湖北宜昌早寒武世岩家河生物群研究
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摘要
笔者对湖北宜昌下寒武统岩家河组进行了详细的研究,不仅发现了前人所报道的小壳化石、球形类和微古植物,还新发现蓝菌类、宏体藻类和后生动物化石(原锥虫、岩家河虫)。其化石组合特征与寒武纪早期的“梅树村动物群”有明显区别,其加入了宏体动、植物化石的分子,因此作者将产自岩家河组这种宏体动、植物化石和小壳化石的生物组合称为“岩家河生物群”。岩家河生物群首次较完整地展示了早寒武世梅树村期从碳酸盐台地到碳酸盐台地内部的局部凹陷盆地相的生物面貌。岩家河组宏体化石的发现改变了长期以来早寒武世梅树村期小壳化石Ⅰ、Ⅱ组合带之间宏体化石(尤其是宏体后生动物化石)缺乏的传统认识,为研究前寒武-寒武大爆发时期生物的演化提供了重要的化石证据。
1.岩石地层学研究
对研究区对2口钻井岩芯和8条剖面进行了研究,依据岩家河组地层发育、分布特征和岩性、岩相特征,对其进行了详细划分与对比。
2.岩家河生物群研究
综合各剖面上获得的古生物化石资料,按微古植物、蓝菌类、小壳化石、球形类、宏体藻类和后生动物化石等六大类论述了它们的特征、分布和组合特点,并探讨了宏体化石的生物属性。
2.1通过对小壳化石上、下组合带及两者之间页岩所夹结核中小壳化石研究,表明结核中的小壳化石是从下组合向上组合的过渡类型,且出现了复杂结构的上组合分子,因此将上组合产出层位下移了23.2m。
2.2通过对岩家河生物群中的宏观藻类化石研究,表明它们无论从保存形式还是形态特征看,都带有浓厚的庙河生物群的色彩,同时与牛蹄塘生物群和澄江生物群可能也有一定的联系,这为研究宏体藻类的演化提供了化石依据。
2.3通过对早寒武世岩家河生物群中Protoconites与埃迪卡拉纪庙河生物群中的Protoconites、早寒武世澄江化石库中的Cambrorhytium(或A.conoidalis)和中寒武世C.major对比研究,发现无论从大小、形态,还是生活方式三者之间存在着极大的相似性,可能反映了它们具有较近的亲缘关系。后生动物Protoconites在岩家河生物群中的发现,丰富了该时期生物多样性,对揭示早期锥管状生物的归属和演化提供了重要的化石证据。
2.4通过对岩家河生物群中的后生动物岩家河虫研究,发现其与棘皮动物的某些类别特征相吻合,可能反映了它们具有较近的亲缘关系。这为研究早期后生动物乃至后口动物的辐射、演化提供了重要的化石依据。
3.岩家河组沉积环境分析
通过研究认为下寒武统岩家河组沉积时主要位于浅海碳酸盐台地内部盆地或局部凹陷区。岩家河组岩相的变化形成了两个完整旋回,反映了岩家河组沉积时期当时海水海进—海退—海进—海退的演化过程。
4.年代地层学研究
对湖北宜昌滚子坳剖面岩家河组与水井沱组界线火山灰层中锆石进行了测试,~206pb/~238U加权平均年龄为511.0±9.1Ma(MSWD=0.40),从而提供了水井沱组与岩家河组界线的准确年龄。
Some fossil-collecting campaigns have led to finding an abundant variety of fossils from the Yanjiahe Formation of Lower Cambrian in Yichang,Hubei Province.Besides a number of small shelly fossils and Acritachis,abundant fossils including Cyanobacteria,Macroalgae, Protoconites and Yanjiahella(gen.nov.) have been discovered.So as to differentiate from the contemporary Meishucunian biotas of Early Cambrian,this fossil assemblage comprising distinct macroscopic animals and algae as well as abundant SSFs tentatively is termed herein as "Yanjiahe biota".For a long time,our previous understandings of the palaeobiology Meishucun Age of the early Cambrian were confined to a combination of SSFs and Acritarchs. The Yanjiahe biota first systematically outlines the palaeobiological community of shelf-sea carbonate platform facies or a local depression in the platform in the Meishucun Age.The macroscopic fossil assemblage provides significant fossil evidence on life evolution from the late Precambrian to "Cambrian explosion".
1.Lithostratigraphy
Two drilling cores and eight stratigraphical sections of Yanjiahe Formation,Lower Cambrian are described.Based on the features of development,distribution,petrology and lithofacies of strata,The Yanjiahe Formation is subdivided and correlated in details.
2.The study of Yanjiahe Biota
Features,distribution and assemblage of fossils from many of the ten geological sections, including Cyanobacteria,Acritachis,SSFs,Globular fossils,Macroalgae,soft-bodied metazoans,have been comprehensively discussed.The phylogenetic relationship of Macrofossils are discussed.
2.1 Through the study of the SSFs of Lower Assemblage of "Circotheca -Anabarites -Protohertzina",Upper Assemblage of "Lophotheca-Aldanella-Maidipingoconus" and SSFs preserved in nodules,the SSFs preserved in nodules are less abundant and diversified than those of Upper Assemblage,more abundant and diversified than those in Lower Assemblage, which may indicate their evolutionary interim from SSFs ZoneⅠto ZoneⅡ.
2.2 The macroscopic algae from the Yanjiahe biota,in terms of both preservation and morphology,possess considerable earmarks of the Miaohe biota.In addition,this biota also has potential affiliations with the Niutitang biota and Chengjiang biota.Conclusively,It will definitely provide fossil evidence for the evolution of macroscopic algae.
2.3 The comparison study on size,morphology and life style in Protoconites with Cambrorhytium major and Cambrorhytium(or Archotuba conoidalis) shows right smart comparability,it possibly reflect the correlation of them in phylogenetic relationship.The discovery of Protoconites in Yanjiahe Biota provides important fossils evidence for study the position of cone-tubular fossils from Ediacaran to the middle Cambrian.
2.4 The comparison study on soft-bodied macroscopic metazoans"Yanjiahella(gen. nov.)" with some kinds of Echinodermata shows some sort of similarity on morphology,it possibly reflect the correlation of them in phylogenetic relationship.It provides important fossils evidence for study of the radiation and evolution of early metazoans or Deuterostomes.
3.Sedimentary Environments of Yanjiahe Formation
Based on the features of development,distribution,petrology and lithofacies of strata, considering the limited distribution of the Yanjiahe Formation,we tend to propose the sedimentary facies of the research area to be a locally depressed shelf-sea carbonate platform or offshore basin during the Meishucunian Stage of the Early Cambrian.The lithofacies' changes in Yajiahe Formation make up of two sedimentary cycles.They reflect the seawater evolutional process:transgressive-regressive- transgressive-regressive.
4.Chronostratigraphy
Zircons were obtained and analysed from the tuff layer of Gunziao section between Yanjiahe Formation and Shuijingtuo Formation,Yichang,Hubei Province.They yielded weighted mean ~(206)pb/~(238)U ages of 511.0±9.1Ma(MSWD=0.40).The Age determination provides an accurate chronostratigraphic evidence for the boundary between Yanjiahe Formation and Shuijingtuo Formation in Yichang.
1.岩石地层学研究
对研究区对2口钻井岩芯和8条剖面进行了研究,依据岩家河组地层发育、分布特征和岩性、岩相特征,对其进行了详细划分与对比。
2.岩家河生物群研究
综合各剖面上获得的古生物化石资料,按微古植物、蓝菌类、小壳化石、球形类、宏体藻类和后生动物化石等六大类论述了它们的特征、分布和组合特点,并探讨了宏体化石的生物属性。
2.1通过对小壳化石上、下组合带及两者之间页岩所夹结核中小壳化石研究,表明结核中的小壳化石是从下组合向上组合的过渡类型,且出现了复杂结构的上组合分子,因此将上组合产出层位下移了23.2m。
2.2通过对岩家河生物群中的宏观藻类化石研究,表明它们无论从保存形式还是形态特征看,都带有浓厚的庙河生物群的色彩,同时与牛蹄塘生物群和澄江生物群可能也有一定的联系,这为研究宏体藻类的演化提供了化石依据。
2.3通过对早寒武世岩家河生物群中Protoconites与埃迪卡拉纪庙河生物群中的Protoconites、早寒武世澄江化石库中的Cambrorhytium(或A.conoidalis)和中寒武世C.major对比研究,发现无论从大小、形态,还是生活方式三者之间存在着极大的相似性,可能反映了它们具有较近的亲缘关系。后生动物Protoconites在岩家河生物群中的发现,丰富了该时期生物多样性,对揭示早期锥管状生物的归属和演化提供了重要的化石证据。
2.4通过对岩家河生物群中的后生动物岩家河虫研究,发现其与棘皮动物的某些类别特征相吻合,可能反映了它们具有较近的亲缘关系。这为研究早期后生动物乃至后口动物的辐射、演化提供了重要的化石依据。
3.岩家河组沉积环境分析
通过研究认为下寒武统岩家河组沉积时主要位于浅海碳酸盐台地内部盆地或局部凹陷区。岩家河组岩相的变化形成了两个完整旋回,反映了岩家河组沉积时期当时海水海进—海退—海进—海退的演化过程。
4.年代地层学研究
对湖北宜昌滚子坳剖面岩家河组与水井沱组界线火山灰层中锆石进行了测试,~206pb/~238U加权平均年龄为511.0±9.1Ma(MSWD=0.40),从而提供了水井沱组与岩家河组界线的准确年龄。
Some fossil-collecting campaigns have led to finding an abundant variety of fossils from the Yanjiahe Formation of Lower Cambrian in Yichang,Hubei Province.Besides a number of small shelly fossils and Acritachis,abundant fossils including Cyanobacteria,Macroalgae, Protoconites and Yanjiahella(gen.nov.) have been discovered.So as to differentiate from the contemporary Meishucunian biotas of Early Cambrian,this fossil assemblage comprising distinct macroscopic animals and algae as well as abundant SSFs tentatively is termed herein as "Yanjiahe biota".For a long time,our previous understandings of the palaeobiology Meishucun Age of the early Cambrian were confined to a combination of SSFs and Acritarchs. The Yanjiahe biota first systematically outlines the palaeobiological community of shelf-sea carbonate platform facies or a local depression in the platform in the Meishucun Age.The macroscopic fossil assemblage provides significant fossil evidence on life evolution from the late Precambrian to "Cambrian explosion".
1.Lithostratigraphy
Two drilling cores and eight stratigraphical sections of Yanjiahe Formation,Lower Cambrian are described.Based on the features of development,distribution,petrology and lithofacies of strata,The Yanjiahe Formation is subdivided and correlated in details.
2.The study of Yanjiahe Biota
Features,distribution and assemblage of fossils from many of the ten geological sections, including Cyanobacteria,Acritachis,SSFs,Globular fossils,Macroalgae,soft-bodied metazoans,have been comprehensively discussed.The phylogenetic relationship of Macrofossils are discussed.
2.1 Through the study of the SSFs of Lower Assemblage of "Circotheca -Anabarites -Protohertzina",Upper Assemblage of "Lophotheca-Aldanella-Maidipingoconus" and SSFs preserved in nodules,the SSFs preserved in nodules are less abundant and diversified than those of Upper Assemblage,more abundant and diversified than those in Lower Assemblage, which may indicate their evolutionary interim from SSFs ZoneⅠto ZoneⅡ.
2.2 The macroscopic algae from the Yanjiahe biota,in terms of both preservation and morphology,possess considerable earmarks of the Miaohe biota.In addition,this biota also has potential affiliations with the Niutitang biota and Chengjiang biota.Conclusively,It will definitely provide fossil evidence for the evolution of macroscopic algae.
2.3 The comparison study on size,morphology and life style in Protoconites with Cambrorhytium major and Cambrorhytium(or Archotuba conoidalis) shows right smart comparability,it possibly reflect the correlation of them in phylogenetic relationship.The discovery of Protoconites in Yanjiahe Biota provides important fossils evidence for study the position of cone-tubular fossils from Ediacaran to the middle Cambrian.
2.4 The comparison study on soft-bodied macroscopic metazoans"Yanjiahella(gen. nov.)" with some kinds of Echinodermata shows some sort of similarity on morphology,it possibly reflect the correlation of them in phylogenetic relationship.It provides important fossils evidence for study of the radiation and evolution of early metazoans or Deuterostomes.
3.Sedimentary Environments of Yanjiahe Formation
Based on the features of development,distribution,petrology and lithofacies of strata, considering the limited distribution of the Yanjiahe Formation,we tend to propose the sedimentary facies of the research area to be a locally depressed shelf-sea carbonate platform or offshore basin during the Meishucunian Stage of the Early Cambrian.The lithofacies' changes in Yajiahe Formation make up of two sedimentary cycles.They reflect the seawater evolutional process:transgressive-regressive- transgressive-regressive.
4.Chronostratigraphy
Zircons were obtained and analysed from the tuff layer of Gunziao section between Yanjiahe Formation and Shuijingtuo Formation,Yichang,Hubei Province.They yielded weighted mean ~(206)pb/~(238)U ages of 511.0±9.1Ma(MSWD=0.40).The Age determination provides an accurate chronostratigraphic evidence for the boundary between Yanjiahe Formation and Shuijingtuo Formation in Yichang.
引文
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