基于岩体断裂力学的巷道稳定性与锚喷支护机理研究
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摘要
岩体工程的稳定性是岩体工程中最重要的问题之一,它影响岩体工程的施工进度
与掘支成本并且危及施工人员人身安全。但由于岩体的复杂性以及岩体力学理论远远
滞后于工程实践,岩体的稳定性一直是没能很好解决的问题。随着我国岩体工程建设
的力度加大,岩体力学理论已经远远满足不了岩体工程的需要。岩体是由岩块与不连
续面组成的结构体,其破坏往往是不连续面扩展与复合的结果,不连续面在岩体中的
分布方式及其本身的形态与力学性能是千差万别的,因此,研究不连续面对岩体力学
性能的影响,是目前岩体力学研究的热点与难点。锚喷支护是目前在地下岩体工程中
使用最为广泛的支护方式之一,但其对岩体力学性能加强的作用机理却不很明确,需
要进行进一步的研究。岩体断裂力学研究岩体不连续面的扩展规律,从而可以从更深
入地了解岩体的破坏过程。本文采用了岩体断裂力学的观点,对巷道围岩的破坏方式
进行了解释与分析,并对锚喷支护机理进行研究。本文主要完成了以下几方面的工作:
(1)结合巷道围岩的受力特点,系统地分析了岩体中不连续面的扩展与复合方
式,分析了岩体中的破坏优势不连续面方位,以及受压剪、拉剪作用下岩体不连续面
的扩展方式与复合特点。
(2)以圆形断面巷道为例,分析了围岩中微不连续面与临空不连续面的受力特点
及其开裂方式。从断裂力学的基本理论出发,推导了圆形断面巷道围岩的破坏区大小
与深度的理论公式。结果认为,围岩破坏区的大小受巷道断面、地应力、岩石的断裂
韧度、不连续面密度、长度与抗剪性能等因素的影响。
(3)采用理论分析与数值方法,研究了喷射混凝土支护对围岩不连续面扩展的抑
制作用,并进一步应用板裂纹的理论研究了混凝土支护层的破坏方式与处理方法。研
究结果认为,混凝土支护对围岩内部不连续面扩展的影响较小,但对临空不连续面扩
展的影响却较大。因此,锚喷支护中,混凝土的作用主要是抑制临空不连续面的破坏。
混凝土厚度的变化对抑制不连续面的扩展影响较小,但其厚度越大,混凝土所能提供
的抵抗围岩膨胀的能力也越大,混凝土层的破坏范围一般受到锚杆的影响,锚杆的间
距越小,混凝土层的破坏范围也会越小。
(4)通过实验的方式研究了受压作用下临空不连续面的扩展特点以及锚杆的作
用,并采用数值方法对研究结果进行了讨论。研究结果表明,临空不连续面存在翼裂
III
纹破坏与剪裂纹破坏,不连续面的倾角越大,越容易扩展,小倾角不连续面更容易产
生次生裂纹的破坏方式。锚杆的作用,提高了结构体的力学性能,降低了裂纹尖端的
应力集中现象,提高了裂纹尖端裂纹的起裂荷载。锚杆并不改变裂纹的起裂角度,但
使翼裂纹扩展的方向向深部偏移,从而加大了因翼裂纹而造成的剥离体的厚度,减缓
了翼裂纹的扩展速度。数值分析的结果很好地解释了实验中所出现的情况。
(5)采用数值方法,研究了锚杆对翼裂纹扩展的抑制作用。结果认为,锚杆对翼
裂纹扩展的抑制作用是非常明显的,锚杆的存在使翼裂纹的应力强度因子降低,锚杆
的强度与刚度越大,对翼裂纹尖端的应力强度因子减小量也越大。翼裂纹的长度越大,
锚杆的作用也越明显。由此可以说明,锚杆可以大大加强岩体的残余强度。
(6)提出了理论分析模型,研究了锚杆对拉剪作用下的不连续面的影响。并计算
了受拉、剪以及拉剪组合几种状态下锚杆对不连续面尖端应力强度因子的降低情况。
研究结果表明,锚杆的安装角度对锚杆的作用的影响较大。锚杆的存在,使不连续面
从从简单的受拉或受剪的状态变成了拉剪组合状态,降低了使不连续面破坏的主要因
素的影响,从而起到支护作用。
(7)综合锚喷支护的特点,分析了锚杆联系链的支护机理,并在地下矿山的采准
巷道支护中进行实践应用。结果表明,锚杆联系链在加强混凝土支护强度,加大锚杆
支护性能,抑制不连续面的破坏等方面起了很重要的作用。而且其安装方便,使用灵
活,支护能力大的特点很适合在地下矿山复杂地质条件下用来替代锚喷网支护。
Stability of rock mass is one of the most important problems in rock engineering. It
affects the engineering progress, tunneling and supporting cost, and may concern the safety
of the constructors. Because of the complexity rock mass and that theory falls behind the
practice, the problem has not solved very well yet. With the rapid development of rock
engineering in our country, the theories can not satisfy the need of engineering more and
more. Rock mass is a kind of structural one which is composed by rock blocks and
discontinuities. The failure of rock mass is usually the result of the growth and coalescence
of the discontinuities. The distribution and state of the discontinuities and their mechanical
characteristic has much difference. Therefore, the study of the influence of the
discontinuities on the rock mechanics is a focus and difficult problem. Bolts and shotcrete
supporting is one of the widely applied methods in underground rock engineering. But their
reinforcing mechanism for the rock mass is not very clear and needs to be further studied.
Rock fracture mechanics study the extension pattern of the discontinuities growth and
coalescence, so it can be used to understand the failure process of the surrounding rock mass
deeply. Based the viewpoints of rock fracture mechanics, the failure modes of the
surrounding rock mass of the tunnels are discussed, and the reinforcing mechanism of the
bolts and shotcrete is analyzed. The main results discussed in this thesis are as follows:
(1) According to the loading characteristic of the surrounding rock mass of the tunnels,
the growth and coalescence modes of the discontinuities are analyzed systematically, and
the dominance inclination angle of discontinuities in the rock mass is discussed. The
growing and coalescing characteristic of the compression-shear or tensile-shear mixed mode
in rock mass is studied, too.
(2) Taking the tunnel of the circular cross section as the example, the loading
characteristic of micro-discontinuities and surface discontinuities surrounding the tunnels
and their fracture modes are analyzed. Based on the theory of fracture mechanics, the
formulations of dimension and depth of the disturbed domain are obtained. The results show
that the dimension of disturbed domains is influenced by the cross section of tunnel, in-situ
stress, fracture toughness of rock, spaces between the discontinuities, length and shearing
capacity of the discontinuities.
(3) By theoretical and numerical methods, the resisting function of the shotcerte to the
structural plane growth is studied. Further more, the failure mode and treatment methods of
V
the concrete supporting layer are analyzed by the fracture theory of plates. The results imply
that the resisting effects of the shotcrete on the inner discontinuities are less influence than
that on the surface planes. So, the main function of the shotcrete is used to resist the growth
of surface planes. The variety of the shotcrete thickness has little influence on the resisting
capability of the discontinuities. However, the thicker the shotcrete is, the stronger to the
expanding stress of surrounding rock mass will be. The failure zone in the shotcrete can be
restricted by bolts. The smaller the distance of the bolts is, the less of the failure zone will
be.
(4) The growing modes of the surface discontinuities under compressive load and the
function of the bolts are studied by the experimental methods. At the same time, the
numerical analysis is used to verify the results. The results demonstrate that there are some
wing cracks and secondary cracks at the tip of the surface discontinuities. With the increase
of the inclination angle between the structural plane and the surface, the propagation
becomes more easily. The secondary cracks may be more popular for the case of the small
inclination angles. The role of bolts is to improve the performance of the structural mass,
weaken the stress intensity at the c
与掘支成本并且危及施工人员人身安全。但由于岩体的复杂性以及岩体力学理论远远
滞后于工程实践,岩体的稳定性一直是没能很好解决的问题。随着我国岩体工程建设
的力度加大,岩体力学理论已经远远满足不了岩体工程的需要。岩体是由岩块与不连
续面组成的结构体,其破坏往往是不连续面扩展与复合的结果,不连续面在岩体中的
分布方式及其本身的形态与力学性能是千差万别的,因此,研究不连续面对岩体力学
性能的影响,是目前岩体力学研究的热点与难点。锚喷支护是目前在地下岩体工程中
使用最为广泛的支护方式之一,但其对岩体力学性能加强的作用机理却不很明确,需
要进行进一步的研究。岩体断裂力学研究岩体不连续面的扩展规律,从而可以从更深
入地了解岩体的破坏过程。本文采用了岩体断裂力学的观点,对巷道围岩的破坏方式
进行了解释与分析,并对锚喷支护机理进行研究。本文主要完成了以下几方面的工作:
(1)结合巷道围岩的受力特点,系统地分析了岩体中不连续面的扩展与复合方
式,分析了岩体中的破坏优势不连续面方位,以及受压剪、拉剪作用下岩体不连续面
的扩展方式与复合特点。
(2)以圆形断面巷道为例,分析了围岩中微不连续面与临空不连续面的受力特点
及其开裂方式。从断裂力学的基本理论出发,推导了圆形断面巷道围岩的破坏区大小
与深度的理论公式。结果认为,围岩破坏区的大小受巷道断面、地应力、岩石的断裂
韧度、不连续面密度、长度与抗剪性能等因素的影响。
(3)采用理论分析与数值方法,研究了喷射混凝土支护对围岩不连续面扩展的抑
制作用,并进一步应用板裂纹的理论研究了混凝土支护层的破坏方式与处理方法。研
究结果认为,混凝土支护对围岩内部不连续面扩展的影响较小,但对临空不连续面扩
展的影响却较大。因此,锚喷支护中,混凝土的作用主要是抑制临空不连续面的破坏。
混凝土厚度的变化对抑制不连续面的扩展影响较小,但其厚度越大,混凝土所能提供
的抵抗围岩膨胀的能力也越大,混凝土层的破坏范围一般受到锚杆的影响,锚杆的间
距越小,混凝土层的破坏范围也会越小。
(4)通过实验的方式研究了受压作用下临空不连续面的扩展特点以及锚杆的作
用,并采用数值方法对研究结果进行了讨论。研究结果表明,临空不连续面存在翼裂
III
纹破坏与剪裂纹破坏,不连续面的倾角越大,越容易扩展,小倾角不连续面更容易产
生次生裂纹的破坏方式。锚杆的作用,提高了结构体的力学性能,降低了裂纹尖端的
应力集中现象,提高了裂纹尖端裂纹的起裂荷载。锚杆并不改变裂纹的起裂角度,但
使翼裂纹扩展的方向向深部偏移,从而加大了因翼裂纹而造成的剥离体的厚度,减缓
了翼裂纹的扩展速度。数值分析的结果很好地解释了实验中所出现的情况。
(5)采用数值方法,研究了锚杆对翼裂纹扩展的抑制作用。结果认为,锚杆对翼
裂纹扩展的抑制作用是非常明显的,锚杆的存在使翼裂纹的应力强度因子降低,锚杆
的强度与刚度越大,对翼裂纹尖端的应力强度因子减小量也越大。翼裂纹的长度越大,
锚杆的作用也越明显。由此可以说明,锚杆可以大大加强岩体的残余强度。
(6)提出了理论分析模型,研究了锚杆对拉剪作用下的不连续面的影响。并计算
了受拉、剪以及拉剪组合几种状态下锚杆对不连续面尖端应力强度因子的降低情况。
研究结果表明,锚杆的安装角度对锚杆的作用的影响较大。锚杆的存在,使不连续面
从从简单的受拉或受剪的状态变成了拉剪组合状态,降低了使不连续面破坏的主要因
素的影响,从而起到支护作用。
(7)综合锚喷支护的特点,分析了锚杆联系链的支护机理,并在地下矿山的采准
巷道支护中进行实践应用。结果表明,锚杆联系链在加强混凝土支护强度,加大锚杆
支护性能,抑制不连续面的破坏等方面起了很重要的作用。而且其安装方便,使用灵
活,支护能力大的特点很适合在地下矿山复杂地质条件下用来替代锚喷网支护。
Stability of rock mass is one of the most important problems in rock engineering. It
affects the engineering progress, tunneling and supporting cost, and may concern the safety
of the constructors. Because of the complexity rock mass and that theory falls behind the
practice, the problem has not solved very well yet. With the rapid development of rock
engineering in our country, the theories can not satisfy the need of engineering more and
more. Rock mass is a kind of structural one which is composed by rock blocks and
discontinuities. The failure of rock mass is usually the result of the growth and coalescence
of the discontinuities. The distribution and state of the discontinuities and their mechanical
characteristic has much difference. Therefore, the study of the influence of the
discontinuities on the rock mechanics is a focus and difficult problem. Bolts and shotcrete
supporting is one of the widely applied methods in underground rock engineering. But their
reinforcing mechanism for the rock mass is not very clear and needs to be further studied.
Rock fracture mechanics study the extension pattern of the discontinuities growth and
coalescence, so it can be used to understand the failure process of the surrounding rock mass
deeply. Based the viewpoints of rock fracture mechanics, the failure modes of the
surrounding rock mass of the tunnels are discussed, and the reinforcing mechanism of the
bolts and shotcrete is analyzed. The main results discussed in this thesis are as follows:
(1) According to the loading characteristic of the surrounding rock mass of the tunnels,
the growth and coalescence modes of the discontinuities are analyzed systematically, and
the dominance inclination angle of discontinuities in the rock mass is discussed. The
growing and coalescing characteristic of the compression-shear or tensile-shear mixed mode
in rock mass is studied, too.
(2) Taking the tunnel of the circular cross section as the example, the loading
characteristic of micro-discontinuities and surface discontinuities surrounding the tunnels
and their fracture modes are analyzed. Based on the theory of fracture mechanics, the
formulations of dimension and depth of the disturbed domain are obtained. The results show
that the dimension of disturbed domains is influenced by the cross section of tunnel, in-situ
stress, fracture toughness of rock, spaces between the discontinuities, length and shearing
capacity of the discontinuities.
(3) By theoretical and numerical methods, the resisting function of the shotcerte to the
structural plane growth is studied. Further more, the failure mode and treatment methods of
V
the concrete supporting layer are analyzed by the fracture theory of plates. The results imply
that the resisting effects of the shotcrete on the inner discontinuities are less influence than
that on the surface planes. So, the main function of the shotcrete is used to resist the growth
of surface planes. The variety of the shotcrete thickness has little influence on the resisting
capability of the discontinuities. However, the thicker the shotcrete is, the stronger to the
expanding stress of surrounding rock mass will be. The failure zone in the shotcrete can be
restricted by bolts. The smaller the distance of the bolts is, the less of the failure zone will
be.
(4) The growing modes of the surface discontinuities under compressive load and the
function of the bolts are studied by the experimental methods. At the same time, the
numerical analysis is used to verify the results. The results demonstrate that there are some
wing cracks and secondary cracks at the tip of the surface discontinuities. With the increase
of the inclination angle between the structural plane and the surface, the propagation
becomes more easily. The secondary cracks may be more popular for the case of the small
inclination angles. The role of bolts is to improve the performance of the structural mass,
weaken the stress intensity at the c
引文
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path. Int. J. Num. Analy. Meth. Geome, 1999, 23: 281~294
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106
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axial splitting and shear failure. J. Geophys Res., 1985, 90: 3105~3125
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Int. J. Numer. And Analy. Methods in Geomech, 1984(4): 486~493
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Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 1993, 30(7): 861~867
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re-meshing. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 1999, 45: 601~20
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compression. Pageoph, 1994, 143(1): 15~24
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2004, 26(1): 120~124
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biaxial compression. Int Rock Mech Min Sci., 1998, 35(7): 863~888
[74] Reyes O., Einstein H. H. Failure Mechanics of Fractured Rock fracture coalescence
Model. Proceedings 7th Int. Con. On Rock Mech., Publ. by A. A. Balkema, 1991
[75] Vasarhelyi B., Robert A. Modeling of crack initiation, Propagation and coalescence in
uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng., 2000, 33(2): 119~139
[76] Eberhardt E., Stead D. Stimpson B., et. al. The effect of neighbouring cracks on
107
elliptical crack inition and propagation in unixial and triaxial stress fields. Eng. Frac.
Mech., 1998, 64(2): 103~115
[77] Li Y P, Tham L. G., Wang Y. H. Modified kachanov method for analysis of solids with
multiple cracks. Engng Fract Mech., 2003, 70(9): 1115~1129
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under various loading conditions, Eng. Frac. Mech., 2000, 67(5): 397~419
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1984
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1993, 59: 17~21
[81] Frantziskonis G., Tang F. F. Desai C. S. Borehole scale effects and related instabilities.
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