网络银行及其风险监管研究
摘要
网络银行作为20 世纪金融领域出现的最具影响力的创新之一,它不仅为金融业的运作提供了新的操作平台,而且还改变了传统银行业的结构、运行模式与经营理念,极大地降低了经营成本,加大了经济全球化的步伐。因此,网络银行将成为全球银行业发展的必然趋势。本文在阐述网络银行的经济特征、发展动因及对金融业影响的基础上,深入剖析了网络银行的风险及形成原因,考察了西方国家的网络银行监管的模式、规则和内容。结合我国网络银行的发展现状,分析了我国网络银行发展的特点和监管难点,提出了我国网络银行风险监管及内部风险控制的对策建议。
Internet bank is the most influential innovation in the field of financein 20th century. It leads to an unprecedented transformation of mode ofmanagement and operational concept in banking industry and it promotesthe innovation of organizations and service of banks. With the completionof the transitional period of our country’s entry into WTO, foreign bankswill surge into our country and begin to be engaged in RMB business.They will greatly challenge domestic banks with technical measures,managerial methods and experience of managing international capital.Especially, through the method of advanced internet techniques, they canprovide clients intellectualized financial service to make up thedisadvantages of the size of websites. Internet bank will become thefrontier of competition among banks in information age. Therefore, inorder to probe into the theoretical basis of internet bank, it is practicallysignificant for speeding up the construction of internet bank in our countryand quickly reducing the divergence between domestic and foreign banksin terms of internet bank to study the development of internet bank and risksupervision in our country. There are three parts in this paper.
The first part probes into the theoretical basis of internet bank. Itbegins with the definition of internet bank and its economic features. Thenit elaborates the developing mode of internet bank, reviews and analyzesthe reason why internet bank comes into being. Compared with traditionalbank, internet bank possesses many prominent economic features, that is,internet bank is virtual bank, “on-line”bank, economic bank, informationbank and innovated bank. The strategic developing modes of internet bankin developed countries can be roughly classified into three categories: first,purely virtual internet bank mode; second, internet bank mode adheres to
traditional bank; third, internet bank mode adheres to non-financial organs.At present, internet bank in our country belongs to the second category. Wecan find reasons for the emergence and development of internet bank inmany aspects. According to the “technical promotion theory”of T.HHannon and J.Niehans, new technique, especially the application of newinventions of computer and communication equipments is the main reason.According to the “transaction costs theory”of J.R.Hicks and J.Nichans,reducing transaction costs is the first motive for the emergence of internetbank. According to Huang da’s theory of the common relation betweenfinance and economic development, economic development increases therequirement of financing scopes, methods etc of financial organs by largeenterprises, corporations and residents. This requirement is the motivepower of the development of internet bank. In practical review, the mainreasons for the emergence and development of internet bank in developedcountries are: progress in science and technology sets up the basis for thedevelopment of internet bank; development of e-commerce createspromising prospect for internet bank; reducing costs and pursuing profitsare the internal motives for its emergence; change of clients’consumingconcept is the external motive. At last, it analyzes and summarizes theprominent influence of internet bank on finance industry. It not onlychanges traditional banks’operational concept, competition pattern, salesmethods and developing methods, but also reorients clients, businessscopes and financial products, influences traditional banks’function ofsettling accounts and challenges financial supervision.
The second part elaborates risks and supervision of internet bank.While Internet bank brings convenience of modern network techniques tothe society, it also brings about new risks. First, legal risks, that is, riskscaused by internet bank operations without any legal modifications or by
adopting implicit legal guidance and supervision; second, system risks,including system safety risks of internet bank technical platform, networksafety risks, physical safety risks and application safety risks; finally,business risks, including reputation risks, credit risks, management risks,information asymmetry risks and internet crime risks. The causes ofinternet bank risks are: network cause due to publicity, universality andcirculation of network; moral cause due to the amoral conducts ofindividuals and financial organs; financial innovation cause due to theimperfection of statistics, supervision, early warning and guideline systemof financial risks and that of supervision and control system of internetfinancial risks. On this basis, it thoroughly reviews the mode, rules andcontent of supervision and control of internet bank in America and Britain.
The third part proposes suggestions on solution to development,supervision and control of internet bank in our country based on theanalysis of present conditions of internet bank’s development anddifficulties of its supervision and control. Internet bank in our country isbranch internet bank established on the basis of traditional bank, it is in thebeginning period of developing internet bank business, and its ways ofbusiness evolve fast and develop in leaps. The development of internetbank in our country confronts the same problem as foreign countries, andbesides, there is difficulty in supervision and control like the lagging innational culture, habits and sense of supervision and control; the internalproblems of bank system in our country (including national reputationproblem of national bank, ownership pattern problem and unbalancedregional development problem); social credit problem; the conflictionbetween mode of separated supervision and control and mixed operation ofinternet bank; bank information disclosure problem; lagging of relevantlaws and regulation and so on. Therefore, according to the situation of our
Internet bank is the most influential innovation in the field of financein 20th century. It leads to an unprecedented transformation of mode ofmanagement and operational concept in banking industry and it promotesthe innovation of organizations and service of banks. With the completionof the transitional period of our country’s entry into WTO, foreign bankswill surge into our country and begin to be engaged in RMB business.They will greatly challenge domestic banks with technical measures,managerial methods and experience of managing international capital.Especially, through the method of advanced internet techniques, they canprovide clients intellectualized financial service to make up thedisadvantages of the size of websites. Internet bank will become thefrontier of competition among banks in information age. Therefore, inorder to probe into the theoretical basis of internet bank, it is practicallysignificant for speeding up the construction of internet bank in our countryand quickly reducing the divergence between domestic and foreign banksin terms of internet bank to study the development of internet bank and risksupervision in our country. There are three parts in this paper.
The first part probes into the theoretical basis of internet bank. Itbegins with the definition of internet bank and its economic features. Thenit elaborates the developing mode of internet bank, reviews and analyzesthe reason why internet bank comes into being. Compared with traditionalbank, internet bank possesses many prominent economic features, that is,internet bank is virtual bank, “on-line”bank, economic bank, informationbank and innovated bank. The strategic developing modes of internet bankin developed countries can be roughly classified into three categories: first,purely virtual internet bank mode; second, internet bank mode adheres to
traditional bank; third, internet bank mode adheres to non-financial organs.At present, internet bank in our country belongs to the second category. Wecan find reasons for the emergence and development of internet bank inmany aspects. According to the “technical promotion theory”of T.HHannon and J.Niehans, new technique, especially the application of newinventions of computer and communication equipments is the main reason.According to the “transaction costs theory”of J.R.Hicks and J.Nichans,reducing transaction costs is the first motive for the emergence of internetbank. According to Huang da’s theory of the common relation betweenfinance and economic development, economic development increases therequirement of financing scopes, methods etc of financial organs by largeenterprises, corporations and residents. This requirement is the motivepower of the development of internet bank. In practical review, the mainreasons for the emergence and development of internet bank in developedcountries are: progress in science and technology sets up the basis for thedevelopment of internet bank; development of e-commerce createspromising prospect for internet bank; reducing costs and pursuing profitsare the internal motives for its emergence; change of clients’consumingconcept is the external motive. At last, it analyzes and summarizes theprominent influence of internet bank on finance industry. It not onlychanges traditional banks’operational concept, competition pattern, salesmethods and developing methods, but also reorients clients, businessscopes and financial products, influences traditional banks’function ofsettling accounts and challenges financial supervision.
The second part elaborates risks and supervision of internet bank.While Internet bank brings convenience of modern network techniques tothe society, it also brings about new risks. First, legal risks, that is, riskscaused by internet bank operations without any legal modifications or by
adopting implicit legal guidance and supervision; second, system risks,including system safety risks of internet bank technical platform, networksafety risks, physical safety risks and application safety risks; finally,business risks, including reputation risks, credit risks, management risks,information asymmetry risks and internet crime risks. The causes ofinternet bank risks are: network cause due to publicity, universality andcirculation of network; moral cause due to the amoral conducts ofindividuals and financial organs; financial innovation cause due to theimperfection of statistics, supervision, early warning and guideline systemof financial risks and that of supervision and control system of internetfinancial risks. On this basis, it thoroughly reviews the mode, rules andcontent of supervision and control of internet bank in America and Britain.
The third part proposes suggestions on solution to development,supervision and control of internet bank in our country based on theanalysis of present conditions of internet bank’s development anddifficulties of its supervision and control. Internet bank in our country isbranch internet bank established on the basis of traditional bank, it is in thebeginning period of developing internet bank business, and its ways ofbusiness evolve fast and develop in leaps. The development of internetbank in our country confronts the same problem as foreign countries, andbesides, there is difficulty in supervision and control like the lagging innational culture, habits and sense of supervision and control; the internalproblems of bank system in our country (including national reputationproblem of national bank, ownership pattern problem and unbalancedregional development problem); social credit problem; the conflictionbetween mode of separated supervision and control and mixed operation ofinternet bank; bank information disclosure problem; lagging of relevantlaws and regulation and so on. Therefore, according to the situation of our
引文
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13.徐海燕。张彦飞:“网络银行的运行与发展机理”,《经济师》,2003 年第9 期127-128 页。
14.常广庶:“我国网上银行发展面临的问题及对策”,《华南金融电脑》, 2004 年第8 期5-6 页。
15.施赟:“浅谈网络银行技术风险与防范”,《华南金融电脑》,2004 年第10 期23-26 页。
16.汪锦丽,沈林楠:“美国银行信息技术风险监管经验及借鉴”,《华南金融电脑》,2004 年第7 期20-22 页。
17.黄旭清:“浅谈网络银行的监管”,《金融&科技》,2003 年第七期(总第80 期)68-70 页。
18.郑良芳:“电子银行挑大梁”,《金融电子化》,2004 年第10 期(总第109 期)92-93 页。
19.杨晏忠:“试论中国网络银行发展中的制约因素、功能定位及对策选择”,《金融&科技》,2003 年7 月(总第80 期)55-57 页。
20.楚汴英:“网络银行的发展、借鉴与对策”,《改革与理论》,2003 年第6 期。
21.戴逸飞:“中国网络银行的发展策略”,《韶关学院学报》(社会科学版),2004 年第5 期65-68 页。
22.黎四奇:“对我国银行监管法律体系的评析与思考”,《法律科学》(西北政法学院学报),2004 年第6 期94-99 页。
23.戴逸飞:“网络银行的可持续发展”,《经济师》,2004 年第7 期212-213 页。
2.黄达:《货币银行学》,中国人民大学出版社,2001 年第4 版。
3.欧阳勇,曾志耕:《网络金融概论》,成都,西南财经大学出版社, 2004 年第1 版。
4.兰宜生:《电子商务基础教程》,清华大学出版社2003 年第3 版。127-143 页。
5.吴以雯:《网络金融》,电子工业出版社2003 年第1 版75-100 页。
6.涂闻雷:“我国网络银行的现状及其竞争策略”,《南昌大学学报》(人社版),2003 年7 月(第34 卷第4 期)。
7.吴秋明:“论网络经济的潜在价值”,《福州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2001 年2 期(总第51 期)51-55 页。
8.张锡宝:“网络经济及其在我国发展的必要性”,《东方论坛》1999 年第4 期84-87 页。
9.徐彦峰:“我国网络银行发展的制约因素分析”,《改革与战略》2003 年增刊81-83 页。
10.李小丽,汪永辉:“网络银行的风险与防范”,《银行与企业》1999 年第8 期53-55 页。
11.张军亮:“我国网络银行的风险与监管体系建设”,《商业研究》2003/01(总第261 期)。
12.曹严礼:“21 世纪的银行—网络银行”,《城市金融论坛》1999 年 第2 期59-61 页。
13.徐海燕。张彦飞:“网络银行的运行与发展机理”,《经济师》,2003 年第9 期127-128 页。
14.常广庶:“我国网上银行发展面临的问题及对策”,《华南金融电脑》, 2004 年第8 期5-6 页。
15.施赟:“浅谈网络银行技术风险与防范”,《华南金融电脑》,2004 年第10 期23-26 页。
16.汪锦丽,沈林楠:“美国银行信息技术风险监管经验及借鉴”,《华南金融电脑》,2004 年第7 期20-22 页。
17.黄旭清:“浅谈网络银行的监管”,《金融&科技》,2003 年第七期(总第80 期)68-70 页。
18.郑良芳:“电子银行挑大梁”,《金融电子化》,2004 年第10 期(总第109 期)92-93 页。
19.杨晏忠:“试论中国网络银行发展中的制约因素、功能定位及对策选择”,《金融&科技》,2003 年7 月(总第80 期)55-57 页。
20.楚汴英:“网络银行的发展、借鉴与对策”,《改革与理论》,2003 年第6 期。
21.戴逸飞:“中国网络银行的发展策略”,《韶关学院学报》(社会科学版),2004 年第5 期65-68 页。
22.黎四奇:“对我国银行监管法律体系的评析与思考”,《法律科学》(西北政法学院学报),2004 年第6 期94-99 页。
23.戴逸飞:“网络银行的可持续发展”,《经济师》,2004 年第7 期212-213 页。