黑木耳优良菌株的筛选与代用料栽培关键技术的研究
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摘要
通过黑木耳(Auricularia auricula(L．ex HooK)Undeew)菌株的采集、收集、得到20多个菌株。从中抽取形态特征好的6个菌株作为试样，经过分离、培养、纯化，筛选出优良菌株988、菌株2008。经测试，菌株988、菌株2008产量高于常规品种15％～20％；形态特征指标为单片、色正；内在胶原蛋白质含量高，一般高于常规品种2.8～3.3mg／100g；具有很强的抗逆性。
以988菌株为试样，研究了代用料栽培黑木耳关键技术。试验结果表明：代用料栽培黑木耳在春季气温稳定在13℃进行下地栽培，污染率低，产量高；代用料栽培黑木耳以木屑为主，产量高，其中，软阔、硬阔树种木屑按1：2的比例比较合适，产量最好，以秸杆为主的栽培料应混一定量的木屑，豆秸产量最高；菌丝体培育阶段，初期将温度控制在26℃-28℃，中期控制在23℃，后期控制在20℃，有利于培养健壮的菌丝体，提高菌丝的抗病力和产量；催芽处理方法与耳基发生和污染有直接的关系，湿度大有利于耳基的发生，但应控制温度，防止绿色木霉的发生；田间管理阶段主要控制水分和温度，水分状况保持干湿交替，有利于子实体生长和菌丝的抗病力；绿色木霉的防治采取预防为主，一旦发生采取日晒加400倍克霉灵处理，防治效果90％以上。
More than 20 strains of Auricularia auricula(L.ex HooK)Uuderw.werecollecteed.6 strains with good character were isolated and purified. From screening test, strain 988 and strain 2008 were got as good strains The results show that the production of strain 988 and strain 2008 is 15%~20% higher than that of common strains ;Their basidiocarp is 2.8~3.3mg/100g higher than that of common strains; Strain 988 and strain 2008 also have higher stress resistance.
The key techniques of culturing Auricilaria auricula using substitute was researched. The results show that Auricilaria auricula is better cultured using substitute at 13癈 or so in spring, the contaminate rate is lower and the production is higher. The production is higher when the wood-bits is the main part of substitute, it is highest when the wood-bits proportion of soft broad leaf and hard broad leaf is 1: 2;The best straw-substitute is which mainly made of soybean-straw mixed with some wood-bits. In culturing mycelium period, mycelium grow strongly when temperature is 26℃~28℃ at early days,23℃ at medium term and 20℃ at later days, and at this condition its disease resistance and production are enhanced. The method of accelerating germination is related with primodium genesis and contamination; The higher moisture is good for primodium genesis, but the temperature should be controlled in order to prevent Trchoderma', Controlling water and temperature is important in field management, it' s good for basi
diocarp growing and resistance of mycelium that the water is controlled under dry and moisture in turn; Sun-shine supplement with clotrimagole has good control effect to Trchoderma, the control effect is more than 90%.
以988菌株为试样，研究了代用料栽培黑木耳关键技术。试验结果表明：代用料栽培黑木耳在春季气温稳定在13℃进行下地栽培，污染率低，产量高；代用料栽培黑木耳以木屑为主，产量高，其中，软阔、硬阔树种木屑按1：2的比例比较合适，产量最好，以秸杆为主的栽培料应混一定量的木屑，豆秸产量最高；菌丝体培育阶段，初期将温度控制在26℃-28℃，中期控制在23℃，后期控制在20℃，有利于培养健壮的菌丝体，提高菌丝的抗病力和产量；催芽处理方法与耳基发生和污染有直接的关系，湿度大有利于耳基的发生，但应控制温度，防止绿色木霉的发生；田间管理阶段主要控制水分和温度，水分状况保持干湿交替，有利于子实体生长和菌丝的抗病力；绿色木霉的防治采取预防为主，一旦发生采取日晒加400倍克霉灵处理，防治效果90％以上。
More than 20 strains of Auricularia auricula(L.ex HooK)Uuderw.werecollecteed.6 strains with good character were isolated and purified. From screening test, strain 988 and strain 2008 were got as good strains The results show that the production of strain 988 and strain 2008 is 15%~20% higher than that of common strains ;Their basidiocarp is 2.8~3.3mg/100g higher than that of common strains; Strain 988 and strain 2008 also have higher stress resistance.
The key techniques of culturing Auricilaria auricula using substitute was researched. The results show that Auricilaria auricula is better cultured using substitute at 13癈 or so in spring, the contaminate rate is lower and the production is higher. The production is higher when the wood-bits is the main part of substitute, it is highest when the wood-bits proportion of soft broad leaf and hard broad leaf is 1: 2;The best straw-substitute is which mainly made of soybean-straw mixed with some wood-bits. In culturing mycelium period, mycelium grow strongly when temperature is 26℃~28℃ at early days,23℃ at medium term and 20℃ at later days, and at this condition its disease resistance and production are enhanced. The method of accelerating germination is related with primodium genesis and contamination; The higher moisture is good for primodium genesis, but the temperature should be controlled in order to prevent Trchoderma', Controlling water and temperature is important in field management, it' s good for basi
diocarp growing and resistance of mycelium that the water is controlled under dry and moisture in turn; Sun-shine supplement with clotrimagole has good control effect to Trchoderma, the control effect is more than 90%.
引文
[1] 丁湖广等，中国黑木耳银耳代用料栽与加工，金盾出版社，2001，9．
[2] 丁湖广等，中国黑木耳银耳代用料栽与加工，金盾出版社，2001．
[3] 中国科学院微生物所，菌种保藏手册，科学出版社，1980．5
[4] 刘风春，担子菌保藏方法概述，食用菌1985(1)．
[5] 刘正南等，金耳人工栽培技术，金盾出版社，2003，5．
[6] 刘波，蘑菇病害，中国食用菌，1986，2．
[7] 吕明亮等，袋栽培黑木耳优质高产栽培技术，中国食用菌 Vol21，No．2，1996．
[8] 阮时珍，袋栽培黑木耳立体栽培新技术，中国食用菌第13卷第2期 1994，3．
[9] 吴来胜等，挂袋栽培黑木耳病虫防治技术，黑河科技 1990，(5)．
[9] 张光亚，中国常见食用菌图鉴，昆明：云南科技出版社，1999，5．
[10] 李兆华，房县黑木耳菌种发芽试验研究，湖北大学学报(自然科学出版社)，No3 Vol 16 sept第16卷3期 1999，9．
[11] 李宏伟、孙永琴，黑木耳代料栽培技术 哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，2001，3．
[12] 杨月明等，茶树菇栽培技术，金盾出版社，2001，3．
[13] 杨亚普，袋料黑木耳快速发菌栽培技术，2001(3)．
[14] 杨春华，多余季节地栽黑木耳，中国食用菌，1988，16卷第6期．
[15] 杨新美，中国食用菌栽培学，农业出版社，1988．
[16] 杨瑞长等，中国香菇栽培新技术，金盾出版社，2000，7．
[17] 邵力平等，真菌分类学，中国林业出版社，1984．
[18] 闰培生，中国黑木耳栽培菌株的DNA多态性研究，农业生物技术学报，1999，7(3)．
[19] 陈士瑜，珍稀菇菌栽培与加工，金盾出版社，2003．1，
[20] 陈士瑜，食用菌生产大全，北京农业出版社，1992．
[21] 陈国良，灵芝与猴头高产栽培技术，金盾出版社，2002，1．
[22] 陈艳秋等，袋料栽培黑木耳与段木栽培黑木耳的品质分析，食用菌学报，2001，(1)．
[23] 孟维洋，段木栽培黑木耳栽培技术，吉林林业科技，第四期(总第17期)1995，8．
[24] 孟黎明，黑木耳AU962菌株特性及其栽培，中国林副特产，1999第4期．
[25] 候军等，黑木耳生物学特性及栽培技术要点，中国食州菌，2001，11)．
[26] 黄年来，中国香菇栽培学，上海科技文献出版社，1994．
[27] 黄年来，菌种生产中值得研究的问题，食用菌，1988(3)．
[28] 黄年来，菌种的退化、老化和复壮，食用菌1985(11)．
[29] 黄瑞贞．金针菇高产栽培技术，金盾出版社，2000，4．
[30] 黄毅等，食用菌生产理论与实践，厦门大学出版社，1990．
[31] 黄毅，食用菌栽培学，高教出版社，2002．
[32] 湖北省农业区划办，湖北省农业名特优资源，武汉，湖北科技出版社 1990．
[33] 黑木耳菌种质量，中国食用菌，1990(4)．
[34] 黑龙江省应用微生物研究所菌种保藏室，保藏担子菌菌丝的一种新方法，微生物学通报，1978(4)．
[35] 潘学仁，黑龙江挂袋栽培黑木耳新技术，中国食用菌，2001，2．
[36] 戴芳阑，中国真菌总汇，科学出版社，1979．
[37] 魏景超，真菌鉴定手册，上海科技出版社，1979，9．
[38] Aabay Fetien, Understanding Agricultural Biodiversity, Printed in The Philippines ,Cip-UPWARD-International Potato Center.2003
[39] Anderson Simon, Ensuring an Environment for Agricultural Biodiversity, Printed in The Philippines Cip-UPWARD-International Potato Center.2003
[40] C·H·Song &K·Y·Cho:Synthetic Medium for production of submerged culturees of Lentinus edodes, Mycologia, 79(6).
[41] Gary, F·Leatham:A chemically defined medium from the fruiting of Lenlinus edodes. Mycologia, 1983 (5).
[42] Gary，F·Leatham著，黄年来译：香菇在合成培养基上的生长和发育，国外食用菌，1989(3)．
[43] Shell, H·W1970, The Boleti of Northeastern North Ameerica Printed in Germany.
[44] Strenthening Local Management of Agricultural Biodiversity, Cip-UPWARD-International Potato Center.2003
[45] Shung-chang Jong著，熊同庆译：栽培食用菌种质保存，国外食用菌，1992(1)32、
[46] ——1975, The Agaricales in mordern taxonomy,2 ed 915pp,weinheim..
[2] 丁湖广等，中国黑木耳银耳代用料栽与加工，金盾出版社，2001．
[3] 中国科学院微生物所，菌种保藏手册，科学出版社，1980．5
[4] 刘风春，担子菌保藏方法概述，食用菌1985(1)．
[5] 刘正南等，金耳人工栽培技术，金盾出版社，2003，5．
[6] 刘波，蘑菇病害，中国食用菌，1986，2．
[7] 吕明亮等，袋栽培黑木耳优质高产栽培技术，中国食用菌 Vol21，No．2，1996．
[8] 阮时珍，袋栽培黑木耳立体栽培新技术，中国食用菌第13卷第2期 1994，3．
[9] 吴来胜等，挂袋栽培黑木耳病虫防治技术，黑河科技 1990，(5)．
[9] 张光亚，中国常见食用菌图鉴，昆明：云南科技出版社，1999，5．
[10] 李兆华，房县黑木耳菌种发芽试验研究，湖北大学学报(自然科学出版社)，No3 Vol 16 sept第16卷3期 1999，9．
[11] 李宏伟、孙永琴，黑木耳代料栽培技术 哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，2001，3．
[12] 杨月明等，茶树菇栽培技术，金盾出版社，2001，3．
[13] 杨亚普，袋料黑木耳快速发菌栽培技术，2001(3)．
[14] 杨春华，多余季节地栽黑木耳，中国食用菌，1988，16卷第6期．
[15] 杨新美，中国食用菌栽培学，农业出版社，1988．
[16] 杨瑞长等，中国香菇栽培新技术，金盾出版社，2000，7．
[17] 邵力平等，真菌分类学，中国林业出版社，1984．
[18] 闰培生，中国黑木耳栽培菌株的DNA多态性研究，农业生物技术学报，1999，7(3)．
[19] 陈士瑜，珍稀菇菌栽培与加工，金盾出版社，2003．1，
[20] 陈士瑜，食用菌生产大全，北京农业出版社，1992．
[21] 陈国良，灵芝与猴头高产栽培技术，金盾出版社，2002，1．
[22] 陈艳秋等，袋料栽培黑木耳与段木栽培黑木耳的品质分析，食用菌学报，2001，(1)．
[23] 孟维洋，段木栽培黑木耳栽培技术，吉林林业科技，第四期(总第17期)1995，8．
[24] 孟黎明，黑木耳AU962菌株特性及其栽培，中国林副特产，1999第4期．
[25] 候军等，黑木耳生物学特性及栽培技术要点，中国食州菌，2001，11)．
[26] 黄年来，中国香菇栽培学，上海科技文献出版社，1994．
[27] 黄年来，菌种生产中值得研究的问题，食用菌，1988(3)．
[28] 黄年来，菌种的退化、老化和复壮，食用菌1985(11)．
[29] 黄瑞贞．金针菇高产栽培技术，金盾出版社，2000，4．
[30] 黄毅等，食用菌生产理论与实践，厦门大学出版社，1990．
[31] 黄毅，食用菌栽培学，高教出版社，2002．
[32] 湖北省农业区划办，湖北省农业名特优资源，武汉，湖北科技出版社 1990．
[33] 黑木耳菌种质量，中国食用菌，1990(4)．
[34] 黑龙江省应用微生物研究所菌种保藏室，保藏担子菌菌丝的一种新方法，微生物学通报，1978(4)．
[35] 潘学仁，黑龙江挂袋栽培黑木耳新技术，中国食用菌，2001，2．
[36] 戴芳阑，中国真菌总汇，科学出版社，1979．
[37] 魏景超，真菌鉴定手册，上海科技出版社，1979，9．
[38] Aabay Fetien, Understanding Agricultural Biodiversity, Printed in The Philippines ,Cip-UPWARD-International Potato Center.2003
[39] Anderson Simon, Ensuring an Environment for Agricultural Biodiversity, Printed in The Philippines Cip-UPWARD-International Potato Center.2003
[40] C·H·Song &K·Y·Cho:Synthetic Medium for production of submerged culturees of Lentinus edodes, Mycologia, 79(6).
[41] Gary, F·Leatham:A chemically defined medium from the fruiting of Lenlinus edodes. Mycologia, 1983 (5).
[42] Gary，F·Leatham著，黄年来译：香菇在合成培养基上的生长和发育，国外食用菌，1989(3)．
[43] Shell, H·W1970, The Boleti of Northeastern North Ameerica Printed in Germany.
[44] Strenthening Local Management of Agricultural Biodiversity, Cip-UPWARD-International Potato Center.2003
[45] Shung-chang Jong著，熊同庆译：栽培食用菌种质保存，国外食用菌，1992(1)32、
[46] ——1975, The Agaricales in mordern taxonomy,2 ed 915pp,weinheim..