基于无线TCP数据链路层解决机制的研究
摘要
传输控制协议TCP是专门设计用于在Internet上提供可靠的、健壮的、端到端的通讯协议。TCP能在分组丢失率低，且丢失主要由网络拥塞所致的传统网络中获得成功，然而，在有线／无线异构网络的传输中却面临巨大的挑战。
本文在全面综合各类方案，重点分析部分机制后，提出一种新的基于无线TCP的数据链路层解决机制，即簇生丢失重传协议CLRP(Clustered-loss Retransmission Protocol)。该协议中，首先提出一种针对无线链路多分组丢失的检测机制，即选择否定性确认机制SNACK(Selective Negative Acknowledge)。与该机制相结合，CLRP由两个协议组件构成，即运行在基站端的SN-CLRP与运行在移动主机端的SN-TCP，分工完成对无线丢失分组的探测及重传功能。最后，通过原理分析及仿真数据，充分说明了CLRP在数据传输的两个方向上均能有效提高无线TCP的传输性能，特别是在分组丢失率高，突发丢失性强的网络中。
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable, robust and end-to-end transmission protocol designed for Internet. TCP can work well on the traditional wired networks where packet loss rate is low and packet losses are mainly caused by network congestion. When running on wired/wireless heterogeneous networks, TCP meets a huge challenge.
After synthesizing many kinds of the TCP enhancement schemes and analyzing several of them carefully, a new link layer solution mechanism is proposed, named Clustered-loss Retransmission Protocol (CLRP). In this protocol, a detection mechanism to multiple wireless losses is presented firstly, called Selective Negative Acknowledge (SNACK) mechanism. Combined with it, CLRP consists of two protocol components, which are SN-CLRP deployed on base stations and SN-TCP deployed on mobile hosts, mainly performing the functions of detection and retransmission for wireless packet losses. Finally, according to the principle analyses and simulation results. CLRP can effectively improve the TCP transmission performance over wireless networks, particularly to the networks with high packet loss rate and strong bursty losses.
本文在全面综合各类方案，重点分析部分机制后，提出一种新的基于无线TCP的数据链路层解决机制，即簇生丢失重传协议CLRP(Clustered-loss Retransmission Protocol)。该协议中，首先提出一种针对无线链路多分组丢失的检测机制，即选择否定性确认机制SNACK(Selective Negative Acknowledge)。与该机制相结合，CLRP由两个协议组件构成，即运行在基站端的SN-CLRP与运行在移动主机端的SN-TCP，分工完成对无线丢失分组的探测及重传功能。最后，通过原理分析及仿真数据，充分说明了CLRP在数据传输的两个方向上均能有效提高无线TCP的传输性能，特别是在分组丢失率高，突发丢失性强的网络中。
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable, robust and end-to-end transmission protocol designed for Internet. TCP can work well on the traditional wired networks where packet loss rate is low and packet losses are mainly caused by network congestion. When running on wired/wireless heterogeneous networks, TCP meets a huge challenge.
After synthesizing many kinds of the TCP enhancement schemes and analyzing several of them carefully, a new link layer solution mechanism is proposed, named Clustered-loss Retransmission Protocol (CLRP). In this protocol, a detection mechanism to multiple wireless losses is presented firstly, called Selective Negative Acknowledge (SNACK) mechanism. Combined with it, CLRP consists of two protocol components, which are SN-CLRP deployed on base stations and SN-TCP deployed on mobile hosts, mainly performing the functions of detection and retransmission for wireless packet losses. Finally, according to the principle analyses and simulation results. CLRP can effectively improve the TCP transmission performance over wireless networks, particularly to the networks with high packet loss rate and strong bursty losses.
引文
[1] Andrew S, Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Edition 3, Prentice Hall PTR, 1996
[2] Sidnie Feit, TCP/IP, McGraw, 1999.
[3] W.R. Strvens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, The protocols, Addison Wesliy, 1994.
[4] J.Postel, Transmission Control Protocol, IETF RFC793, 1981.
[5] K.Thompson, G.Miller, and M.Wilder, "Wide-area internet traffic patterns and characteristics", IEEE Network, 1997.
[6] V. Jacobson, "Congestion Avoidance and Control", Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, pages 314-329,1988.
[7] J.C. Hoe, "Improving the Start-up Behavior of a Congestion Control Scheme for TCP", Proceedings of ACMSIGCOMM, volume Vol. 26, No. 4, pages 270-280, 1996.
[8] M. Mathis, J. Mandzvi, S. Floyd, and A. Romanov, TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options, IETF RFC 2018, 1996.
[9] H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, S. Seshan, and R. H. Katz, "A Comparison of Mechanisms for Improving TCP Performance over Wireless Links", IEEE/A CM Transactions on Networking, December 1997.
[10] H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, and R. H. Katz, "Improving Reliable Transport and Handoff Performance over Cellular Wireless Networks", ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 1, No. 4, December 1995.
[11] H. Balakrishnan, "Challenges to Reliable Data Transport over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks," Ph.D thesis, UC Berkeley, May 1998.
[12] H. Balakrishnan and R. H. Katz, "Explicit Loss Notification and Wireless Web Performance," IEEE CLOBLECOM, Sydney, Australia, November 1998.
[13] Kostas Pentikoussis, "TCP in Wired-cure-Wireless Environments", IEEE Communications Surveys, Vol. 3, No. 4:2-14, 2000.
[14] A.Kumar, "Comparative performance analysis of versions of TCP in a local network with a lossy link", IEEE/ACM Trans On Networking, 1998.
[15] T.Lakshman and U.Madhow, "TCP/IP performance with random loss and
bidirectional congestion", IEEE/ACM Trans. On Networking, 2000.
[16] G. Xylomenos and G. C. Polyzos, "Quality of Service Issues in Multi-service Wireless Internet Links", the International Workshop on QoS in Multi-service IP Networks (QoS-IP), pp. 347-365. 2001.
[17] M. Allman, V. Paxson and W. Stevens, TCP Congestion Control, IETF RFC2581, 1999.
[18] J.Nagle, Congestion Control in IP/TCP Intemetworks, IETF RFC896, 1984.
[19] W. Stevens, TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms. IETF RFC2001, 1997.
[20] N.Deshpande, "TCP extensions for wireless networks", 2000 http://www, cis. ohio -state. edu/～deshpand.
[21] L.S. Brakmo and L. L. Peterson, "TCP Vegas: End to End Congestion Control on a Global Internet", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 13, No. 8,1995.
[22] N. Samaraweera, "Non-congestion Packet Loss Detection for TCP Error Recovery using Wireless Links", IEE Proceedings Communications, volume 146 (4), pages 222-230, August 1999.
[23] V. Tsaoussidis and H. Badr, "TCP-Probing: Towards an Error Control Schema with Energy and Throughput Performance Gains," Proceedings of the 8th IEEE ICNP'2000, 2000.
[24] C. Zhang and V. Tsaoussidis, "TCP Real: Improving Real-time Capabilities of TCP over Heterogeneous Networks", Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM NOSSDAV 2001, New York, 2001.
[25] C. Parsa and J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "Improving TCP congestion control over intemets with heterogeneous transmission media," Proceeding of the Seventh Annual International Conference on Network Protocols, Toronto, Canada, Nov. 1999.
[26] K.Ramakrishnan and S.Floyd, A proposal to add Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP, IETF RFC2481, 1999.
[27] Victor Firoiu Marty Borden, "A Study of Active Queue Management for Congestion Control", IEEE Infocom, 2000.
[28] Fei E, Shiduan C., and Jian M., "An effective way to improve TCP performance in wireless/mobile networks," Proceeding of IEEE/AFCEA EUROCOMM 2000, Information Systems for Enhanced Public Safety and Security, 2000.
[29] S.Biaz, N.Vaidya, etc, "TCP over wireless networks using multiple
acknowledgement", Texas A&M University, technical report 97-001, 1997.
[30] T. Goff and J. Moronski, "Freez-TCP: A true end-to-end TCP enhancement mechanism for mobile environments", IEEE INFOCOMM, 2000.
[31] S.Mascolo and C.Casetti, "TCP Westwood: Bandwidth estimation for chance transport over wireless links", UCLA CS Techincal Report, 2000.
[32] A. Bakre and B. Badrinath, "I-TCP: Indirect TCP for mobile hosts", Proceeding. of the IEEE ICDCS, 1995.
[33] K.Brown and S.Singh, "M-TCP: TCP for mobile cellular networks", IEEE/ACM CCR 1997, 1997.
[34] B.Bakshi, and EKrishna, etc, "Improving performance of TCP over wireless networks", Texas A&U University technical report 96-104, 1996.
[35] K.Ratnam and I.Matta, "WTCP:An efficient mechanism for improving TCP performance over wireless links", Proceeding of 3th ISCC, 1998.
[36] A. Chockaligam,M.Zori and V.Traili, "Wireless TCP performance with link layer FEC/ARQ", Proceeding of lEEE ICC, 1999.
[37] C.Parsa and J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "TULIP: A link-level protocol for improving TCP over wireless links", Proceeding of WCNC, 1999.
[38] S.J. Seok and S.B.Joo, "A-TCP: a mechanism for improving TCP performance in wireless environments", IEEE Broadband Wireless Summit, 2001.
[39] S. Floyd, "Issues of TCP with SACK", Technical report, Mar. 1996.
[40] W. Ding and A. Jamalipour, "A New Explicit Loss Notification with Acknowledgment for Wireless TCP", The 12th IEEE PIMRC2001, San Diego, CA, September 30-October 3, 2001.
[41] W. Q. Ding and A. Jamalipour, "Delay Performance of the New Explicit Loss Notification TCP Technique for Wireless Networks", IEEE GLOBECOM, Vol6, pp. 25-29, November 2001.
[42] S. Vangala and M. A. Labrador, "Performance of TCP over wireless Networks with the Snoop Protocol", LCN2002. 27th Annual IEEE Conference, 6-8 Nov. pp. 600-601. 2002.
[43] S. Vangala and M. Labrador, "The TCP SACK-Aware-Snoop Protocol for TCP over Wireless Networks", IEEE VTC, Orlando, October 2003.
[44] V. Jacobaon, R. Braden, and D. Borman, TCP Extensions for High Performance, IETF RFC1323, May 1992.
[45] NS-2, simulation tool home paper, http://WWW.isi.edu/nsnam/ns, 2000.
[46] A.A. Abouzeid, S. Roy and M. Azizoglu, "Stochastic Modeling of TCP over
Lossy Link", IEEE INFOCOM2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, March 2000.
[47] M. Gerla, M. Sanadidi, R. Wang, A. Zanella, C. Casetti and S. Masco, "TCP Westwood: Window Control Using Bandwidth Estimation", IEEE GLOBECOM, San Antonio, Texas, USA, November 25-29, 2001.
[2] Sidnie Feit, TCP/IP, McGraw, 1999.
[3] W.R. Strvens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, The protocols, Addison Wesliy, 1994.
[4] J.Postel, Transmission Control Protocol, IETF RFC793, 1981.
[5] K.Thompson, G.Miller, and M.Wilder, "Wide-area internet traffic patterns and characteristics", IEEE Network, 1997.
[6] V. Jacobson, "Congestion Avoidance and Control", Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, pages 314-329,1988.
[7] J.C. Hoe, "Improving the Start-up Behavior of a Congestion Control Scheme for TCP", Proceedings of ACMSIGCOMM, volume Vol. 26, No. 4, pages 270-280, 1996.
[8] M. Mathis, J. Mandzvi, S. Floyd, and A. Romanov, TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options, IETF RFC 2018, 1996.
[9] H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, S. Seshan, and R. H. Katz, "A Comparison of Mechanisms for Improving TCP Performance over Wireless Links", IEEE/A CM Transactions on Networking, December 1997.
[10] H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, and R. H. Katz, "Improving Reliable Transport and Handoff Performance over Cellular Wireless Networks", ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 1, No. 4, December 1995.
[11] H. Balakrishnan, "Challenges to Reliable Data Transport over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks," Ph.D thesis, UC Berkeley, May 1998.
[12] H. Balakrishnan and R. H. Katz, "Explicit Loss Notification and Wireless Web Performance," IEEE CLOBLECOM, Sydney, Australia, November 1998.
[13] Kostas Pentikoussis, "TCP in Wired-cure-Wireless Environments", IEEE Communications Surveys, Vol. 3, No. 4:2-14, 2000.
[14] A.Kumar, "Comparative performance analysis of versions of TCP in a local network with a lossy link", IEEE/ACM Trans On Networking, 1998.
[15] T.Lakshman and U.Madhow, "TCP/IP performance with random loss and
bidirectional congestion", IEEE/ACM Trans. On Networking, 2000.
[16] G. Xylomenos and G. C. Polyzos, "Quality of Service Issues in Multi-service Wireless Internet Links", the International Workshop on QoS in Multi-service IP Networks (QoS-IP), pp. 347-365. 2001.
[17] M. Allman, V. Paxson and W. Stevens, TCP Congestion Control, IETF RFC2581, 1999.
[18] J.Nagle, Congestion Control in IP/TCP Intemetworks, IETF RFC896, 1984.
[19] W. Stevens, TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms. IETF RFC2001, 1997.
[20] N.Deshpande, "TCP extensions for wireless networks", 2000 http://www, cis. ohio -state. edu/～deshpand.
[21] L.S. Brakmo and L. L. Peterson, "TCP Vegas: End to End Congestion Control on a Global Internet", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 13, No. 8,1995.
[22] N. Samaraweera, "Non-congestion Packet Loss Detection for TCP Error Recovery using Wireless Links", IEE Proceedings Communications, volume 146 (4), pages 222-230, August 1999.
[23] V. Tsaoussidis and H. Badr, "TCP-Probing: Towards an Error Control Schema with Energy and Throughput Performance Gains," Proceedings of the 8th IEEE ICNP'2000, 2000.
[24] C. Zhang and V. Tsaoussidis, "TCP Real: Improving Real-time Capabilities of TCP over Heterogeneous Networks", Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM NOSSDAV 2001, New York, 2001.
[25] C. Parsa and J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "Improving TCP congestion control over intemets with heterogeneous transmission media," Proceeding of the Seventh Annual International Conference on Network Protocols, Toronto, Canada, Nov. 1999.
[26] K.Ramakrishnan and S.Floyd, A proposal to add Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP, IETF RFC2481, 1999.
[27] Victor Firoiu Marty Borden, "A Study of Active Queue Management for Congestion Control", IEEE Infocom, 2000.
[28] Fei E, Shiduan C., and Jian M., "An effective way to improve TCP performance in wireless/mobile networks," Proceeding of IEEE/AFCEA EUROCOMM 2000, Information Systems for Enhanced Public Safety and Security, 2000.
[29] S.Biaz, N.Vaidya, etc, "TCP over wireless networks using multiple
acknowledgement", Texas A&M University, technical report 97-001, 1997.
[30] T. Goff and J. Moronski, "Freez-TCP: A true end-to-end TCP enhancement mechanism for mobile environments", IEEE INFOCOMM, 2000.
[31] S.Mascolo and C.Casetti, "TCP Westwood: Bandwidth estimation for chance transport over wireless links", UCLA CS Techincal Report, 2000.
[32] A. Bakre and B. Badrinath, "I-TCP: Indirect TCP for mobile hosts", Proceeding. of the IEEE ICDCS, 1995.
[33] K.Brown and S.Singh, "M-TCP: TCP for mobile cellular networks", IEEE/ACM CCR 1997, 1997.
[34] B.Bakshi, and EKrishna, etc, "Improving performance of TCP over wireless networks", Texas A&U University technical report 96-104, 1996.
[35] K.Ratnam and I.Matta, "WTCP:An efficient mechanism for improving TCP performance over wireless links", Proceeding of 3th ISCC, 1998.
[36] A. Chockaligam,M.Zori and V.Traili, "Wireless TCP performance with link layer FEC/ARQ", Proceeding of lEEE ICC, 1999.
[37] C.Parsa and J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "TULIP: A link-level protocol for improving TCP over wireless links", Proceeding of WCNC, 1999.
[38] S.J. Seok and S.B.Joo, "A-TCP: a mechanism for improving TCP performance in wireless environments", IEEE Broadband Wireless Summit, 2001.
[39] S. Floyd, "Issues of TCP with SACK", Technical report, Mar. 1996.
[40] W. Ding and A. Jamalipour, "A New Explicit Loss Notification with Acknowledgment for Wireless TCP", The 12th IEEE PIMRC2001, San Diego, CA, September 30-October 3, 2001.
[41] W. Q. Ding and A. Jamalipour, "Delay Performance of the New Explicit Loss Notification TCP Technique for Wireless Networks", IEEE GLOBECOM, Vol6, pp. 25-29, November 2001.
[42] S. Vangala and M. A. Labrador, "Performance of TCP over wireless Networks with the Snoop Protocol", LCN2002. 27th Annual IEEE Conference, 6-8 Nov. pp. 600-601. 2002.
[43] S. Vangala and M. Labrador, "The TCP SACK-Aware-Snoop Protocol for TCP over Wireless Networks", IEEE VTC, Orlando, October 2003.
[44] V. Jacobaon, R. Braden, and D. Borman, TCP Extensions for High Performance, IETF RFC1323, May 1992.
[45] NS-2, simulation tool home paper, http://WWW.isi.edu/nsnam/ns, 2000.
[46] A.A. Abouzeid, S. Roy and M. Azizoglu, "Stochastic Modeling of TCP over
Lossy Link", IEEE INFOCOM2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, March 2000.
[47] M. Gerla, M. Sanadidi, R. Wang, A. Zanella, C. Casetti and S. Masco, "TCP Westwood: Window Control Using Bandwidth Estimation", IEEE GLOBECOM, San Antonio, Texas, USA, November 25-29, 2001.