SnO_2基锂离子电池负极材料的研究
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摘要
本论文在详细评述了锂离子电池及相关材料研究进展的基础上,以SnO_2基负极材料为研究对象,围绕材料的比容量、循环性能和倍率性能等主要性能指标,采用非水溶剂溶胶-凝胶法、电沉积法、机械化学法、流变相法、均匀沉淀法等方法制备了SnO_2基负极材料,运用XRD、SEM、IR、BET、ESR、ICP、激光粒度分析以及电化学性能测试等现代分析测试技术对合成材料的表征、电化学性能以及相关机理进行了系统研究。
以SnCl_4和乙二醇为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备了纳米SnO_2粉末。讨论了非水溶剂溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米SnO_2的反应原理,研究表明纳米SnO_2的制备包括稳定溶胶的形成、溶胶-凝胶的转化和纳米SnO_2的形成等三个步骤。由于空间位阻作用,乙二醇阻止了Cl~-接近Sn~(4+),从而保证了溶胶的稳定性。乙二醇不仅是一种络合剂(形成聚合网络结构),而且是一种“隔离剂”(在凝胶干燥过程中保持金属氧化物之间的距离,防止金属氧化物之间的团聚)。采用XRD和IR光谱研究了热处理温度对纳米SnO_2结构演变和形貌的影响。研究表明,经500℃热处理4h得到的样品粒度分布均匀,平均粒径在15-20 nm之间。
对纳米SnO_2粉末的电化学测试发现:热处理温度、充放电截止电压、电流密度以及粉末粒度大小对SnO_2电极的电化学性能具有较大的影响。500℃热处理4小时制备的纳米SnO_2的电化学性能最好:0.1C放电(放电区间为0-2.0V)时,其充电比容量达到为868mAh/g,经30次循环的容量衰减率为0.56%;0.5C放电(放电区间为0-1.0V)时,其可逆容量达到498 mAh/g,经30次循环后的容量衰减率只有0.075%。采用交流阻抗法对纳米SnO_2电极的界面过程进行了研究,得到了不同荷电状态下SnO_2电极交流阻抗谱的等效电路。
首次采用电沉积法直接在铜箔上制备了纳米SnO_2薄膜,得到了SnO_2薄膜的最佳制备工艺。对电沉积法制备纳米SnO_2薄膜的电化学性能进行了研究。经400℃热处理2h得到的SnO_2薄膜电极0.1C、1.0C和2.0C放电时的可逆容量分别达到798mAh/g、630 mAh/g和550 mAh/g,0.1C放电时50次循环后的容量保持在773mAh/g以上,容量保持率达到为97%。这些数据表明电沉积法制备的纳米SnO_2薄膜具有较高的电化学容量、良好的循环寿命和倍率性能。
首次采用机械化学法和流变相法制备了SnO_2基复合氧化物材料,并对其结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了比较研究。采用机械化学法制备的复合材料可逆容
On the basis of reviewing the developments of lithium ion battery and relative materials in detail, with tin oxide-based anode materials as objects of the research, focusing studies on the specific capacity, cyclability and rate capability of materials, the tin oxide-based materials were prepared using different methods such as sol-gel, electrochemical deposition, mechanochemical, rheological phase reaction and homogeneous precipitation method, and characterized by various electrochemical methods in combination with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmer-Teller (BET) surface area measurement, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and so on.Nanosized SnO_2 powders were successfully prepared by non-hydrolytic sol-gel approach combined with heat treatments using tin tetrachloride as starting material and ethylene glycol as solvent. The reaction mechanisms of the sol-gel process are proposed. Results indicate that the -OHCH_2CH_2OH- prevent Cl~- ion from access to tin Sn~4+due to steric effect and hence increase the stability of the sol solution. Enthylene glycol functions not only as a complextion agent to form a polymer network but also as a "spacer" to modulate the distance between metal ions, preventing metal oxide particles from aggregation during desiccation of the sol. The effects of heat treatments on the evolution of structure and morphology of nanosized SnO_2 powders were studied. The powders with uniform size around 15-20 nm can be obtained at 500℃ for 4 hours.Results on the electrochemical properties nanosized SnO_2 powders show that heat treatment temperature, voltage windows, current density for charge and discharge, and particle size effect on their specific capacities, cyclability and rate capability. The powders obtained at 500℃ for 4 hours shows the best electrochemical peoperties: a reversible capacity of more than 868mAh/g was obtained and the rate of capacity fading was only 0.56% after 30 cycles at 0.1C rate in the potential range
of 0-2.0V; and the reversible capacity was 498 mAh/g with a rate of capacity fading of 0.075% after 30 cycles at 0.5C rate in the potential range of 0-1.0V. The interface processes of lithium insertion into nanosized SnO2 electrode was studied by A.C. impedance and three equivalent circuits were obtained according to different A.C. impedance spectrum at different discharge states.The optimal elctrochemical deposition parameters to prepare nanosized SnO2 thin films were obtained. Electrochemical tests show that the sample heat-treated at 400 °C for 2 h can deliver a reversible capacity of 798mAh/g, 630mAh/g and 550mAh/g at 0.1C,1.0C and 2.0C rate respectively, and 97% of reversible capacity of 773mAh/g can be retained after 50 cycles at 0.1C rate. These results indicate that electrochemical deposition technique is a promising method to produce SnO2 films with high specific capacity, good cyclability and rate capability.The preparation and characterization of SnO2-based comopsite oxides derived by mechanochemical method and rheological phase reaction were carried out and comparatively studied. The reversible capacity was more than 570mAh/g and the capacity loss was only 0.22% per cycle after being cycled 20 times for the sample derived by rheological phase reaction, while that of the sample derived by mechanochemical method was 578 mAh/g and 0.31% respectively. These results show that SnO2-based comopsite oxides prepared by rheological phase reaction possess better elctrochemical properties due to their smaller particle size and more uniform distribution of particle size.In order to interpret the reason of the improvement of cyclability of SnO2 by doping with element of Al, P, B, from the point of view of the ratio of spectator atoms to tin atom (X:Sn), a model for the aggregation of tin in SnO2-based materials was proposed on the basis of a series of assumptions. We show that the ratio of X:Sn is close correlative to the cyclability of SnO2-based materials,i.e.,the larger the ratio of X:Sn is, the smaller the Sn cluster is formed during cycling, the less the capacity of the electrode materials is lost and the better cyclability of electrode materials have.SnO2-graphite composites were prepared by homogeneous precipitation method and the composition, structure and morphology as
well as the electrochemical properties were studied. Stuides suggest that SnO2 is uniformly distributed over the surface of graphite, which is because that the oxide anions in SnO2 could have bridged with carbon surface species to result in good spreading between SnC>2 and the graphite. The composites of 30%SnO2-70%graphite heat-treated at 600 °C for 4h have a reversible capacity of 520mAh/g and 88% of the reversible capacity can be retained after 20 cycles. 92.1% and 83.2% of the capacity discharged at 0.1 C can be obtained when diachrge at 1.0 C and 2.0 C respectively. SnO2-graphite composites have good reversible capacities, rate capability and cycle life. These results show that SnO2-graphite composites have good reversible capacities, rate capability and cyclability. The observation of specific capacities that are larger than the weighted sums of the capacities of SnO2 and graphite suggests the presence of synergistic interaction between the two constituents.A mechanism of Li storage in SnO2-graphite composite was proposed. Because the presence of SnO2 on the surface of graphite, a new active surface site is created, the activation energy of the Li-ion transport process is significantly reduced, so the transport process of Li-ion across the interface is accelerated, which lead to the improvement of cyclability and rate capability of SnO2-graphite composite.The kinetics behaviors of SnO2-based electrode are studied by means of linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. It is found that the exchange current density (i0) and diffusion coefficient of lithium (Dy) increase with Li intercalation into SnO2-based electrode. Nanosized SnO2 films and powders have the largest DLi and i0, respectively. SnO2-based composite oxides derived by mechanochemical method have the least DLi and i0. Compared to the micron-sized SnO2 powders, the i0 and Dy of nanosized SnO2 powders or films and the SnO2-graphite composites increase significantly; and that of the SnO2-based composite oxides decrease obviously. The discharge capacities of SnO2-based electrodes decrease with the increase of current
rate, and the nanosized SnC>2 powders and SnCVbased composite oxides derived by mechanochemical method have the best and worst fast discharge capability, respectively at same current rate.
以SnCl_4和乙二醇为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备了纳米SnO_2粉末。讨论了非水溶剂溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米SnO_2的反应原理,研究表明纳米SnO_2的制备包括稳定溶胶的形成、溶胶-凝胶的转化和纳米SnO_2的形成等三个步骤。由于空间位阻作用,乙二醇阻止了Cl~-接近Sn~(4+),从而保证了溶胶的稳定性。乙二醇不仅是一种络合剂(形成聚合网络结构),而且是一种“隔离剂”(在凝胶干燥过程中保持金属氧化物之间的距离,防止金属氧化物之间的团聚)。采用XRD和IR光谱研究了热处理温度对纳米SnO_2结构演变和形貌的影响。研究表明,经500℃热处理4h得到的样品粒度分布均匀,平均粒径在15-20 nm之间。
对纳米SnO_2粉末的电化学测试发现:热处理温度、充放电截止电压、电流密度以及粉末粒度大小对SnO_2电极的电化学性能具有较大的影响。500℃热处理4小时制备的纳米SnO_2的电化学性能最好:0.1C放电(放电区间为0-2.0V)时,其充电比容量达到为868mAh/g,经30次循环的容量衰减率为0.56%;0.5C放电(放电区间为0-1.0V)时,其可逆容量达到498 mAh/g,经30次循环后的容量衰减率只有0.075%。采用交流阻抗法对纳米SnO_2电极的界面过程进行了研究,得到了不同荷电状态下SnO_2电极交流阻抗谱的等效电路。
首次采用电沉积法直接在铜箔上制备了纳米SnO_2薄膜,得到了SnO_2薄膜的最佳制备工艺。对电沉积法制备纳米SnO_2薄膜的电化学性能进行了研究。经400℃热处理2h得到的SnO_2薄膜电极0.1C、1.0C和2.0C放电时的可逆容量分别达到798mAh/g、630 mAh/g和550 mAh/g,0.1C放电时50次循环后的容量保持在773mAh/g以上,容量保持率达到为97%。这些数据表明电沉积法制备的纳米SnO_2薄膜具有较高的电化学容量、良好的循环寿命和倍率性能。
首次采用机械化学法和流变相法制备了SnO_2基复合氧化物材料,并对其结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了比较研究。采用机械化学法制备的复合材料可逆容
On the basis of reviewing the developments of lithium ion battery and relative materials in detail, with tin oxide-based anode materials as objects of the research, focusing studies on the specific capacity, cyclability and rate capability of materials, the tin oxide-based materials were prepared using different methods such as sol-gel, electrochemical deposition, mechanochemical, rheological phase reaction and homogeneous precipitation method, and characterized by various electrochemical methods in combination with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmer-Teller (BET) surface area measurement, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and so on.Nanosized SnO_2 powders were successfully prepared by non-hydrolytic sol-gel approach combined with heat treatments using tin tetrachloride as starting material and ethylene glycol as solvent. The reaction mechanisms of the sol-gel process are proposed. Results indicate that the -OHCH_2CH_2OH- prevent Cl~- ion from access to tin Sn~4+due to steric effect and hence increase the stability of the sol solution. Enthylene glycol functions not only as a complextion agent to form a polymer network but also as a "spacer" to modulate the distance between metal ions, preventing metal oxide particles from aggregation during desiccation of the sol. The effects of heat treatments on the evolution of structure and morphology of nanosized SnO_2 powders were studied. The powders with uniform size around 15-20 nm can be obtained at 500℃ for 4 hours.Results on the electrochemical properties nanosized SnO_2 powders show that heat treatment temperature, voltage windows, current density for charge and discharge, and particle size effect on their specific capacities, cyclability and rate capability. The powders obtained at 500℃ for 4 hours shows the best electrochemical peoperties: a reversible capacity of more than 868mAh/g was obtained and the rate of capacity fading was only 0.56% after 30 cycles at 0.1C rate in the potential range
of 0-2.0V; and the reversible capacity was 498 mAh/g with a rate of capacity fading of 0.075% after 30 cycles at 0.5C rate in the potential range of 0-1.0V. The interface processes of lithium insertion into nanosized SnO2 electrode was studied by A.C. impedance and three equivalent circuits were obtained according to different A.C. impedance spectrum at different discharge states.The optimal elctrochemical deposition parameters to prepare nanosized SnO2 thin films were obtained. Electrochemical tests show that the sample heat-treated at 400 °C for 2 h can deliver a reversible capacity of 798mAh/g, 630mAh/g and 550mAh/g at 0.1C,1.0C and 2.0C rate respectively, and 97% of reversible capacity of 773mAh/g can be retained after 50 cycles at 0.1C rate. These results indicate that electrochemical deposition technique is a promising method to produce SnO2 films with high specific capacity, good cyclability and rate capability.The preparation and characterization of SnO2-based comopsite oxides derived by mechanochemical method and rheological phase reaction were carried out and comparatively studied. The reversible capacity was more than 570mAh/g and the capacity loss was only 0.22% per cycle after being cycled 20 times for the sample derived by rheological phase reaction, while that of the sample derived by mechanochemical method was 578 mAh/g and 0.31% respectively. These results show that SnO2-based comopsite oxides prepared by rheological phase reaction possess better elctrochemical properties due to their smaller particle size and more uniform distribution of particle size.In order to interpret the reason of the improvement of cyclability of SnO2 by doping with element of Al, P, B, from the point of view of the ratio of spectator atoms to tin atom (X:Sn), a model for the aggregation of tin in SnO2-based materials was proposed on the basis of a series of assumptions. We show that the ratio of X:Sn is close correlative to the cyclability of SnO2-based materials,i.e.,the larger the ratio of X:Sn is, the smaller the Sn cluster is formed during cycling, the less the capacity of the electrode materials is lost and the better cyclability of electrode materials have.SnO2-graphite composites were prepared by homogeneous precipitation method and the composition, structure and morphology as
well as the electrochemical properties were studied. Stuides suggest that SnO2 is uniformly distributed over the surface of graphite, which is because that the oxide anions in SnO2 could have bridged with carbon surface species to result in good spreading between SnC>2 and the graphite. The composites of 30%SnO2-70%graphite heat-treated at 600 °C for 4h have a reversible capacity of 520mAh/g and 88% of the reversible capacity can be retained after 20 cycles. 92.1% and 83.2% of the capacity discharged at 0.1 C can be obtained when diachrge at 1.0 C and 2.0 C respectively. SnO2-graphite composites have good reversible capacities, rate capability and cycle life. These results show that SnO2-graphite composites have good reversible capacities, rate capability and cyclability. The observation of specific capacities that are larger than the weighted sums of the capacities of SnO2 and graphite suggests the presence of synergistic interaction between the two constituents.A mechanism of Li storage in SnO2-graphite composite was proposed. Because the presence of SnO2 on the surface of graphite, a new active surface site is created, the activation energy of the Li-ion transport process is significantly reduced, so the transport process of Li-ion across the interface is accelerated, which lead to the improvement of cyclability and rate capability of SnO2-graphite composite.The kinetics behaviors of SnO2-based electrode are studied by means of linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. It is found that the exchange current density (i0) and diffusion coefficient of lithium (Dy) increase with Li intercalation into SnO2-based electrode. Nanosized SnO2 films and powders have the largest DLi and i0, respectively. SnO2-based composite oxides derived by mechanochemical method have the least DLi and i0. Compared to the micron-sized SnO2 powders, the i0 and Dy of nanosized SnO2 powders or films and the SnO2-graphite composites increase significantly; and that of the SnO2-based composite oxides decrease obviously. The discharge capacities of SnO2-based electrodes decrease with the increase of current
rate, and the nanosized SnC>2 powders and SnCVbased composite oxides derived by mechanochemical method have the best and worst fast discharge capability, respectively at same current rate.
引文
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