填方区锚杆挡墙试验研究与数值分析
|
摘要
随着国民经济的快速发展,铁路、公路、矿山、水利、城市建设等工程中的填方边坡越来越多。锚杆挡墙作为一种轻型支挡结构,因其具有安全可靠、经济适用等特点而被广泛应用于边坡支护工程。填方区锚杆挡墙与一般的挖方区挡墙不同,在实际工程设计与施工时不能将两种挡墙一概而论。到目前为止对填方区锚杆挡墙仍然没有公认且成熟的设计计算方法,工程事故屡屡发生,理论研究远远滞后于工程应用。因此,对填方区锚杆挡墙力学机理进行研究具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。本文以国家杰出青年科学基金项目“岩土工程减灾”(编号50625824)为依托,采用野外现场调研、资料收集整理、小型原位试验和数值分析等方法对填方区锚杆挡墙进行了比较深入细致的研究,主要开展了以下工作:
①对填方区锚杆挡墙试验测试元件的布置和测试方法以及相关的室内试验进行详细的介绍,可为类似工程的试验提供有益参考。
②采用小型原位试验进行了全面的测试工作,获得了大量详实的测试资料。在挡墙背侧埋设土压力计获得立柱和挡板土压力实测值;在锚杆上布置钢筋计,获得了不同高度锚杆的轴力分布规律;同时在立柱内埋设钢筋计得到立柱弯矩分布规律。
③建立了锚杆挡墙FLAC3D数值分析三维模型,根据相关试验资料,对板肋式锚杆挡墙的土压力、位移、锚杆轴力以及立柱的应力分布规律进行了计算分析。将FLAC3D计算结果与试验实测结果进行对比分析,归纳出填方区锚杆挡墙结构的受力、变形特征。同时为了更进一步弄清填方区锚杆挡墙受力机理,还建立了悬臂挡墙数值分析模型,将锚杆挡墙数值分析结果与悬臂挡墙结果进行比较分析。
④将试验实测土压力与传统库仑土压力计算结果进行比较,分析了以往土压力设计理论的不足,提出改进的计算方法。对以往锚杆挡墙结构设计计算方法进行了归纳,探索出适合填方区锚杆挡墙的结构设计计算方法,为类似工程的设计和施工提供技术资料和理论依据。
在本研究中,数值模拟的结果与试验结果所反映的规律基本一致,理论研究的结果能够很好的阐述试验结果,三者互为验证。这说明本文的研究结果合理可信且对填方区锚杆挡墙的优化设计、施工及相关规范的修订具有一定参考价值。
With the development of the national economy, there are more and more fill slope in the engineering of road,mine, bridge, water conservancy and city construction. As a light retaining structure, anchor rod retaining wall is widely used in slope supporting engineering because it is safe and economical. The anchor rod retaining wall in filling area is different from the other anchor rod retaining walls using top-down method. Therefore, in the actual design and construction, the anchor rod retaining wall should be treated differently from others. However, its design calculation method is not set up. The enginerring disasters happen repeatedly.The theoretical research lags behind its applications greatly. Therefore, to study the mechanism of the anchor rod retaining wall in filling area has great theoretical significance and engineering application value. The research is based on the project of“Disaster Reduction for Geotechnical Engineering”(No.50625824)of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. A systemic study on the anchor rod retaining wall in filling area is executed through field investigation, material collection, in-situ test and numerical simulation. It contains the following parts:
①The position of the test equipments and testing method as well as some relevant laboratory experiments are designed and introduced in detail, this could be a good reference for such laboratory experiment and model test of similar project.
②The test is carried out through miniature in-situ test and a great number of detailed testing data are acquired. Earth pressure cells are installed behind the anchor rod retaining wall, from which the author obtains the earth pressure. The steel-string transducer is installed in the anchor from which the author obtains axial load distribution of the anchor in various height . The steel-string transducer is installed in a column from which the atuhor calculates the moment of the column.
③A three-dimensional numerical model for anchor rod retaining wall is made.The earth pressure, displacement of the retaining wall, the axial force of cables and the stress distribution of column are calculated. The comparison of the measured from FLAC3D and measured data has been made, which analyzes the features of stress and deformation of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area. Meanwhile,in order to know the mechanism of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area,a numerical model for cantilever retaining wall was made and the measured data with numerical computation data are also compared.
④The earth pressure of measured data is compared with traditional Coulumb. This thesis analyzes the drawbacks of the design theory used in the past and puts forward an improved method. This thesis summarizes the design and calculation methods used in the past and finds a suitable design and calculation method for anchor rod retaining wall in filling area. The method provides a scientific basis for scientific design and construction technology of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area.
In this study, the numerical simulation results are agreed with the experimental results, and the experimental results could be explained by the theoretical results. Therefore, the theoretical study is reasonable and credible. The thesis could also provide reference for optimal design, construction and relative specifications revision of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area.
①对填方区锚杆挡墙试验测试元件的布置和测试方法以及相关的室内试验进行详细的介绍,可为类似工程的试验提供有益参考。
②采用小型原位试验进行了全面的测试工作,获得了大量详实的测试资料。在挡墙背侧埋设土压力计获得立柱和挡板土压力实测值;在锚杆上布置钢筋计,获得了不同高度锚杆的轴力分布规律;同时在立柱内埋设钢筋计得到立柱弯矩分布规律。
③建立了锚杆挡墙FLAC3D数值分析三维模型,根据相关试验资料,对板肋式锚杆挡墙的土压力、位移、锚杆轴力以及立柱的应力分布规律进行了计算分析。将FLAC3D计算结果与试验实测结果进行对比分析,归纳出填方区锚杆挡墙结构的受力、变形特征。同时为了更进一步弄清填方区锚杆挡墙受力机理,还建立了悬臂挡墙数值分析模型,将锚杆挡墙数值分析结果与悬臂挡墙结果进行比较分析。
④将试验实测土压力与传统库仑土压力计算结果进行比较,分析了以往土压力设计理论的不足,提出改进的计算方法。对以往锚杆挡墙结构设计计算方法进行了归纳,探索出适合填方区锚杆挡墙的结构设计计算方法,为类似工程的设计和施工提供技术资料和理论依据。
在本研究中,数值模拟的结果与试验结果所反映的规律基本一致,理论研究的结果能够很好的阐述试验结果,三者互为验证。这说明本文的研究结果合理可信且对填方区锚杆挡墙的优化设计、施工及相关规范的修订具有一定参考价值。
With the development of the national economy, there are more and more fill slope in the engineering of road,mine, bridge, water conservancy and city construction. As a light retaining structure, anchor rod retaining wall is widely used in slope supporting engineering because it is safe and economical. The anchor rod retaining wall in filling area is different from the other anchor rod retaining walls using top-down method. Therefore, in the actual design and construction, the anchor rod retaining wall should be treated differently from others. However, its design calculation method is not set up. The enginerring disasters happen repeatedly.The theoretical research lags behind its applications greatly. Therefore, to study the mechanism of the anchor rod retaining wall in filling area has great theoretical significance and engineering application value. The research is based on the project of“Disaster Reduction for Geotechnical Engineering”(No.50625824)of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. A systemic study on the anchor rod retaining wall in filling area is executed through field investigation, material collection, in-situ test and numerical simulation. It contains the following parts:
①The position of the test equipments and testing method as well as some relevant laboratory experiments are designed and introduced in detail, this could be a good reference for such laboratory experiment and model test of similar project.
②The test is carried out through miniature in-situ test and a great number of detailed testing data are acquired. Earth pressure cells are installed behind the anchor rod retaining wall, from which the author obtains the earth pressure. The steel-string transducer is installed in the anchor from which the author obtains axial load distribution of the anchor in various height . The steel-string transducer is installed in a column from which the atuhor calculates the moment of the column.
③A three-dimensional numerical model for anchor rod retaining wall is made.The earth pressure, displacement of the retaining wall, the axial force of cables and the stress distribution of column are calculated. The comparison of the measured from FLAC3D and measured data has been made, which analyzes the features of stress and deformation of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area. Meanwhile,in order to know the mechanism of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area,a numerical model for cantilever retaining wall was made and the measured data with numerical computation data are also compared.
④The earth pressure of measured data is compared with traditional Coulumb. This thesis analyzes the drawbacks of the design theory used in the past and puts forward an improved method. This thesis summarizes the design and calculation methods used in the past and finds a suitable design and calculation method for anchor rod retaining wall in filling area. The method provides a scientific basis for scientific design and construction technology of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area.
In this study, the numerical simulation results are agreed with the experimental results, and the experimental results could be explained by the theoretical results. Therefore, the theoretical study is reasonable and credible. The thesis could also provide reference for optimal design, construction and relative specifications revision of anchor rod retaining wall in filling area.
引文
[1]吴曙光.建筑岩质边坡稳定与控制研究[D].重庆大学博士学位论文,2005.
[2]杨静梅.填方边坡基底造型技术研究[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[3]中华人民共和国国家标准.建筑边坡工程技术规范GB50330-2002[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002.
[4]张天翔.城市小区新型挡土结构设计理论与应用研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[5]应志民.锚杆挡土墙力学作用的研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[6] Peck R.B.Earth Pressure Measurements in Open Cuts[J].American Society of Civil Engineerings,1942,68(2):900-928.
[7] White L,E A Prentis.Cofferdams[M].Newyork:Columbia University Press,1940.
[8] Rowe P .W. Anchord sheet-Pile walls[J]. Institution of Civil Engineers,1952,17(l):27-70.
[9] Pieter A.Vermeer,Ankana Punlor,Nico Ruse,Etal.Arching effects behind a soldier pile wall [J].Computers and Geotechnics,2001,28(l):379-396.
[10]叶晓明.柱板结构挡土墙板上的土压力计算方法[J].地下空间,1999,19(2):142-146.
[11]周世良,陆春华.柱板式挡土墙面板后土压力有限元分析[J].重庆大学学报,2004, 27(8):100-104.
[12]张金民,曾进群.桩锚挡墙支护体系挡板土压力的试验研究[J].地下空间,2002,22(l):58-63.
[13]蒋楚生.路堤(肩)式预应力锚索桩板墙结构设计理论及工程应用研究[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文,2006.
[14]邓宗伟.山区高速公路轻型支挡结构的力学机理与应用研究[D].中南大学博士学位论文,2007.
[15]黄求顺,张四平,胡岱文.边坡工程[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2003.
[16]柳晓春.柱板式锚索挡土墙的实验研究与数值分析[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[17]马跃,李红卫,陈华.弹性支点法在预应力锚索桩板墙计算中的应用[J].中外公路,2008, 28(6): 50-53.
[18]李中国,赵有明,张玉芳.某高速公路锚索桩板墙原型测试与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008, 30(5):739-743.
[19]张续萱,魏殿兴.锚定板挡土结构的实测土压力及其分析研究[J].岩土工程学报,1994, 16(2):73-79.
[20]叶向阳.土钉墙与锚定板挡土墙工作原理及施工分析比较[J].华东交通大学学报,2002, 19(4):48-51.
[21]何昌荣,李彤,陈群等.锚拉式桩板墙的三维有限元计算分析[J].四川大学学报,2002,34(6):9-13.
[22]何昌荣,富海鹰,李彤.新型预应力锚拉式桩板墙的弹性约束地基系数法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(7):1196-1202.
[23]富海鹰,何昌荣.新型预应力锚拉式桩板墙的原型观测分析[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(9): 1050-1054.
[24]富海鹰,何昌荣,陈群等.预应力锚拉式桩板墙的二维有限元计算[J].西南交通大学学报, 2003,38(4):389-39.
[25]陈钧成,廖丹.对锚定板挡土墙设计的探讨[J].广东水利水电,1999,4(1):25-26.
[26]朱彦鹏,王光彬,董建华.锚定板挡墙的有限元分析[J].兰州理工大学学报,2007, 33(3):116-119.
[27]莫世民,张有为,邓宗伟.锚拉式柱板墙土压力试验研究[J].路基工程,2009,4(1):132-134.
[28]李国正,陈新.锚拉式桩板墙结构小型原位和数值模拟研究[J].西南民族大学学报,2005, 31(1):94-98.
[29]蒋鹏飞,罗卫华,李志勇.填料性能对预应力锚拉式桩板墙影响的数值分析[J].公路工程,2007,32(5):45-50.
[30]张发春.一种新型高大锚定板挡土墙的设计与施工[J].中外公路,2008,28(5):45-49.
[31]李海光.新型支挡结构设计与工程实例[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[32]中华人民共和国行业标准.铁路路基支挡结构设计规范TB10025-2006[S].北京:中国铁道出版社,2006.
[33]张金民.桩锚支挡结构体系中考虑桩间拱效应的挡板土压力计算[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[34]刘世安.轻型薄板挡土墙震动模态理论与应用研究[D].重庆大学博士学位论文,2009.
[35] ZHANG G,HU Y,ZHANG J M.New image–analysis–based displacement-measurement system for centrifuge modeling tests[J].Measurement,2009,42(1):87-96.
[36]中华人民共和国国家标准.工程岩体试验方法标准GB/T500266-99[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[37] Lianyang Zhang,Francisco Silva,Ralph Grismala.Ultimate lateral resistance to piles in cohesionless soils[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2005, 131(1):78-83.
[38] Assaf Klar,Sam Frydman.Three-dimensional analysis of lateral pile response using two-dimensional explicit numerical scheme[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(9):775-784.
[39] W.Y.Shen,C.I.Teh.Analysis of laterally loaded piles in soil with stiffness increasing with depth[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2004,130(8): 878-882.
[40] Phillip S.K.Ooi,Brian K.F.Chang,Shuohang Wang.Simplified lateral load analyses of fixed-head piles and pile groups[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2004,130(11):1140-1151.
[41]过镇海.钢筋混凝土原理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[42]焦志斌,刘永绣.地下连续墙测试中弯矩的计算方法探讨[J].岩土工程学报,2006, 28(增):1485-1488.
[43]刘国彬,王印昌.实测钢筋计应力推算地下连续墙弯矩方法探讨[J].地下工程与隧道,2003,1(3):6-12.
[44]杨柳.桩锚板支护边坡的实验研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[45]陈育民,徐鼎平.FLAC/FLAC3D基础与工程实例[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[46] Itasca consulting Group Inc.FLAC-2D, Version4.0,User’s Manual[M]. USA: Itasca consulting GroupInc,2002.
[47] LI X.Finite element analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion [J]. Computers and Geotechnics,2007,34(3):127-136.
[48] PENG F L, LI J Z. Numerical study on deformation and failure of reinforced sand [J]. Journal of Central South University of Technology,2005,12 (2):220-225.
[49] BORRI-BRUNETTO M, CARPINTERI A, CHIAIA B. The effect of scale and criticality in rock slope stability [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2004,37(2):117-126.
[50]赵勇.高速铁路刚性挡土墙土压力模型试验与数值分析[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文, 2006.
[51]张有为.轻型支挡结构的土压力试验分析[J].山西建筑,2008, 34(9):148-149.
[52]蒋忠信,蒋良潍.南昆铁路支挡结构主动土压力分布图式[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005, 24(6):1035-1040.
[53]姚代禄.挡土墙土压力非线性分布的研究[J].重庆交通学院学报,1984,10(3):40-47.
[54]周应英,任美龙.刚性挡土墙主动土压力的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1990,12(2):19-26.
[55]范宝华.挡土墙土压力非线性分布问题的讨论[C].中国土木工程学会第三届土力学及基础工程学术会议,北京.1981.399-405.
[56]赵明华,俞晓.土力学与基础工程[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2003.
[57]顾尉慈.挡土墙土压力计算手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[58] Wang Y. Z. Distribution of earth pressure on a retaining wall [J].Geotechnique,2000, 50(1):83-88.
[59] LIU F.Q,WANG J.H.A generalized slip line solution to the activeearth pressure on circular retaining walls [J].Computers and Geotechnics,2007,(6):1-10.
[60]李中国,赵有明,张玉芳.某高速公路锚索桩板墙原型测试与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(5):739-744.
[61] Liang R,Zeng S.Numerical study of soil arching mechanism indrilled shafts for slope stabilition[J].Soils and Foundations,2002,42(2):83-92.
[62] Chen C Y,Martin G R.Soil-structure interaction for Land slide stabilizing piles[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2002,29(5):363-386.
[63]赵继承.预应力肋梁柱锚杆支挡结构设计及稳定性分析研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[64]刘伟.基于遗传算法的板肋式锚杆挡墙优化设计[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[65]周勇.框架预应力锚杆支挡结构的分析与设计研究[D].兰州理工大学硕士学位论文, 2004.
[66]田俊永.锚杆式挡土墙计算机辅助设计系统的研究[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[67] Bowles,J.E..Foundation design and analysis[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1988.
[68]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路路基设计规范JTG D30-2004[S].北京:人民交通出版社, 2004.
[69]中交第二公路勘察设计院有限公司.公路挡土墙设计与施工技术细则[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2008.
[2]杨静梅.填方边坡基底造型技术研究[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[3]中华人民共和国国家标准.建筑边坡工程技术规范GB50330-2002[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002.
[4]张天翔.城市小区新型挡土结构设计理论与应用研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[5]应志民.锚杆挡土墙力学作用的研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[6] Peck R.B.Earth Pressure Measurements in Open Cuts[J].American Society of Civil Engineerings,1942,68(2):900-928.
[7] White L,E A Prentis.Cofferdams[M].Newyork:Columbia University Press,1940.
[8] Rowe P .W. Anchord sheet-Pile walls[J]. Institution of Civil Engineers,1952,17(l):27-70.
[9] Pieter A.Vermeer,Ankana Punlor,Nico Ruse,Etal.Arching effects behind a soldier pile wall [J].Computers and Geotechnics,2001,28(l):379-396.
[10]叶晓明.柱板结构挡土墙板上的土压力计算方法[J].地下空间,1999,19(2):142-146.
[11]周世良,陆春华.柱板式挡土墙面板后土压力有限元分析[J].重庆大学学报,2004, 27(8):100-104.
[12]张金民,曾进群.桩锚挡墙支护体系挡板土压力的试验研究[J].地下空间,2002,22(l):58-63.
[13]蒋楚生.路堤(肩)式预应力锚索桩板墙结构设计理论及工程应用研究[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文,2006.
[14]邓宗伟.山区高速公路轻型支挡结构的力学机理与应用研究[D].中南大学博士学位论文,2007.
[15]黄求顺,张四平,胡岱文.边坡工程[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2003.
[16]柳晓春.柱板式锚索挡土墙的实验研究与数值分析[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[17]马跃,李红卫,陈华.弹性支点法在预应力锚索桩板墙计算中的应用[J].中外公路,2008, 28(6): 50-53.
[18]李中国,赵有明,张玉芳.某高速公路锚索桩板墙原型测试与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008, 30(5):739-743.
[19]张续萱,魏殿兴.锚定板挡土结构的实测土压力及其分析研究[J].岩土工程学报,1994, 16(2):73-79.
[20]叶向阳.土钉墙与锚定板挡土墙工作原理及施工分析比较[J].华东交通大学学报,2002, 19(4):48-51.
[21]何昌荣,李彤,陈群等.锚拉式桩板墙的三维有限元计算分析[J].四川大学学报,2002,34(6):9-13.
[22]何昌荣,富海鹰,李彤.新型预应力锚拉式桩板墙的弹性约束地基系数法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(7):1196-1202.
[23]富海鹰,何昌荣.新型预应力锚拉式桩板墙的原型观测分析[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(9): 1050-1054.
[24]富海鹰,何昌荣,陈群等.预应力锚拉式桩板墙的二维有限元计算[J].西南交通大学学报, 2003,38(4):389-39.
[25]陈钧成,廖丹.对锚定板挡土墙设计的探讨[J].广东水利水电,1999,4(1):25-26.
[26]朱彦鹏,王光彬,董建华.锚定板挡墙的有限元分析[J].兰州理工大学学报,2007, 33(3):116-119.
[27]莫世民,张有为,邓宗伟.锚拉式柱板墙土压力试验研究[J].路基工程,2009,4(1):132-134.
[28]李国正,陈新.锚拉式桩板墙结构小型原位和数值模拟研究[J].西南民族大学学报,2005, 31(1):94-98.
[29]蒋鹏飞,罗卫华,李志勇.填料性能对预应力锚拉式桩板墙影响的数值分析[J].公路工程,2007,32(5):45-50.
[30]张发春.一种新型高大锚定板挡土墙的设计与施工[J].中外公路,2008,28(5):45-49.
[31]李海光.新型支挡结构设计与工程实例[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[32]中华人民共和国行业标准.铁路路基支挡结构设计规范TB10025-2006[S].北京:中国铁道出版社,2006.
[33]张金民.桩锚支挡结构体系中考虑桩间拱效应的挡板土压力计算[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[34]刘世安.轻型薄板挡土墙震动模态理论与应用研究[D].重庆大学博士学位论文,2009.
[35] ZHANG G,HU Y,ZHANG J M.New image–analysis–based displacement-measurement system for centrifuge modeling tests[J].Measurement,2009,42(1):87-96.
[36]中华人民共和国国家标准.工程岩体试验方法标准GB/T500266-99[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[37] Lianyang Zhang,Francisco Silva,Ralph Grismala.Ultimate lateral resistance to piles in cohesionless soils[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2005, 131(1):78-83.
[38] Assaf Klar,Sam Frydman.Three-dimensional analysis of lateral pile response using two-dimensional explicit numerical scheme[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(9):775-784.
[39] W.Y.Shen,C.I.Teh.Analysis of laterally loaded piles in soil with stiffness increasing with depth[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2004,130(8): 878-882.
[40] Phillip S.K.Ooi,Brian K.F.Chang,Shuohang Wang.Simplified lateral load analyses of fixed-head piles and pile groups[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2004,130(11):1140-1151.
[41]过镇海.钢筋混凝土原理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[42]焦志斌,刘永绣.地下连续墙测试中弯矩的计算方法探讨[J].岩土工程学报,2006, 28(增):1485-1488.
[43]刘国彬,王印昌.实测钢筋计应力推算地下连续墙弯矩方法探讨[J].地下工程与隧道,2003,1(3):6-12.
[44]杨柳.桩锚板支护边坡的实验研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[45]陈育民,徐鼎平.FLAC/FLAC3D基础与工程实例[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[46] Itasca consulting Group Inc.FLAC-2D, Version4.0,User’s Manual[M]. USA: Itasca consulting GroupInc,2002.
[47] LI X.Finite element analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion [J]. Computers and Geotechnics,2007,34(3):127-136.
[48] PENG F L, LI J Z. Numerical study on deformation and failure of reinforced sand [J]. Journal of Central South University of Technology,2005,12 (2):220-225.
[49] BORRI-BRUNETTO M, CARPINTERI A, CHIAIA B. The effect of scale and criticality in rock slope stability [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2004,37(2):117-126.
[50]赵勇.高速铁路刚性挡土墙土压力模型试验与数值分析[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文, 2006.
[51]张有为.轻型支挡结构的土压力试验分析[J].山西建筑,2008, 34(9):148-149.
[52]蒋忠信,蒋良潍.南昆铁路支挡结构主动土压力分布图式[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005, 24(6):1035-1040.
[53]姚代禄.挡土墙土压力非线性分布的研究[J].重庆交通学院学报,1984,10(3):40-47.
[54]周应英,任美龙.刚性挡土墙主动土压力的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1990,12(2):19-26.
[55]范宝华.挡土墙土压力非线性分布问题的讨论[C].中国土木工程学会第三届土力学及基础工程学术会议,北京.1981.399-405.
[56]赵明华,俞晓.土力学与基础工程[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2003.
[57]顾尉慈.挡土墙土压力计算手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[58] Wang Y. Z. Distribution of earth pressure on a retaining wall [J].Geotechnique,2000, 50(1):83-88.
[59] LIU F.Q,WANG J.H.A generalized slip line solution to the activeearth pressure on circular retaining walls [J].Computers and Geotechnics,2007,(6):1-10.
[60]李中国,赵有明,张玉芳.某高速公路锚索桩板墙原型测试与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(5):739-744.
[61] Liang R,Zeng S.Numerical study of soil arching mechanism indrilled shafts for slope stabilition[J].Soils and Foundations,2002,42(2):83-92.
[62] Chen C Y,Martin G R.Soil-structure interaction for Land slide stabilizing piles[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2002,29(5):363-386.
[63]赵继承.预应力肋梁柱锚杆支挡结构设计及稳定性分析研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[64]刘伟.基于遗传算法的板肋式锚杆挡墙优化设计[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[65]周勇.框架预应力锚杆支挡结构的分析与设计研究[D].兰州理工大学硕士学位论文, 2004.
[66]田俊永.锚杆式挡土墙计算机辅助设计系统的研究[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[67] Bowles,J.E..Foundation design and analysis[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1988.
[68]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路路基设计规范JTG D30-2004[S].北京:人民交通出版社, 2004.
[69]中交第二公路勘察设计院有限公司.公路挡土墙设计与施工技术细则[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2008.