城市小区新型挡土结构设计理论与应用研究
|
摘要
随着我国建筑事业的高速发展，城市基础建设的不断深入，城市建设中挡土墙结构的应用日益增多，其质量要求也越来越高，城市挡土结构在保证挡土结构满足其基本功能以外，还需满足占地少、外形美观，结构安全可靠，以及生态环境的要求。因此，优化城市挡土结构外形及其设计计算，深入探讨各种挡土墙结构的受力特点，以及优选出较为合理的城市挡土墙结构具有重要的工程实际意义。
本文在综合分析目前常用城市挡土结构的特点及其受力特性等基础上，针对一般挡土墙设计理论、施工技术、新型结构以及未来的发展趋势进行了深入探讨，论述了城市挡土结构的特点，并对常用土压力理论进行了综述，介绍了城市挡土墙常见的类型，并介绍了常规的设计理论和方法；通过分析比较，优选出锚杆挡土结构和砌块式挡土结构，并从锚杆锚固原理出发，结合工程实践和大量现场试验、对锚杆的抗拔承载力进行了深入研究，提出了用调整双曲线模型法计算锚杆抗拔承载力的方法，对土压力计算方法进行了探讨，对其设计计算方法进行了研究。本文提出了一种全新的H型砌块式挡土结构，对其受力进行了深入分析，并结合一般挡土墙的设计理论，提出了砌块挡土墙的设计理论以及对其施工工艺进行了研究。
最后通过计算实例以及现场实测结果的对比分析，证明了锚杆挡土墙和砌块式挡土墙的设计计算方法是安全可靠的，同时证明了锚杆挡土墙和砌块式挡土墙优越的受力性能以及其良好的社会经济效益。
With the increasing faster development of city construction, retaining walls are widely used in large quantities. Besides to satisfy the basic functions of retailing structures, requirements for better quality, less earth area, more beautiful appearance and competence to protect ecological environment are also brought forward. Consequently, to optimize the appearance and structure design of retaining walls, especially to have a deeper understanding of the bearing mechanism of various retaining walls and select city retaining wall type reasonably are of great engineering significances and potential economic effect.
Based on a thorough analysis of the character and mechanism of city-retaining-wall structures, the design theories, construction technology, new wall types and development tendency are deeply discussed. Besides, the characteristics of various types of city retaining wall are discussed, and the usual methods for earth pressure calculation are summarized. For the anchored bar retaining wall, the anti-pulling bearing mechanism of anchored bar is first probed into, from which anti-pullforce computation method are obtained. Combined with quite a few engineering examples and spot tests, the advised design and calculation methods of anchored bar are verified. From the abundant spot measured date, an adjusted hyperbolic model is put forward to determine the anti-pullforce bearing capacity. Furthermore, a new type of H-like block retaining structure is advised with its working mechanism deeply discussed as well. According to the general design theory, design methods as well as building technology for the new present block retaining wall are provided. Application of the new type wall in engineering practice proves the feasibility and advantages.
In the end, comparison between measured data from quite a few engineering examples and calculated theoretical results shows that, the design methods of anchored bar retaining walls and block retaining walls presented in this paper are reliable, which also have a better bearing behavior and good social and economic benefits.
本文在综合分析目前常用城市挡土结构的特点及其受力特性等基础上，针对一般挡土墙设计理论、施工技术、新型结构以及未来的发展趋势进行了深入探讨，论述了城市挡土结构的特点，并对常用土压力理论进行了综述，介绍了城市挡土墙常见的类型，并介绍了常规的设计理论和方法；通过分析比较，优选出锚杆挡土结构和砌块式挡土结构，并从锚杆锚固原理出发，结合工程实践和大量现场试验、对锚杆的抗拔承载力进行了深入研究，提出了用调整双曲线模型法计算锚杆抗拔承载力的方法，对土压力计算方法进行了探讨，对其设计计算方法进行了研究。本文提出了一种全新的H型砌块式挡土结构，对其受力进行了深入分析，并结合一般挡土墙的设计理论，提出了砌块挡土墙的设计理论以及对其施工工艺进行了研究。
最后通过计算实例以及现场实测结果的对比分析，证明了锚杆挡土墙和砌块式挡土墙的设计计算方法是安全可靠的，同时证明了锚杆挡土墙和砌块式挡土墙优越的受力性能以及其良好的社会经济效益。
With the increasing faster development of city construction, retaining walls are widely used in large quantities. Besides to satisfy the basic functions of retailing structures, requirements for better quality, less earth area, more beautiful appearance and competence to protect ecological environment are also brought forward. Consequently, to optimize the appearance and structure design of retaining walls, especially to have a deeper understanding of the bearing mechanism of various retaining walls and select city retaining wall type reasonably are of great engineering significances and potential economic effect.
Based on a thorough analysis of the character and mechanism of city-retaining-wall structures, the design theories, construction technology, new wall types and development tendency are deeply discussed. Besides, the characteristics of various types of city retaining wall are discussed, and the usual methods for earth pressure calculation are summarized. For the anchored bar retaining wall, the anti-pulling bearing mechanism of anchored bar is first probed into, from which anti-pullforce computation method are obtained. Combined with quite a few engineering examples and spot tests, the advised design and calculation methods of anchored bar are verified. From the abundant spot measured date, an adjusted hyperbolic model is put forward to determine the anti-pullforce bearing capacity. Furthermore, a new type of H-like block retaining structure is advised with its working mechanism deeply discussed as well. According to the general design theory, design methods as well as building technology for the new present block retaining wall are provided. Application of the new type wall in engineering practice proves the feasibility and advantages.
In the end, comparison between measured data from quite a few engineering examples and calculated theoretical results shows that, the design methods of anchored bar retaining walls and block retaining walls presented in this paper are reliable, which also have a better bearing behavior and good social and economic benefits.
引文
[1] 交通部第二公路勘察设计院．公路设计手册·路基(第二版)．北京：人民交通出版社，1996
[2] 陈忠达．公路挡土墙设计．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
[3] 尉希成编．支挡结构设计手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995
[4] 李夫莲，陆建珊．混凝土砌块用于挡土墙．墙材革新与建筑节能，2001，(05)：36-37
[5] 赵明华．土力学与基础工程．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1996
[6] 韩军，丁秀丽，朱杰兵．岩土锚固技术的新进展．长江科学院院报，2001．10，18 (5)：65—72
[7] 宾敬林．“箱型”挡土墙在“湘江大桥”北引桥改造工程中的应用．湘潭矿业学院学报，1998，13(1)：65-68
[8] 郑万勇，张冠生，赵毅来等．箱型阶梯式挡土墙设计探讨——挡土墙设计的新思路．黄河水利职业技术学院学报，1999，11(3)：27-31
[9] Tie-Kuen Huang. Mechanical Behavior of Interconnected Concrete-Block Retaining Wall. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 1997, 123 (3): 197-203
[10] 于德顺，武清玺，刘雁．一种砌块挡土墙断面的可靠指标．水利水电科技进展．1996，16(6)：36-39
[11] 黄良机，姚代禄．加筋土挡墙的有限元分析．华东公路，1991，(6)：58-61
[12] S.H.Chew, J.K.Mitcheu．张学言译．加筋挡土墙变形的计算方法．见：土工合成材料应用论文资料库，22-26．天津：天津大学出版社，1998
[13] 《地基处理手册》编写委员会．地基处理手册(第二版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[14] FHWA. Mechanically Stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines. In: Ⅴ. Elias and B.R. Christopher(eds) Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)Demenstration Project 82, Washington DC, USA, 1996
[15] D.V.Morris. Specifications for Backfill of Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls. Principal Investigator: Texas Department of Transportation, 1996-1998
[16] Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls Using "Tensar" Geogrids. New York: Netlon Limited Press, 1990
[17] Geosynthetics in Foundation Reinforcement and Erosion Control System. Reston: ASCE Press, 1990
[18] Geosynthetic Soil Reinforcement Testing Procedures. Reston: ASCE, 1990
[19] D. Humphrey and T.C. Sanford. Tire Chips as Lightweight Subgrade Fill and Retaining Wall Backfill. In: Proceeding of the Symposium on Recoveryand Effective Reuse of Discarded Materials as by-Products for Construction of Highway Facilities. Denver, 1993
[20] Janice Kaspersen. Sculpted Soil Nail Walls Blend in on Highway 92. Erosion Control Magazine, 2000, Sept/oct: 66-69
[21] Specifications of Highway Earthwork, Retaining Walls, Culverts and Temporary Structures. Tokyo: Japan Highway Public Corporation, 1999
[22] Specification of Structural Design of Building Foundation. Japan Architectural Society, Tokyo, 1998
[23] Design and Construction Manual of Geotextile-Reinforced Soil Structures. Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Tokyo, 1998
[24] Design and Construction Guidelines for Reinforced Soil Structures. Japan Railway Technical Research Institute, Tokyo, 1998
[25] Tatsuoka, F. and Yamauchi, H. A reinforcing method for steep clay slopes using a non-woven geotextile. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, the IGS International Journal, 1987, (4): 241-268
[26] Tatsuoka, F.,Murata. O., and Tateyama,M. Permanent geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls used for railway embankment in Japan. Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls (Wu ed.), Balkema, 1992, 101-130
[27] Ling, H.I., Tatsuoka, F.and Tateyama M. Simulating the performance of GRS-RW by finite element procedure. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1995, 124 (4): 330-340
[28] National Concrete Masonry Association(NCMA). Segmental Retaining Walls—Seismic Design Manual. Hardon, VA, USA, 1998
[29] Kianoosh Hatami.PH.P., P.Eng. Seismic analysis and design of reinforced soil retaining walls. Materials Science & Engineering, Royal Military College of
Canada, 1998
[30] Bathurst RJ and Hatami K. Seismic Response Analysis of A Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall. Geosynthetics International(Special issue On Earthquake Engineering), Industrial Fabrics Association International(IFAI), USA, 1998, 5(1-2): 127-166
[31] 安琳媛．挡土墙设计之景观效应．内蒙古煤炭经济，2000，(6)：93—94
[32] 顾慰慈．挡土墙土压力计算．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2001
[33] 王贻荪，赵明华．地震土压力一般解及其工程应用．湖南大学学报，1990，17(4)：72-82
[34] 罗刚．等效内摩擦角及其在高挡土墙设计的应用．工业建筑，1997，27(6)：37—43
[35] 中华人民共和国国家标准．建筑结构荷载规范(GB50009-2001)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[36] 中华人民共和国国家标准．锚杆喷射混凝土支护技术规范(GB50086-2001)．北京：中国计划出版社，2001
[37] 中国工程建设标准化协会．岩土工程师常用规范选(下册)，土层锚杆设计与施工规范(CECS22：90)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[38] 赵明华，李刚，曹喜仁等．土力学地基与基础疑难释义．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[39] 河海大学，江苏宁沪高速公路股份有限公司主编．交通土建软土地基工程手册．北京：人民交通出版社，2001
[40] 韩军，丁秀丽，朱杰兵．岩土锚固技术的新进展．长江科学院院报，2001，18(5)：65—72
[41] 潘殿琦，吴银柱，吴丽萍．土层锚杆抗拔力的影响因素及其计算公式的修正．地质找矿论丛，1999，14(2)：87—92
[42] 姜增国，杨保仓，徐长佑．两种锚杆极限承载力实测及锚喷支护效果分析．化工矿山技术，1997，26(7)：55—57
[43] 赵明华，胡志清．预估试桩极限承载力的调整双曲线法．建筑结构，1985，(3)：47-52
[44] 中华人民共和国国家标准．混凝土结构设计规范(GB50010-2002)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[45] 李有生，贾玉琢．锚固体间距对岩土锚杆基础承载力影响的分析．东北电力
学院学报，1998，18(2)：57—61
[46] 中国岩土锚固工程协会．岩土锚固工程技术．北京：人民交通出版社，1998
[47] 麦晓文，武书礼，田亚军．锚喷支护存在的问题及对策．焦作工学院学报，2002，19(5)：344—345
[48] 廖奇云．现浇混凝土锚杆挡土墙结构施工工艺．建筑技术，1998，29(2)：94
[49] 范建海，张世飙，陈建平等．锚杆锈蚀对锚喷支护安全性影响分析．安全与环境工程，2002，9(4)：48—50
[50] 中华人民共和国国家标准．砌体结构设计规范(GB50003．2001)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[51] 汤康民．岩土工程．武汉：武汉工业大学出版社，2001
[2] 陈忠达．公路挡土墙设计．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
[3] 尉希成编．支挡结构设计手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995
[4] 李夫莲，陆建珊．混凝土砌块用于挡土墙．墙材革新与建筑节能，2001，(05)：36-37
[5] 赵明华．土力学与基础工程．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1996
[6] 韩军，丁秀丽，朱杰兵．岩土锚固技术的新进展．长江科学院院报，2001．10，18 (5)：65—72
[7] 宾敬林．“箱型”挡土墙在“湘江大桥”北引桥改造工程中的应用．湘潭矿业学院学报，1998，13(1)：65-68
[8] 郑万勇，张冠生，赵毅来等．箱型阶梯式挡土墙设计探讨——挡土墙设计的新思路．黄河水利职业技术学院学报，1999，11(3)：27-31
[9] Tie-Kuen Huang. Mechanical Behavior of Interconnected Concrete-Block Retaining Wall. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 1997, 123 (3): 197-203
[10] 于德顺，武清玺，刘雁．一种砌块挡土墙断面的可靠指标．水利水电科技进展．1996，16(6)：36-39
[11] 黄良机，姚代禄．加筋土挡墙的有限元分析．华东公路，1991，(6)：58-61
[12] S.H.Chew, J.K.Mitcheu．张学言译．加筋挡土墙变形的计算方法．见：土工合成材料应用论文资料库，22-26．天津：天津大学出版社，1998
[13] 《地基处理手册》编写委员会．地基处理手册(第二版)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[14] FHWA. Mechanically Stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines. In: Ⅴ. Elias and B.R. Christopher(eds) Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)Demenstration Project 82, Washington DC, USA, 1996
[15] D.V.Morris. Specifications for Backfill of Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls. Principal Investigator: Texas Department of Transportation, 1996-1998
[16] Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls Using "Tensar" Geogrids. New York: Netlon Limited Press, 1990
[17] Geosynthetics in Foundation Reinforcement and Erosion Control System. Reston: ASCE Press, 1990
[18] Geosynthetic Soil Reinforcement Testing Procedures. Reston: ASCE, 1990
[19] D. Humphrey and T.C. Sanford. Tire Chips as Lightweight Subgrade Fill and Retaining Wall Backfill. In: Proceeding of the Symposium on Recoveryand Effective Reuse of Discarded Materials as by-Products for Construction of Highway Facilities. Denver, 1993
[20] Janice Kaspersen. Sculpted Soil Nail Walls Blend in on Highway 92. Erosion Control Magazine, 2000, Sept/oct: 66-69
[21] Specifications of Highway Earthwork, Retaining Walls, Culverts and Temporary Structures. Tokyo: Japan Highway Public Corporation, 1999
[22] Specification of Structural Design of Building Foundation. Japan Architectural Society, Tokyo, 1998
[23] Design and Construction Manual of Geotextile-Reinforced Soil Structures. Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Tokyo, 1998
[24] Design and Construction Guidelines for Reinforced Soil Structures. Japan Railway Technical Research Institute, Tokyo, 1998
[25] Tatsuoka, F. and Yamauchi, H. A reinforcing method for steep clay slopes using a non-woven geotextile. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, the IGS International Journal, 1987, (4): 241-268
[26] Tatsuoka, F.,Murata. O., and Tateyama,M. Permanent geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls used for railway embankment in Japan. Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls (Wu ed.), Balkema, 1992, 101-130
[27] Ling, H.I., Tatsuoka, F.and Tateyama M. Simulating the performance of GRS-RW by finite element procedure. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1995, 124 (4): 330-340
[28] National Concrete Masonry Association(NCMA). Segmental Retaining Walls—Seismic Design Manual. Hardon, VA, USA, 1998
[29] Kianoosh Hatami.PH.P., P.Eng. Seismic analysis and design of reinforced soil retaining walls. Materials Science & Engineering, Royal Military College of
Canada, 1998
[30] Bathurst RJ and Hatami K. Seismic Response Analysis of A Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall. Geosynthetics International(Special issue On Earthquake Engineering), Industrial Fabrics Association International(IFAI), USA, 1998, 5(1-2): 127-166
[31] 安琳媛．挡土墙设计之景观效应．内蒙古煤炭经济，2000，(6)：93—94
[32] 顾慰慈．挡土墙土压力计算．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2001
[33] 王贻荪，赵明华．地震土压力一般解及其工程应用．湖南大学学报，1990，17(4)：72-82
[34] 罗刚．等效内摩擦角及其在高挡土墙设计的应用．工业建筑，1997，27(6)：37—43
[35] 中华人民共和国国家标准．建筑结构荷载规范(GB50009-2001)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[36] 中华人民共和国国家标准．锚杆喷射混凝土支护技术规范(GB50086-2001)．北京：中国计划出版社，2001
[37] 中国工程建设标准化协会．岩土工程师常用规范选(下册)，土层锚杆设计与施工规范(CECS22：90)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[38] 赵明华，李刚，曹喜仁等．土力学地基与基础疑难释义．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[39] 河海大学，江苏宁沪高速公路股份有限公司主编．交通土建软土地基工程手册．北京：人民交通出版社，2001
[40] 韩军，丁秀丽，朱杰兵．岩土锚固技术的新进展．长江科学院院报，2001，18(5)：65—72
[41] 潘殿琦，吴银柱，吴丽萍．土层锚杆抗拔力的影响因素及其计算公式的修正．地质找矿论丛，1999，14(2)：87—92
[42] 姜增国，杨保仓，徐长佑．两种锚杆极限承载力实测及锚喷支护效果分析．化工矿山技术，1997，26(7)：55—57
[43] 赵明华，胡志清．预估试桩极限承载力的调整双曲线法．建筑结构，1985，(3)：47-52
[44] 中华人民共和国国家标准．混凝土结构设计规范(GB50010-2002)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[45] 李有生，贾玉琢．锚固体间距对岩土锚杆基础承载力影响的分析．东北电力
学院学报，1998，18(2)：57—61
[46] 中国岩土锚固工程协会．岩土锚固工程技术．北京：人民交通出版社，1998
[47] 麦晓文，武书礼，田亚军．锚喷支护存在的问题及对策．焦作工学院学报，2002，19(5)：344—345
[48] 廖奇云．现浇混凝土锚杆挡土墙结构施工工艺．建筑技术，1998，29(2)：94
[49] 范建海，张世飙，陈建平等．锚杆锈蚀对锚喷支护安全性影响分析．安全与环境工程，2002，9(4)：48—50
[50] 中华人民共和国国家标准．砌体结构设计规范(GB50003．2001)．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[51] 汤康民．岩土工程．武汉：武汉工业大学出版社，2001