《西欧贸易与支付:经济合作的研究1947-1951),第324-325页。
[1]经济合作署:《向国会的第9次报告(补充报告)》,1950年,第36页。
[2]威廉·迪博尔德《西欧贸易与支付:经济合作的研究1947-1951》,第224页。
[3]伊曼纽尔·韦克斯勒:《重新审视马歇尔计划:欧洲复兴计划的经济回顾》(Imanuol Woxlor,The Marshall Plan Revisited:The European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective),格林伍德出版社1983年版,第252页。
[1]《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1949年,第3卷,第301-303页。
[1]1950年5月9日美国驻法国特使呈送助理国务卿电文(The Charge in France to the Acting Secretary of State,May 9,1950),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第692-694页。
[2]威廉·迪博尔德:《舒曼计划:对于经济合作的研究,1950-1959》(Diebold William,Jr,The Schuman Plan:A Study in Economic Co-operation,1950-1959),纽约1959年版,第151-154页。
[1]1950年6月4日经济合作署驻法国使团呈送国务卿艾奇逊电文(ECA France Mission to the Secretary of State),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第716-717页。
[2]1950年6月5日美国国务卿向外交官员电文(The Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Office,June 5),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第720页。
[3]1950年6月8日美国驻英国大使道格拉斯呈送国务院电文(The Ambassador in the United Kingdom to the Secretary of State,June 8,1950),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第724-726页。
[1]约翰·吉林厄姆:《煤炭、钢铁与欧洲的诞生》(John Gillingllam,Coal,Steel,and the Rebirth of Europe),第236页。
[1]约翰·吉林厄姆:《煤炭、钢铁与欧洲的诞生》,第231-234页。
[1]1950年4月15经济合作署关于舒曼计划当前谈判的形势备忘录”("Current Status of the Schuman Plan Negotiations Memorandum by Economic Cooperation Administration,April 15,1950),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第820页。
[2]1950年12月8日美国国务院与经济合作署对欧洲煤钢联营的联合指示("Joint Statc-ECA instructions in handing Schuman proposals coal and steel",December 12,1950),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第823-824页。
[3]约翰·吉林厄姆:《煤炭、钢铁与欧洲的诞生》,第235页。
[1]艾伦·米尔沃德:《西欧的重建,1945-1951》(Alan S.Milward,The Reconstruction of Western Europe,1945-1951),加利福尼亚1984年版,第405-407页。
[2]艾伦·米尔沃德:《西欧的重建,1945-1951》,第408页。
[1]里安农·维克斯:《操纵主导权:英国国家权力、劳工和马歇尔计划》,第119页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity:Report on the first Session),华盛顿1948年,第7页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity:Report on the first Session),华盛顿1948年11月,第9页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》,第5页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》,第6页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》,第4页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Simplification in Industry report),伦敦1950年版,第9页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第13页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第32页。
[4]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第35页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英国钢铁生产考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity Final Report of the U.K Steel Founders),伦敦1949年版,第4页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《食品储存考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Food Canning Team),伦敦1949年版,第18-20页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《肉类加工考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Meat Packaging and Processing Team),伦敦1949年版,第25-27页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英国家具考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the Furniture),伦敦1949年版,第14页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英国纺织考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Rayon Weavers),伦敦1949年版,第6页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《食品储存考察队报告》(Anglo-American Courtcil on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Food Canning Team),伦敦1949年版,第24页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英国建筑考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Building Trade Council Team),第3页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《英国黄铜冶炼考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report og U.K.Brass Founders Team),伦敦1950年版,第4页。
[4]英美生产委员会:《金属机械工具考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the Metalworking Machine Tools Team),1950年版,第5页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会总结报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity:Final Report),伦敦1952年版,第9-10页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会总结报告》,第5页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会总结报告》,第6页。
[4]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第3页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第7次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Seventh Report to Congress),第51-52页。
[2]保罗·霍夫曼《赢得和平》(Hoffman,Peace Can Be Won),第103页。
[1]探讨欧洲复兴计划期间向西欧输出美国管理模式、对西欧管理阶层进行教育的论著有:马蒂亚斯·基平编辑:《美国化欧洲商业:马歇尔计划与美国管理模式的移植》(Matthias Kipping ed.The Americanisation of European Business,1948-1960:the Marshall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models.),伦敦1998年版;布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》(Brian McKenzie Remaking France:Americanization,Public Diplomacy,and the Marshall Plan),纽约2005年版;马里·蒂赞里克:《输出美国模式:战后欧洲商业的转型》(Marie-Laure Djelic,Exporting the American model:the post-war transformation of European business),纽约1998年版。
[2]大卫·兰德斯:“法国商业和法国企业家:一种社会和文化的分析”,载爱德华·厄尔编辑《现代法国》(David Landes,"French Business and the Businessman:A Social and Cultural Analysis,"in Edward M.Earle.ed.,Modern France),普林斯顿1951年版,第334-353页。
[1]1949年12月15日威廉·弗斯特呈送美国管理协会信函(William Foster to Society of American Management,December 15,1949),转引自马蒂亚斯·基平编辑:《美国化欧洲商业:马歇尔计划与美国管理模式的移植》(Matthias Kipping ed.The Americanisation of European Business,1948-1960:the Marshall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models.),伦敦1998年版,第263-264页。
[2]“经济合作署技术援助报告”(Economic Cooperation Administration Technical Assistance Report),1950年2月。
[3]1950年2月4日理查德·比斯尔致经济合作署海外特别代表信函(Richard Bissell to the Economic Cooperative Administration OSR,Feb 4,1950),《经济合作署通信集》,53A441。
[1]经济合作署:《提高工业化地区生产力》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Increasing Productivity in Industrialized Areas,Appendix B),华盛顿1950年版,第11页。
[1]经济合作署:《提高工业化地区生产力》,第11-14页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第10次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Tenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年版,第25页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第10次报告》,第28页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》(Economic Cooperation Administration:Manual of Operations:Labor Policies of Economic Cooperation Administration)华盛顿1951年版,第10页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》,第12-14页。
[1]转引自安·葛罗米柯主编:《苏联对外政策史》,下卷,北京,1989年版,第150-153页。
[1]《战后世界历史长编》1948年,第一编,第四分册,上海1978年版,第32页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第24页。
[1]沃尔特·希克森:《撕裂铁幕:宣传、文化和冷战,1945-1961》(Walter Hixson,Parting the Curtain:Propaganda,Culture,and the Cold War,1945-1961),伦敦1997年版,第78-79页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第182-185页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第7次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Seventh Report to Congress),华盛顿1949年,第79页。
[1]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》(Brian McKenzie Remaking France:Americanization,Public Diplomacy,and the Marshall Plan),纽约2005年版,第353-359页。
[2]经济合作署:《驻法国特别使团每月报告,1950年7月》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Special Mission to France,Monthlt report for June 1950),第12页。
[3]经济合作署:《驻法国特别使团每月报告,1950年5月》,第16页。
[4]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第41页。
[5]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第40-42页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第12次报告》,第43页。
[2]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第324页。
[3]《经济合作署劳工信息部报告,1951年5月2日》(Two French Mission Labor Information Projects,report from Harry Martin to Robert R.Mullen,May 2,1951),载《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》,第292页。
[1]《经济合作署劳工信息部报告,1951年5月2日》(Two French Mission Labor Information Projects,report from Harry Martin to Robert R.Mullen,May 2,1951),载《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》,第294页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第12次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Twelfth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第44页。
[3]经济合作署:《欧洲复兴计划在英国第3次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:Third Report by the United Kingdom on Operations),第7-8页。
[4]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第182页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第33页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第30-32页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第38页。
[1]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第121页。
[2]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第168页。
[3]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第352-354页。
[1]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第249-251页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第11次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Eleventh Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第35页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to
[1]《运转中的机器》(Machines at Work,1951),藏明尼苏达大学政府档案图书馆音像室。
[2]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》(Evan Noble,Marshall Plan Films and Americanization)弗吉尼亚大学2006年硕士论文,第45页。
[3]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》,第68-69页。
[1]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》(Sandra Schulberg,Richard Pena ed.Selling Democracy:Films of the Marshall Plan 1948-1953)纽约2004年版,第46-48页。
[2]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第50-53页。
[3]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第125-127页。
[4]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》,第124-128页。
[5]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》,第232-234页。
[1]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第149-152页。
[2]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第275-277页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第41页。
[4]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第246-248页。
[1]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第276-278页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第67-69页。
[3]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第281-282页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第78页。
[2]保罗·霍夫曼:《赢得和平》(Paul Hoffman,Peace Can Be Won),纽约1951年版,第144页。
[3]保罗·霍夫曼《赢得和平》,第144页。
[4]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第11-13页。
[1]“流动农业展览”(Traveling Agricultural Exhibit,Memo John L.Brown,Chief information officer Mission France,to David K.Bruce,),载经济合作署:《海外信息项目》第352-356页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第23-25页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第23-25页。
[2]1949年12月21日雅克·鲍赫呈送经济合作署信息部备忘录(Jacques Bauche,Memo to ECA information Division December 21,1949),转引自布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》第278页。
[3]1949年12月8日海伦·柯克帕特里克呈送经济合作署信息部主任罗伯特·休斯(Letter from Helen Kirkpatrick to Robert Huse,Information Director,ECA Washington,December 8,1949),转引自布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第283页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第12次报告》,第36页。
[1]经济合作署:《项目清单》(Economic Cooperafon Administration,A Checklist of Operations,1950),华盛顿1950年,第24页。
[1]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Extension of European Recovery Program,81~(th) Cong.,First session,1949 Annex B),第1次会议,1949年,第780页。
[2]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第462-464页。
[1]1949年10月3日美国独立石油协会年会报告(Resolution on the ECA Program Annual meeting of the Independent Petroleum Association of America,October 3-4,1949),转引自第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第842-844页。
[2]1949年10月3日美国独立石油协会年会报告(Resolution on the ECA Program Annual meeting of the Independent Petroleum Association of America,October 3-4,1949),转引自第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第842-844页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress,Appendix B)附录B,华盛顿1951年,第109页。
[1]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第890-891页。
[2]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第825-829页。
[3]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第900-902页。
[4]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第832-833页。
[5]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第827页。
[1]对外经济合作联合委员会报告:“经济合作署与战略物资”,第142-143页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第128页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第218页。
[2]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第220-221页。
[3]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第220-223页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第3次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Third Report to Congress),华盛顿1948年,第37-38页。
[2]1950年4月25日美国商务部部长查尔斯·索耶致国家安全委员会备忘录(Export Controls and Security Policy,Memorandum by the Secretary of Commerce(Sawyor)to the National Security Council,April 25,1950),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第4卷,第84-85页。
[3]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Extension of European Recovery Program,81~(th) Cong.,First session,1950),第1次会议,1950年,第926页。
[4]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1950年,第990页。
[5]1950年9月8日国务卿致驻英大使电文(The Secretary of State to the Embassy in the United Kingdom,April 28,1950)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第4卷,第93-95页。
[1]切斯特·帕克:《武装自由世界:美国军事援助计划的起源,1945-1950》,第151页。
[2]1948年11月26日美国助理国务卿洛维特致经济合作署驻欧洲特别代表哈里曼信函(The Acting Secretary of State to the United States speciai Representative in Europe),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第304-306页。
[1]“美国国家安全的目标与项目”(NSC68,“Untied States Objective and Programs for National Security”April 14,1950),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第1卷,第235-292页。
[2]“美国国家安全的目标与项目”,《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第1卷,第235-292页。
[1]《总统中期经济报告》(The Midyear Economic Report of the President,1951),第68页。
[2]1950年12月2日美国国务卿致北约秘书长电文(The Secretary of State to the Secretary of NATO),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第103-105页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第28-31页。
[1]保罗·霍夫曼《赢得和平》(Paul Hoffman,Peace Can Be Won),第100页。
[2]理查德·比斯尔:“重整军备对自由世界经济的影响”(Richard Bissell.“The Impact of Rearmament on the Free World Economy,”),载《外交》(Foreign Affairs),1951年秋季号第29期,第385-405页。
[1]理查德·佩尔斯:《与我们不同:欧洲人在二战后如何喜爱、厌恶和转变美国文化》(Richard Pells,Not Like us:How Europeans Have Loved,Hated,and Transformed American Culture Since World War),纽约1997年版,第54页。
[2]麦考尔·霍根:《马歇尔计划:美国,英国和西欧重建1947-1952》,第19页。
[1]Department of State.FRUS,1947,Vol.3.Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,1972.
[2]Department of State.FRUS,1948.Vol.3.Washington,DC:United States
[3]Government Printing Office,1974.
[4]Department of State.FRUS,1949.Vol.4.Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,1975.
[5]Department of State.FRUS,1950.Vol.3.Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,1977.
[6]Department of State.FRUS,1951,Vol.4.Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,1979.
[7]U.S.Congress.House of Representatives,Committee on Foreign Affairs.Hearings on European Recovery Program.80~(th) Cong.,2d Sess.,1948.
[8]U.S.Congress.House of Representatives,Committee on Foreign Affairs..Extension of Europe Recovery Program,Hearing on H.R.2362,in 2 parts,81~(st) Cong,1~(st) sess.1949.
[9]U.S.Congress.House of Representatives,Committee on Foreign Affairs.Extension of European Recovery Program,Hearing on H.R.7378 and H.R.7797,in 2 Parts,81~(st) Cong,2d sess,1950.
[10]U.S.Congress,Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations.United States Foreign Policy for a Postwar Recovery Program,Hearings,80~(th) Cong.,1~(st) and 2d sess.,1947-48.
[11]U.S.Congress,Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations.European Recovery Program,Hearing,in 2 parts,80~(th) Cong.,2d sess.1948.
[12]U.S.Congress,Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations.Extension of European Recovery,Hearings on S.833,81~(st) Cong.1~(d) sess,1949.
[13]U.S.Congress,Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations.Extension of European Recovery,Hearings.81~(st) Cong.2d Sess.,1950.
[14]U.S.Congress,Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations.Mutual Security Act of 1951,Joint Hearing on S.1762,82d Cong,1~(st) sess,1951.
[15]Economic Cooperation Administation.Quarterly Reports to Congress.13 reports.Washington,DC:United States Government Pringting Office,1947-1951.
[16]Economic Cooperation Administation.American Business and European Recovery.Washington,DC:United States Government Pringting Office,1947-1951.
[17]Economic Cooperation Administation.A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid.Washington,DC:United States Government Pringting Office,1949.
[18]Committee on European Economic Cooperation.General Report.Vol.1.London,1947.Technical Reports.Vol.2.London,1947.
[19]Organisation for European Economic Cooperation.Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme.Vol.1:Report of the Council of the O.E.E.C to the United States Economic Co-operation Administration on the First Stage of the European Recovery Programme.Pads,December 30,1948.
[20]Organisation for European Economic Cooperation Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme.Vol.2:National Programmes of Members for the Recovery Period Ending 30~(th) June 1952.Pads,December 30,1948.
[21]Organisation for European Economic Cooperation.Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme.Vol.3:Technical Reports.Pads,1949.
[22]Dennis Merril,ed.,Documentary History of the Truman Presidency,Vol.13,Establishing the Marshall Plan 1947-1948,Washington,1995.
[23]Department of the Interior.National Resources and Foreign Aid:Report of J.A Krug,Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,1947.
[24]U.S.Council of Economic Advisers.The Impact of foreign Aid upon the domesit Economy.Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,1947.
[25]President's Committee on Foreign Aid.A Report on European Recovery and American Aid.Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,1947.
[26]The Brookings Institution.Administration of United States Aid For A European Recovery Program,Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate.Washington,DC,1948.
[27]Anglo-American Council on Productivity.Report of the U.K.Rayon Weavers,London,1949
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[35]Gray,Gordon.Report to the President on Foreign Economic Policies.Washington,DC:United States Government Printing Office,November 10,1950.
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[27]Eckes,Alfred E.,Jr.A Search for Solvency:Bretton Woods and the International Monetary System,1941-1947.Austin:University of Texas,1975.
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[29]Ellwood,David W.Rebuilding Europe:Western Europe,America and Postwar Reconstruction.New York,1992.
[30]Ellwood,David and Rob Kroes,eds.Hollywood in Europe:Expericnces of a Cultural Hegemony.Amsterdam:VU University Press,1994.
[31]Esposito,Chiarella.America's Feeble Weapon:Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy,1948-1950.Westport,Conn.,1994.
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[2]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》(Harry Price,The Marshall Plan and its Meaning),1955年版。
[3]罗伯特·伍德《从马歇尔计划到债务危机:世界经济中的对外援助和发展抉择》(Robert Wood,From Marshall Plan to debt crisis:foreign aid and development choices in the world economy),伯克利1986年版。
[1]伊曼纽尔·韦克斯勒:《重新审视马歇尔计划:欧洲复兴计划的经济回顾》(Imanuel Wexler,The Marshall Plan Revisited:The European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective),格林伍德1983年版。
[2]罗伯特·伍德《从马歇尔计划到债务危机:世界经济中的对外援助和发展抉择》(Robert Wood,From Marshall Plan to debt crisis:foreign aid and development choices in the world economy),伯克利1986年版。
[3]哈德利·阿克斯的《官僚机构,马歇尔计划和国家利益》(Hadley Arkes,Bureaucracy,the Marshall Plan,and the national interest),普林斯顿1972年版。
[4]迪安·艾奇逊:《初创亲历记:我在国务院的年代》(Acheson,Dean,Present at the Creation:My Year in the State Department),纽约1969年版;乔治·凯南:《回忆录》(Kennan,George,Memoirs,1950-1963),纽约1972年版。
[1]麦考尔·霍根:《马歇尔计划:美国,英国和西欧重建1947—1952),(Michael Hogan,The Marshall Plan:America,Britain,and the Reconstruction of Western Europe,1947-1952),伦敦1987年版。
[1]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》(Harry Price,The Marshall Plan and its Meaning),1955年版,第46-47页。
[1]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》,第50-52页。
[2]哈里·普赖斯:《马歇尔计划及其意义》,第56页。
[1]罗伊·尼科尔:《马歇尔计划的起源》(Roy Nichols,The Genesis of the Marshall Plan),圣马丁1949年版,第34-38页。
[1]约瑟夫·琼斯:《十五周》,第140页。
[2]载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1945年,第2卷,第809页。
[3]沃尔特·罗斯托:(二战后欧洲的分裂:1946年》(Rostow Walt,The Division of Europe after World War Ⅱ:1946),奥斯丁1981年版,第51-69页。
[1]《美国国务院公报》1947年5月11日(Department of State,Bulletin 16,May 11,1947),第919-924页。
[1]1947年5月29日有关援助、复兴和重建的讨论,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第234-236页。
[2]1947年5月29日有关援助、复兴和重建的讨论,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第234-236页。
[3]1947年5月29日有关援助、复兴和重建的讨论,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第234-236页。
[1]马歇尔1947年6月5日哈佛大学演讲词原稿与修改稿,载丹尼斯·莫瑞尔主编:《杜鲁门总统文献史(第13卷):马歇尔计划的酝酿1947-1948》,第171-173页。
[1]“从美国利益的角度审视欧洲复兴问题的各个要素”(Certain Aspects of the European Recovery Problem From the United States standpoint,July 23,1947),载丹尼斯·莫瑞尔主编:《杜鲁门总统文献史(第13卷):马歇尔计划的酝酿1947-1948》,第208页。
[2]“从美国利益的角度审视欧洲复兴问题的各个要素”,载丹尼斯·莫瑞尔主编:《杜鲁门总统文献史(第13卷):马歇尔计划的酝酿1947-1948)),第208-210页。
[1]《国家资源与对外援助:内政部克鲁格委员会报告》(Secretary of the Interior,National Resources and Foreign Aid),第19页。
[1]《国家资源与对外援助:内政部克鲁格委员会报告》,第20页。
[2]《国家资源与对外援助:内政部克鲁格委员会报告》,第24-28页。
[3]总统经济顾问委员会:《外援对国内经济的影响》(Couneii of Economic Advisers,The Impact of Foreign Aid Upon the Domestic Economy,Nourse Report),华盛顿1947年,第12-14页。
[1]经济顾问委员会:《外援对国内经济的影响》,第26页。
[2]经济顾问委员会:《外援对国内经济的影响》,第27-28页。
[1]1947年6月24日美国助理国务卿克莱顿同英国内阁成员第一次会晤备忘录(Summary of First Meeting of Under Secretary Clayton and Ambassador with British Cabinet Members),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第270页。
[2]1947年6月25日克莱顿同英国内阁成员第二次会晤备忘录(Substance of Second Meeting of Under Secretary Clayton and Ambassador with British Cabinet Members),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第278页
[1]1947年7月20日美国驻法大使卡弗里致国务卿电文(The Ambassdaor in France Caffery to the Secretary of State,July 20,1947),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,333-334页。
[2]1947年8月4-6日“关于马歇尔计划讨论的备忘录”(Paris Discussion on the Marshall Plan,August 8,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,348-349页。
[3]1947年8月6日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文(The Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State,August 6,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第343页。
[4]1947年8月6日克莱顿、卡弗里致洛维特电文(Clayton,Caffery to the Secretary and Lovett,August6,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第343-344页。
[1]1947年8月4-6日“关于马歇尔计划讨论的备忘录”(Paris Discussion on the Marshall Plan,August 8,1947)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第345-350页。
[2]1947年8月14日洛维特致克莱顿电文(The Secretary of State to the Consulate at Geneva,August 14,1947)载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第359页。
[3]1947年8月26日洛维特致克莱顿电文(The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassyin France,August 26,1947)载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1947年,第3卷,第391-396页。
[1]国务院就欧洲经济合作委员会结构和功能的建议,《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第384页。
[2]1948年1月30日美国驻法大使卡弗里致国务卿艾奇逊电文(The Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第377页。
[3]1948年3月12日高尔曼致艾奇逊电文(The Charge in the United Kingdom Gallman to the Secretary of State,March 12,1948),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第391-392页。
[1]1948年3月20日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文(the Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第396页。
[2]1948年3月20日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文,载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第395-398页。
[3]1948年3月28日卡弗里致艾奇逊电文(the Ambassador in France to the Secretary of State),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第404-409页。
[1]1948年4月8日洛维特致法国使馆电文(The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in France),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第414-417页。
[2]欧洲经济合作组织:欧洲复兴计划中期报告(附录)(Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme.Paris,December 30,1948),巴黎1948年。
[1]欧洲经济合作组织:欧洲复兴计划中期报告(附录)(Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme.Paris,December 30,1948),巴黎1948年。
[2]欧洲经济合作组织:欧洲复兴计划中期报告(附录),巴黎1948年。
[3]1948年4月16日美国驻法大使卡弗里呈送国务卿电文(The Ambassador in France Caffery to the Secretary of State,April 16,1948),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第425页。
[1]1948年4月8日洛维特致法国使馆电文(The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in France),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第414-417页。
[2]1948年4月10日克莱顿、卡弗里致洛维特电文(Clayton to the Secretary and Lovett,)《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1948年,第3卷,第344页。
[1]亨利·黑兹利特:《美元能挽救世界吗?》(Henry Hazlitt,Will Dollars Save The World?),纽约1947年版
[2]威廉·福斯特:《劳工与马歇尔计划》(William Z.Foster,Labor and the Marshall Plan),1948年,第25页。
[3]威廉·福斯特:《劳工与马歇尔计划》,第45-48页。
[4]威廉·福斯特:《劳工与马歇尔计划》,第49-52页。
[5]约瑟夫·斯塔罗宾:《美国人应该支持马歇尔计划吗?》(Joseph Starobin,Should Americans Back the Marshall Plan?),纽约1948年版。
[1]乔治·布莱克:《谁为冷战付款?马歇尔计划是如何影响你的生活水平》(George Blake,Who Pays for the Cold War? How the Marshall Plan affects your living standards),1948年。
[2]经济发展委员会:《更多的生产,更多的工作,更多的自由》(Committee on Economic Development,Toward More Production,More Jobs and More Freedom),纽约1945年版。
[1]经济发展委员会:“美国关于欧洲经济合作的计划”(Committee for Economic Development,An American Program of European Economic Cooperation),1948年2月。
[2]全国制造业协会:“马歇尔计划的数据和经济背景”("Statistical and Economic Background to the Marshall Plan," Prepared by the Research Department,National Association of Manufacturers),1947年。
[1]全国计划协会:“马歇尔计划总原则及行政机构”("The General Principles and Administration of the Marshall Plan," a joint statement by the National Planning Association,December 8-9,1947),载经济发展委员会:“美国关于欧洲经济合作的计划”(Committee for Economic Development:An American Program of European Economic Cooperation),1948年。
[2]保罗·霍夫曼:《赢得和平》(Hoffman,Peace Can Be Won),第102-104页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》(The President's Committee on Foreign Aid:European Recovery and Amencan Aid),华盛顿1947年,第7-9页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第12-15页。
[2]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第97页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第34-38页。
[2]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第93-97页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴与美国援助》,第99-101页。
[2]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴与美国援助》,第103-105页。
[3]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴与美国援助》,第114页。
[1]总统对外援助委员会:《欧洲复兴和美国援助》,第118-122页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第477页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第707-712页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第712页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第1次会议,1948年,第212-215页。
[3]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,8~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第1次会议,1948年,第612-658页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1585-1590页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1601-1602页。
[3]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1603-1605页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1606-1609页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第1581-1625页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第847页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第577页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1142-1163页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第833-843页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1383-1395页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,Hearings,European Recovery Program,80~(th) Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1377-1395页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第969页。
[1]《1948年经济合作法》第111部分,第2款,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[2]《1948年经济合作法》第115部分,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1163-1179页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1311-1314页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,Hearings,European Recovery Program,80~(th) Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1311-1314页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1282-1287页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第1391-1409页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1314-1323页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1432页。
[2]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,European Recovery Program,Hearings Held in Executive Session,80~(th) Cong.,2d Session.,1948)。第2次执行会议,1948年,第257-258页。
[3]《1948年经济合作法》第11部分,第4款,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,European Recovery Program,Hearings Held in Executive Session,80~(th) Cong.,2d Session.,1948),第2次执行会议,1948年。
[4]《欧洲复兴计划第935号报告:美国80届国会参议院对外关系委员会第二次会议》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,80~(th) Cong.,2d Sess.Report No.935,Report.European Recovery Program,1948),第36页。
[5]见美国产业工会联盟新闻公报(AFL Information and Publicity Service,Press Release,)March 8,1948.
[1]《1948年经济合作法》第111部分,第2款,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[2]美国国务院:《欧洲复兴计划:立法草案与背景信息(提交80届国会参议院对外关系委员会)》,第131页。
[3]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第1432-1436页。
[1]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第940-958页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第921-926页。
[1]“关于欧洲复兴实施结构的备忘录”("Staff Memorandum concerning Administration of the Program for European Recovery," June 4,1947)转引自美国国务院:《欧洲复兴计划:立法草案与背景信息(提交80届国会参议院对外关系委员会)》,华盛顿1947年,第253页。
[1]美国国务院:《欧洲复兴计划:立法草案与背景信息(提交80届国会参议院对外关系委员会)》,第254-257页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第1次会议,1947年,第1-6页。 Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第810页。第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations,Hearings,European Recovery Program,80~(th) Cong.,2d session,1948),第2次会议,1948年,第808页。
[1]第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第8-22,150-7,266-7,314页。第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings,United States Foreign Policy For A Post-War Recovery Program,80~(th)Cong.,1d session,1948),第1次会议,1947年,第46-50页。
[2]第80届国会众议院对外事务委员会听证会:《美国对战后复兴计划的政策》,第2次会议,1948年,第665-667页。第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次会议,1948年,第806-809页
[1]《1948年经济合作法》第109部分,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[2]《1948年经济合作法》第110部分,载第80届国会参议院对外关系委员会听证会:《欧洲复兴计划》,第2次执行会议,1948年。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第118页。
[2]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第120-121页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第122-124页。
[2]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》,第126-127页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国商业与欧洲复兴》(ECA.American Business and European Recovery),华盛顿1948年版,第171页。
[1]1948年欧洲内部支付与补偿协定全文见(BIS,Nineteenth Annual Report),第232-245页。
[2]经济合作署:《向国会的第5次报告》(ECA,Fifth Report to Congress),1949年,第13页。
[1]经济合作署:《向国会的第7次报告》(ECA,Seventh Report to Congress)华盛顿1949年,第132-136页。
[1]“体现在欧洲支付同盟中的欧洲内部支付安排”(“the Intra-European Payments Arrangements,Embodied in the European Payments Union,"),经济合作署:《向国会的第9次报告》(ECA,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第46-50页。
[2]国家顾问委员会:“对欧洲清偿同盟的提议”(Proposed European Clearing Union,January 16,1950)国家顾问委员会档案(National Advisory Council Document),第948号。
[1]1950年1月22日哈里曼呈送霍夫曼信函(Harriman letter to Hoffman,January 20,1950),《经济合作署通信集》,51A268。
[2]威廉·迪博尔德:《西欧贸易与支付:经济合作的研究1947-1951),第324-325页。
[1]经济合作署:《向国会的第9次报告(补充报告)》,1950年,第36页。
[2]威廉·迪博尔德《西欧贸易与支付:经济合作的研究1947-1951》,第224页。
[3]伊曼纽尔·韦克斯勒:《重新审视马歇尔计划:欧洲复兴计划的经济回顾》(Imanuol Woxlor,The Marshall Plan Revisited:The European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective),格林伍德出版社1983年版,第252页。
[1]《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1949年,第3卷,第301-303页。
[1]1950年5月9日美国驻法国特使呈送助理国务卿电文(The Charge in France to the Acting Secretary of State,May 9,1950),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第692-694页。
[2]威廉·迪博尔德:《舒曼计划:对于经济合作的研究,1950-1959》(Diebold William,Jr,The Schuman Plan:A Study in Economic Co-operation,1950-1959),纽约1959年版,第151-154页。
[1]1950年6月4日经济合作署驻法国使团呈送国务卿艾奇逊电文(ECA France Mission to the Secretary of State),载《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第716-717页。
[2]1950年6月5日美国国务卿向外交官员电文(The Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Office,June 5),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第720页。
[3]1950年6月8日美国驻英国大使道格拉斯呈送国务院电文(The Ambassador in the United Kingdom to the Secretary of State,June 8,1950),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第724-726页。
[1]约翰·吉林厄姆:《煤炭、钢铁与欧洲的诞生》(John Gillingllam,Coal,Steel,and the Rebirth of Europe),第236页。
[1]约翰·吉林厄姆:《煤炭、钢铁与欧洲的诞生》,第231-234页。
[1]1950年4月15经济合作署关于舒曼计划当前谈判的形势备忘录”("Current Status of the Schuman Plan Negotiations Memorandum by Economic Cooperation Administration,April 15,1950),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第820页。
[2]1950年12月8日美国国务院与经济合作署对欧洲煤钢联营的联合指示("Joint Statc-ECA instructions in handing Schuman proposals coal and steel",December 12,1950),《美国对外关系文件集》(FRUS),1950年,第3卷,第823-824页。
[3]约翰·吉林厄姆:《煤炭、钢铁与欧洲的诞生》,第235页。
[1]艾伦·米尔沃德:《西欧的重建,1945-1951》(Alan S.Milward,The Reconstruction of Western Europe,1945-1951),加利福尼亚1984年版,第405-407页。
[2]艾伦·米尔沃德:《西欧的重建,1945-1951》,第408页。
[1]里安农·维克斯:《操纵主导权:英国国家权力、劳工和马歇尔计划》,第119页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity:Report on the first Session),华盛顿1948年,第7页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity:Report on the first Session),华盛顿1948年11月,第9页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》,第5页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》,第6页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会第一阶段报告》,第4页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Simplification in Industry report),伦敦1950年版,第9页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第13页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第32页。
[4]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第35页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英国钢铁生产考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity Final Report of the U.K Steel Founders),伦敦1949年版,第4页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《食品储存考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Food Canning Team),伦敦1949年版,第18-20页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《肉类加工考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Meat Packaging and Processing Team),伦敦1949年版,第25-27页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英国家具考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the Furniture),伦敦1949年版,第14页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英国纺织考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Rayon Weavers),伦敦1949年版,第6页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《食品储存考察队报告》(Anglo-American Courtcil on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Food Canning Team),伦敦1949年版,第24页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英国建筑考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the U.K.Building Trade Council Team),第3页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《英国黄铜冶炼考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report og U.K.Brass Founders Team),伦敦1950年版,第4页。
[4]英美生产委员会:《金属机械工具考察队报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity,Report of the Metalworking Machine Tools Team),1950年版,第5页。
[1]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会总结报告》(Anglo-American Council on Productivity:Final Report),伦敦1952年版,第9-10页。
[2]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会总结报告》,第5页。
[3]英美生产率委员会:《英美生产率委员会总结报告》,第6页。
[4]英美生产率委员会:《工业生产单一化报告》,第3页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第7次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Seventh Report to Congress),第51-52页。
[2]保罗·霍夫曼《赢得和平》(Hoffman,Peace Can Be Won),第103页。
[1]探讨欧洲复兴计划期间向西欧输出美国管理模式、对西欧管理阶层进行教育的论著有:马蒂亚斯·基平编辑:《美国化欧洲商业:马歇尔计划与美国管理模式的移植》(Matthias Kipping ed.The Americanisation of European Business,1948-1960:the Marshall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models.),伦敦1998年版;布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》(Brian McKenzie Remaking France:Americanization,Public Diplomacy,and the Marshall Plan),纽约2005年版;马里·蒂赞里克:《输出美国模式:战后欧洲商业的转型》(Marie-Laure Djelic,Exporting the American model:the post-war transformation of European business),纽约1998年版。
[2]大卫·兰德斯:“法国商业和法国企业家:一种社会和文化的分析”,载爱德华·厄尔编辑《现代法国》(David Landes,"French Business and the Businessman:A Social and Cultural Analysis,"in Edward M.Earle.ed.,Modern France),普林斯顿1951年版,第334-353页。
[1]1949年12月15日威廉·弗斯特呈送美国管理协会信函(William Foster to Society of American Management,December 15,1949),转引自马蒂亚斯·基平编辑:《美国化欧洲商业:马歇尔计划与美国管理模式的移植》(Matthias Kipping ed.The Americanisation of European Business,1948-1960:the Marshall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models.),伦敦1998年版,第263-264页。
[2]“经济合作署技术援助报告”(Economic Cooperation Administration Technical Assistance Report),1950年2月。
[3]1950年2月4日理查德·比斯尔致经济合作署海外特别代表信函(Richard Bissell to the Economic Cooperative Administration OSR,Feb 4,1950),《经济合作署通信集》,53A441。
[1]经济合作署:《提高工业化地区生产力》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Increasing Productivity in Industrialized Areas,Appendix B),华盛顿1950年版,第11页。
[1]经济合作署:《提高工业化地区生产力》,第11-14页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第10次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Tenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年版,第25页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第10次报告》,第28页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》(Economic Cooperation Administration:Manual of Operations:Labor Policies of Economic Cooperation Administration)华盛顿1951年版,第10页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》,第12-14页。
[1]转引自安·葛罗米柯主编:《苏联对外政策史》,下卷,北京,1989年版,第150-153页。
[1]《战后世界历史长编》1948年,第一编,第四分册,上海1978年版,第32页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第24页。
[1]沃尔特·希克森:《撕裂铁幕:宣传、文化和冷战,1945-1961》(Walter Hixson,Parting the Curtain:Propaganda,Culture,and the Cold War,1945-1961),伦敦1997年版,第78-79页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第182-185页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第7次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Seventh Report to Congress),华盛顿1949年,第79页。
[1]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》(Brian McKenzie Remaking France:Americanization,Public Diplomacy,and the Marshall Plan),纽约2005年版,第353-359页。
[2]经济合作署:《驻法国特别使团每月报告,1950年7月》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Special Mission to France,Monthlt report for June 1950),第12页。
[3]经济合作署:《驻法国特别使团每月报告,1950年5月》,第16页。
[4]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第41页。
[5]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第40-42页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第12次报告》,第43页。
[2]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第324页。
[3]《经济合作署劳工信息部报告,1951年5月2日》(Two French Mission Labor Information Projects,report from Harry Martin to Robert R.Mullen,May 2,1951),载《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》,第292页。
[1]《经济合作署劳工信息部报告,1951年5月2日》(Two French Mission Labor Information Projects,report from Harry Martin to Robert R.Mullen,May 2,1951),载《经济合作署劳工政策:实施手册》,第294页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第12次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Twelfth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第44页。
[3]经济合作署:《欧洲复兴计划在英国第3次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:Third Report by the United Kingdom on Operations),第7-8页。
[4]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第182页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第33页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第30-32页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第38页。
[1]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第121页。
[2]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第168页。
[3]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第352-354页。
[1]布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第249-251页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第11次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Eleventh Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第35页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to
[1]《运转中的机器》(Machines at Work,1951),藏明尼苏达大学政府档案图书馆音像室。
[2]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》(Evan Noble,Marshall Plan Films and Americanization)弗吉尼亚大学2006年硕士论文,第45页。
[3]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》,第68-69页。
[1]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》(Sandra Schulberg,Richard Pena ed.Selling Democracy:Films of the Marshall Plan 1948-1953)纽约2004年版,第46-48页。
[2]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第50-53页。
[3]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第125-127页。
[4]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》,第124-128页。
[5]埃文·诺布尔:《马歇尔计划电影与美国化》,第232-234页。
[1]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第149-152页。
[2]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第275-277页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第41页。
[4]桑德拉·舒尔贝格、理查德·佩纳编辑:《输出民主:马歇尔计划电影1948—1953》,第246-248页。
[1]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第276-278页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第67-69页。
[3]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第281-282页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第78页。
[2]保罗·霍夫曼:《赢得和平》(Paul Hoffman,Peace Can Be Won),纽约1951年版,第144页。
[3]保罗·霍夫曼《赢得和平》,第144页。
[4]经济合作署:《海外信息项目》,第11-13页。
[1]“流动农业展览”(Traveling Agricultural Exhibit,Memo John L.Brown,Chief information officer Mission France,to David K.Bruce,),载经济合作署:《海外信息项目》第352-356页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》,第23-25页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第9次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Ninth Report to Congress),华盛顿1950年,第23-25页。
[2]1949年12月21日雅克·鲍赫呈送经济合作署信息部备忘录(Jacques Bauche,Memo to ECA information Division December 21,1949),转引自布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》第278页。
[3]1949年12月8日海伦·柯克帕特里克呈送经济合作署信息部主任罗伯特·休斯(Letter from Helen Kirkpatrick to Robert Huse,Information Director,ECA Washington,December 8,1949),转引自布赖恩·麦肯齐:《重塑法国:美国化,公共外交和马歇尔计划》,第283页。
[1]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第12次报告》,第36页。
[1]经济合作署:《项目清单》(Economic Cooperafon Administration,A Checklist of Operations,1950),华盛顿1950年,第24页。
[1]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》(U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Extension of European Recovery Program,81~(th) Cong.,First session,1949 Annex B),第1次会议,1949年,第780页。
[2]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第462-464页。
[1]1949年10月3日美国独立石油协会年会报告(Resolution on the ECA Program Annual meeting of the Independent Petroleum Association of America,October 3-4,1949),转引自第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第842-844页。
[2]1949年10月3日美国独立石油协会年会报告(Resolution on the ECA Program Annual meeting of the Independent Petroleum Association of America,October 3-4,1949),转引自第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第842-844页。
[3]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress,Appendix B)附录B,华盛顿1951年,第109页。
[1]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第890-891页。
[2]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第825-829页。
[3]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第900-902页。
[4]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第832-833页。
[5]第81届国会众议院外交委员会听证会:《延长欧洲复兴计划》,第1次会议,1949年,第827页。
[1]对外经济合作联合委员会报告:“经济合作署与战略物资”,第142-143页。
[2]经济合作署:《经济合作署向国会第13次报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration,Thirteenth Report to Congress),华盛顿1951年,第128页。
[1]经济合作署:《美国援助与复兴进展报告》(Economic Cooperation Administration:A Report on Recovery Progress and United States Aid),华盛顿1949年,第218页。
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