移动自组网中基于能量的路由协议研究
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摘要
移动自组网中的节点采用电池一类的可耗尽能源来提供电源,而且每个节点既是计算机又是路由器,很容易因某个节点能量耗完而导致网络分裂。本文主要是从能量入手,通过对网络中各链路状态的预测以及各节点能量的预测来找出一条最优路由。
本文首先总结了目前移动自组网中网络层的一些基于能量的路由协议,并比较分析了它们的优缺点以及未来的发展方向。接着本文提出了一种结合LET和节点生存时间预测的路由协议,将节点的运动特性和能量特性结合起来,通过预测链路保持时间LET和节点的生存时间,选择一条最优路径。并通过模拟结果说明了该协议能有效的提高数据传送率,减少链路断裂个数,改善了网络性能。最后本文还提出了一种考虑能量的基于预测的路由协议,该算法结合了节点生存时间的预测和路径稳定度的预测,首先由节点根据自身计算出的剩余生存时间来判断是否参加路由,然后在预测链路稳定性的基础上,有效的预测路径的稳定性,从而能选择一条最稳定路径进行数据传输,并同时延长了整个网络的生存时间。我们也通过模拟结果论证了该算法的有效性。
Each node in Mobile Ad hoc network can be regarded as either a computer or a router and the nodes in MANET are battery-operated, so it is easy to lead to network partitioning since some node's energy is exhausted. In this paper, we find an optimal route by predicting the status of each link and the lifetime of each node in MANET.In this paper, we first summarize the power-aware routing protocols on network layer, analyze their characteristics and the research direction in the future. Then a new routing protocol by combining the prediction of the node lifetime and LET is presented, which can find an optimal route by considering the character of dynamic topologies and energy-constrained operations and the simulation results show the new protocol can increase the packet delivery ratio and decrease the number of broken link. Finally we present a routing protocol by combining the prediction of the node lifetime and the path availability. Node decides whether to participate in the routing path according to its predicted lifetime at first, then predicts the availability of the path based on the prediction of the link availability, consequently the mechanism can choose a steadiest path to transmit data and it can prolong the network lifetime at the same time. We also prove its effect by simulation.
本文首先总结了目前移动自组网中网络层的一些基于能量的路由协议,并比较分析了它们的优缺点以及未来的发展方向。接着本文提出了一种结合LET和节点生存时间预测的路由协议,将节点的运动特性和能量特性结合起来,通过预测链路保持时间LET和节点的生存时间,选择一条最优路径。并通过模拟结果说明了该协议能有效的提高数据传送率,减少链路断裂个数,改善了网络性能。最后本文还提出了一种考虑能量的基于预测的路由协议,该算法结合了节点生存时间的预测和路径稳定度的预测,首先由节点根据自身计算出的剩余生存时间来判断是否参加路由,然后在预测链路稳定性的基础上,有效的预测路径的稳定性,从而能选择一条最稳定路径进行数据传输,并同时延长了整个网络的生存时间。我们也通过模拟结果论证了该算法的有效性。
Each node in Mobile Ad hoc network can be regarded as either a computer or a router and the nodes in MANET are battery-operated, so it is easy to lead to network partitioning since some node's energy is exhausted. In this paper, we find an optimal route by predicting the status of each link and the lifetime of each node in MANET.In this paper, we first summarize the power-aware routing protocols on network layer, analyze their characteristics and the research direction in the future. Then a new routing protocol by combining the prediction of the node lifetime and LET is presented, which can find an optimal route by considering the character of dynamic topologies and energy-constrained operations and the simulation results show the new protocol can increase the packet delivery ratio and decrease the number of broken link. Finally we present a routing protocol by combining the prediction of the node lifetime and the path availability. Node decides whether to participate in the routing path according to its predicted lifetime at first, then predicts the availability of the path based on the prediction of the link availability, consequently the mechanism can choose a steadiest path to transmit data and it can prolong the network lifetime at the same time. We also prove its effect by simulation.
引文
[1] IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks-the working group for WLAN Standards. http://www.ieee802.org/11/
[2] Broadband Radio Access Networks. http://www.etsi.org/bran/
[3] Bluetooth SIG Inc. Specification of the Bluetooth system Core: http://www.bluetooth.org/
[4] The Home Radio Frequency Working Group. http://www.homerf.org/
[5] Leiner B M, Nidlson D L, TobagiF A. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 6-20
[6] Jubin J, Tornow JD. The DARPA packet radio network protocols. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 21-32
[7] 赵志峰,郑少仁.Ad Hoc网络体系结构研究.电信科学,2001,17(1):9-13
[8] 王海涛,郑少仁.Ad Hoc传感网络的体系结构及其相关问题.解放军理工大学学报,2003,4(1):1-6
[9] S. Corson, J. Macker. Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations, RFC2501, January 1999
[10] S. Singh, M. Woo, C. S. Raghavendra. Power-Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: William P, eds. Proceedings of 4th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'98). Dallas: IEEE press, 1998. 181-190
[11] Toh C-K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoe networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2001, (6): 2-11
[12] Stojmenovic I, Lin X. Power-Aware Localized Routing in Wireless Networks. IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2001, 12(11): 1122-1133
[13] Javier Gomez, Andrew T Campbell, et al. PARO: Power-Aware Routing Optimization for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. In: Satish K. Tripathi, eds. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP' 01). California: IEEE Computer Society, 2001
[14] Toh C-K, Hiroshi Cobb, Dave A Scott. Performance Evaluation of Battery-Life-Aware Routing Schemes for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. In: Samson Abramsky, eds. Proceedings of IEEE International conference on communications (IEEE ICC). Aarhus: IEEE press, 2001
[15] Woo K, Yu C, Youn HY, et al. Non-Blocking, Localized Routing Algorithm for Balanced Energy Consumption in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Dharma P. Agrawal, eds. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and simulation of computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2001). Cincinnati: IEEE Computer Society, 2001. 117-124
[16] Li Q, Aslam J, Rus D. Online Power-aware Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. In: Christopher Rose, eds. Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom' 2001). Rome: IEEE press, 2001. 97-107
[17] M. Maleki, K. Dantu, M. Pedram. Power-aware Source Routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Mircea Stan, eds. Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium on lower power electronics and design (ISLPED' 02). Monterey: IEEE Computer, 2002. 72-75
[18] Chang J-H, Tassiulas L. Energy Conserving Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. In: Moshe sidi, eds. Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(IEEE Infocom 2000). Israel: IEEE press, 2000. 22-31
[19] Morteza Maleki, Karthik Dantu, Massoud Pedram. Lifetime Prediction Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Keiji Tachikawa, eds. Proceeding of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). New Orleans: IEEE press, 2003
[20] O. Kim, JJ, Garcia-Luna-Aceves, K. Obraczka, et al. Power Aware Routing Mechanism Based on the Energy Drain Rate Metric in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Javier Aracil, eds. Proceeding of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks(IC3N). Miami: IEEE press, 2002. 14-16
[21] Lamia Romdhani, Christian Bonnet. Energy consumption Speed Based Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Makoto Takizawa, eds. Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops-W6: WWAN(ICDCSW' 04). Tokyo: IEEE Computer Society, 2004
[22] A. Misra, S. Banerjee. MRPC: Maximizing Network Lifetime for reliable routing in Wireless Environments. In: Dick Lynch, eds. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC2002). Orlando: IEEE press, 2002. Volume 2: 800-806
[23] William Su, Sung-Ju Lee, Mario Gerla. Mobility prediction and routing in ad hoc wireless networks, International Journal of Network Management, 2001, 11: 3-30
[24] Wang Jianxin, Deng Shuguang, Chen Songqiao, et al. QoS Routing with Mobility Prediction in MANET. In: T. Aaron Gulliver, eds. Proceedings of 2001 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal processing (PACRIM' 01). Victoria: IEEE press, 2001. 357-360
[25] R. Bagrodia, R. Meyer, M. Takai, et al. PARSEC: A parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems. IEEE Computer, vol. 31, no. 10, Oct. 1998
[26] UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory and Wireless Adaptive Mobility Laboratory. Glomosim: A scalable Simulation Environment for Wireless and Wired Network Systems.http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/domains/glomosim.html
[27] The network simulator-ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[28] OPNET Modeler. http://www.opnet.com
[29] C. Perkins, E. Royer, S. Das. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-aodv-10.txt, 2002
[30] 史美林,英春.自组网路由协议综述[J].通信学报,2001,(11):93—104
[31] 王建新,邓曙光,陈松乔,陈建二.一种新的基于移动预测的MANET路由协议.高技术通讯,2003,(3):10-15
[32] 袁明,张连芳,舒炎泰.Ad Hoc网络路由协议能量消耗分析.计算机工程与应用,2003,(15):146—149
[33] Weifa Liang, Yang Yuansheng. Maximizing Battery Life Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc NetWorks. In: Ralph H. Sprague, eds. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS' 04). Hawaii: IEEE Computer, 2004
[34] 邓曙光,王建新,陈建二.移动自组网中一种基于最稳路径的QoS路由.计算机工程,2002,28(9):45-47
[35] R. Kravets, P. Krishnan. Power Management Techniques for Mobile Communication. In: Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking (Mobicom' 98). Dallas: IEEE press, 1998. 157-168
[36] A. Nasipure and S. R. Das. On-demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Adrian Conway, eds. Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Communication and Network (ICCCN' 99). Boston: IEEE Communications Society, Oct. 1999
[37] L. Feeney, M. Nilsson. Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment. In: Bhaskar Sengupta, eds. Proceedings of the 20th Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(IEEE Infocom 2001). Anchorage: IEEE press, 2001. 1548-1557
[38] R. Kravets, P. Krishnan. Application-driven power management for mobile communication. Wireless Networks, 2000, vol. 6, no. 4: 263-277
[39] R. Wattenhofer, L. Li, P. Bahl, Y. -M. Wang. Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wireless ad hoc networks. In: Bhaskar Sengupta, eds. Proceedings of the 20th Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(IEEE Infocom 2001). Anchorage: IEEE press, 2001. 1388-1397
[40] S. Singh, M. Woo, C. S. Raghavendra. Pamas: Power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks. ACM Computer Communication Review, July 1998, 5-26
[41] 龚晓霞.移动自组网中节点运动预测及基于预测的路由协议设计:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2002
[42] 张亚男.移动自组网路由安全协议的研究:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2002
[2] Broadband Radio Access Networks. http://www.etsi.org/bran/
[3] Bluetooth SIG Inc. Specification of the Bluetooth system Core: http://www.bluetooth.org/
[4] The Home Radio Frequency Working Group. http://www.homerf.org/
[5] Leiner B M, Nidlson D L, TobagiF A. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 6-20
[6] Jubin J, Tornow JD. The DARPA packet radio network protocols. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 21-32
[7] 赵志峰,郑少仁.Ad Hoc网络体系结构研究.电信科学,2001,17(1):9-13
[8] 王海涛,郑少仁.Ad Hoc传感网络的体系结构及其相关问题.解放军理工大学学报,2003,4(1):1-6
[9] S. Corson, J. Macker. Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations, RFC2501, January 1999
[10] S. Singh, M. Woo, C. S. Raghavendra. Power-Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: William P, eds. Proceedings of 4th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'98). Dallas: IEEE press, 1998. 181-190
[11] Toh C-K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoe networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2001, (6): 2-11
[12] Stojmenovic I, Lin X. Power-Aware Localized Routing in Wireless Networks. IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2001, 12(11): 1122-1133
[13] Javier Gomez, Andrew T Campbell, et al. PARO: Power-Aware Routing Optimization for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. In: Satish K. Tripathi, eds. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP' 01). California: IEEE Computer Society, 2001
[14] Toh C-K, Hiroshi Cobb, Dave A Scott. Performance Evaluation of Battery-Life-Aware Routing Schemes for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. In: Samson Abramsky, eds. Proceedings of IEEE International conference on communications (IEEE ICC). Aarhus: IEEE press, 2001
[15] Woo K, Yu C, Youn HY, et al. Non-Blocking, Localized Routing Algorithm for Balanced Energy Consumption in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Dharma P. Agrawal, eds. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and simulation of computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2001). Cincinnati: IEEE Computer Society, 2001. 117-124
[16] Li Q, Aslam J, Rus D. Online Power-aware Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. In: Christopher Rose, eds. Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom' 2001). Rome: IEEE press, 2001. 97-107
[17] M. Maleki, K. Dantu, M. Pedram. Power-aware Source Routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Mircea Stan, eds. Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium on lower power electronics and design (ISLPED' 02). Monterey: IEEE Computer, 2002. 72-75
[18] Chang J-H, Tassiulas L. Energy Conserving Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. In: Moshe sidi, eds. Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(IEEE Infocom 2000). Israel: IEEE press, 2000. 22-31
[19] Morteza Maleki, Karthik Dantu, Massoud Pedram. Lifetime Prediction Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Keiji Tachikawa, eds. Proceeding of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). New Orleans: IEEE press, 2003
[20] O. Kim, JJ, Garcia-Luna-Aceves, K. Obraczka, et al. Power Aware Routing Mechanism Based on the Energy Drain Rate Metric in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Javier Aracil, eds. Proceeding of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks(IC3N). Miami: IEEE press, 2002. 14-16
[21] Lamia Romdhani, Christian Bonnet. Energy consumption Speed Based Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Makoto Takizawa, eds. Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops-W6: WWAN(ICDCSW' 04). Tokyo: IEEE Computer Society, 2004
[22] A. Misra, S. Banerjee. MRPC: Maximizing Network Lifetime for reliable routing in Wireless Environments. In: Dick Lynch, eds. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC2002). Orlando: IEEE press, 2002. Volume 2: 800-806
[23] William Su, Sung-Ju Lee, Mario Gerla. Mobility prediction and routing in ad hoc wireless networks, International Journal of Network Management, 2001, 11: 3-30
[24] Wang Jianxin, Deng Shuguang, Chen Songqiao, et al. QoS Routing with Mobility Prediction in MANET. In: T. Aaron Gulliver, eds. Proceedings of 2001 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal processing (PACRIM' 01). Victoria: IEEE press, 2001. 357-360
[25] R. Bagrodia, R. Meyer, M. Takai, et al. PARSEC: A parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems. IEEE Computer, vol. 31, no. 10, Oct. 1998
[26] UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory and Wireless Adaptive Mobility Laboratory. Glomosim: A scalable Simulation Environment for Wireless and Wired Network Systems.http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/domains/glomosim.html
[27] The network simulator-ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[28] OPNET Modeler. http://www.opnet.com
[29] C. Perkins, E. Royer, S. Das. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-aodv-10.txt, 2002
[30] 史美林,英春.自组网路由协议综述[J].通信学报,2001,(11):93—104
[31] 王建新,邓曙光,陈松乔,陈建二.一种新的基于移动预测的MANET路由协议.高技术通讯,2003,(3):10-15
[32] 袁明,张连芳,舒炎泰.Ad Hoc网络路由协议能量消耗分析.计算机工程与应用,2003,(15):146—149
[33] Weifa Liang, Yang Yuansheng. Maximizing Battery Life Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc NetWorks. In: Ralph H. Sprague, eds. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS' 04). Hawaii: IEEE Computer, 2004
[34] 邓曙光,王建新,陈建二.移动自组网中一种基于最稳路径的QoS路由.计算机工程,2002,28(9):45-47
[35] R. Kravets, P. Krishnan. Power Management Techniques for Mobile Communication. In: Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking (Mobicom' 98). Dallas: IEEE press, 1998. 157-168
[36] A. Nasipure and S. R. Das. On-demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Adrian Conway, eds. Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Communication and Network (ICCCN' 99). Boston: IEEE Communications Society, Oct. 1999
[37] L. Feeney, M. Nilsson. Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment. In: Bhaskar Sengupta, eds. Proceedings of the 20th Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(IEEE Infocom 2001). Anchorage: IEEE press, 2001. 1548-1557
[38] R. Kravets, P. Krishnan. Application-driven power management for mobile communication. Wireless Networks, 2000, vol. 6, no. 4: 263-277
[39] R. Wattenhofer, L. Li, P. Bahl, Y. -M. Wang. Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wireless ad hoc networks. In: Bhaskar Sengupta, eds. Proceedings of the 20th Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(IEEE Infocom 2001). Anchorage: IEEE press, 2001. 1388-1397
[40] S. Singh, M. Woo, C. S. Raghavendra. Pamas: Power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks. ACM Computer Communication Review, July 1998, 5-26
[41] 龚晓霞.移动自组网中节点运动预测及基于预测的路由协议设计:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2002
[42] 张亚男.移动自组网路由安全协议的研究:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2002