短毛蓼超富集锰的机理及对锰污染土壤的修复效应研究
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摘要
广西素有“有色金属之乡”的美誉,其中锰矿的开采规模与强度居全国之首。多年来的锰矿开采使矿区生态遭到严重的破坏,并带来大面积的土壤污染。在锰矿区,锰、镉等重金属含量高已成为限制植物生长的重要因素,阻碍了矿区废弃地生态恢复的快速健康发展,降低废弃地土壤中的重金属含量成为亟待解决的重要问题。近年来,植物修复技术以其潜在的高效、廉价及其环境友好性越来越受到各国政府、科技界和企业界的强烈关注,因其可以通过植物对重金属的吸收、富集作用达到降低土壤重金属浓度的目标,利用生长快、适应性强的超富集植物实施植物修复而更具优势。
通过对广西全州锰矿的野外调查,发现短毛蓼具有锰超富集植物的特征,进而结合营养液培养试验对它的锰耐性和超富集能力进行了验证。此外,从短毛蓼对锰的生理响应、锰在短毛蓼体内的化学形态和分布特征等方面对短毛蓼的锰富集机理进行了探讨,并考察了短毛蓼对锰污染土壤的修复效应,还初步探索了利用短毛蓼与经济作物间作体系对锰矿区废弃地土壤进行修复。通过研究取得了以下主要结果：
短毛蓼对生长介质中的锰有很强的耐性和富集能力,是一种锰超富集植物,短毛蓼各部分锰含量特征为：叶>茎>根。在锰含量高达2.5×105mg/kg的锰矿废弃地上短毛蓼生长良好,叶锰含量高达1.66×104mg/kg。营养液培养条件下,随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高,短毛蓼根、茎、叶的锰含量逐渐增加,锰供应水平为1000μmol/L时,叶锰含量就超过了10000mg/kg;当锰供应水平为8000μmol/L时,茎锰含量亦超过了10000mg/kg。动态吸收实验结果表明,短毛蓼具有很强的锰吸收能力,根部从生长介质中吸收锰后能够将其转移并贮存在地上部分,但锰从植物根部往上输送的过程需要一定的时间,起初(0-4h)根部的锰含量最大,在32h左右,短毛蓼体内锰含量呈现出叶>茎>根的特征。
生理生化实验结果表明,锰处理浓度不超过5000μmol/L时,短毛蓼叶片叶绿素含量与对照相比差异不显著,细胞质膜透性和丙二醛含量与对照相比差异也不显著,表明细胞膜没有明显地受到锰的毒害；当锰处理浓度高达8000μmol/L时,叶绿素含量显著降低,细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量也显著增大。在抗氧化胁迫作用方面,随着锰处理浓度的增加,短毛蓼叶片POD和SOD酶活性提高,起到清除活性氧自由基的作用；CAT酶活性变化则不显著,表明CAT可能不是锰胁迫下清除H202的关键酶。
在锰赋存形态上,短毛蓼茎部以水提取态和氯化钠提取态为主,根部和叶部以水提取态、氯化钠提取态和盐酸提取态为主；随着锰处理浓度增加,根中锰由水提取态向盐酸酸提取态和氯化钠提取态转化,叶中水提取态锰和盐酸提取态Mn占总锰的比例逐渐上升。在亚细胞水平分布上,短毛蓼根、茎、叶中的90%以上的锰分布在细胞壁和可溶性部分(包括细胞质和液泡)。叶是短毛蓼体内锰富集量最高的部位,不同锰处理浓度下,细胞质可溶性物质(包括液泡)中锰的分配率均最高,达55.92%-63.09%,其次是细胞壁部分,其比例为31.01～35.50%。可见,细胞壁和液泡是锰在短毛蓼叶片细胞内中的主要贮存点位,TEM实验结果也证实了这一点。
土培试验再次证明了短毛蓼对锰的强耐性和富集能力。短毛蓼种植于三种不同土壤中的试验结果表明,短毛蓼的生长适应性很强,在三种土壤环境中都长势良好,生物量没有显著差异；而且,三种情况下短毛蓼的锰转移系数均大于1,表现出较好的锰迁移性。向生物园土中人为添加锰的梯度试验结果表明,在各种锰处理水平下,短毛蓼的锰生物富集系数和转运系数均大于1；随着土壤中锰浓度的增加,短毛蓼体内(地上部分和地下部分)的锰含量呈上升趋势,当土壤中锰添加浓度为1000mg·kg-1时,地上部锰含量超过10000mg·kg-1,达到了锰超富集植物的标准。向土壤中添加抗坏血酸可以提高短毛蓼的耐锰性,在锰添加量为5000mg/kg时短毛蓼仍能存活；而且,较低浓度抗坏血酸的添加可以显著增加短毛蓼体内的锰累积量。
对经济作物和短毛蓼间作体系的研究结果表明,不同经济作物对间种体系植物间互作效应的影响较大,短毛蓼与玉米间种体系用于修复锰污染土壤比较理想。短毛蓼与大豆间种对短毛蓼的锰吸收能力有所抑制,虽然促使短毛蓼生长更快,生物量显著增加,但锰累积量却没有显著变化；而将玉米与短毛蓼间种不仅能显著增大短毛蓼的生物量,而且能够促进它对土壤中锰的吸收,体内锰累积量增大了208.4%。
Guangxi is known as the Town of Nonferrous Metals, and it ranks first because of the size and intensity of manganese mining. The original ecological environment of manganese mines has been destroyed heavily, and a large area of soil has been contaminated through many years exploring. In mining area, plant growth has been limited for high concentraion of manganese,cadmium and other heavy metals, which hindered healthy developmeng of its ecological restoration. So, it has become an imortant issue to be solved that the contents of heavy metals in the soil of wasteland should be reduced. In recent years, phytoremediation technology has attracted more and more concern of governments, scientific community and business community for its potential efficiency, low cost and environmentally friendly characteristics. For this technology, fast-growing an adaptable hyperaccumulators are used to remove heavy metals from soil by extraction of the heavy metals to their aerial parts.
It was found that Polygonum Pubescens Blume had the characteristics of manganese hyperaccumulator through field investigation of the manganese mine in Quanzhou, and its manganese tolerance and hyperaccumulation was verified by nutrient solution culture experiment. Besides, Mn enrichment mechanisms of Polygonum Pubescens Blume was discussed by means of studying its physiological response to stress of manganese and chemical speciation and distributioncharacteristics of manganese in it. Moreover, the plant was planted in Mn-contaminated soil to investigate its accumulation of Mn. Also, Polygonum Pubescens Blume was interplanted with economic crops in soil collected from wasteland of manganese mine to investigate their remediation effect to the soil. The following results were obtained from these studies.
Polygonum Pubescens Blume has high tolerance to manganese, and it can hyperaccumulating Mn from its grow medium, which show that it is a Mn hyperaccumulator. Mn contents in its organs are leaf> stem> root. With the maximum Mn concentration in leaf reaching1.66×104mg/kg, the plant grew well on Mn mine wasteland of Guangxi with Mn concentration being as high as2.5×105mg/kg. Under hydroponic conditions, with the Mn concentration in the media increasing, the manganese concentration in the organs of Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased. When the Mn concentration in the solution was1000μmol/L, the Mn concentration in leaf reached more than10000mg/kg. When the Mn concentration in the solution was8000μmol/L, the Mn concentration in stem reached more than10000mg/kg. The results of dynamic absorption experiment showed that Polygonum Pubescens Blume has strong absorption of Mn. After Mn was absorbed to its roots, it could be transferred to and stored in the aerial parts, but this process needed a certain amount of time. At first (0-4h), Mn contents in roots was bigger that those in stems and leaves. At about32h, Mn content in the plants showed the characteristics:leaf>stem>root.
The results of physiological and biochemical experiments showed that chlorophyll content, contents of cell membrane permeability and MDA in Polygonum Pubescens Blume leaves had no significant difference compared with the control when Mn treatment concentration was not more than5000μmol/L, which suggested that cell membrane was not significantly poisoned. When manganese concentrations was as high as8000μmol/L, contents of chlorophyll content decreased, cell membrane permeability and MDA increased significantly. Considering resistance to oxidative stress effects, the resluts of our experiments showed that POD and SOD enzyme activity increased along with increasing concentration of Mn, which suggested that the two enzymes had the effect of scavenging active oxygen radical. CAT activity did not changed significantly, indicating that CAT was not the key enzyme of removing H2O2under the stress of Mn.
The results of extraction experiments by using different extractants showed that water-extractable Mn and NaCl-extractable Mn predominated in stems of Polygonum Pubescens Blume, and water-extractable Mn, NaCl-extractable Mn and HCl-extractable Mn predominated in its roots and leaves. With the Mn supply increasing, the percentage of Water-extractable Mn decreased and the percentage of HCl-extractable and NaCl-extractable Mn increased in the roots, and Water-extractable and HCl-extractable Mn increased in the leaves. Considering the subcellular level distribution of Mn, the results of our experiments showed more than90%of total Mn was bound to cell wall and soluble fraction in the plant. Leaf was the key organ of Polygonum Pubescens Blume in which the Mn content was the highest. Under the stress of different Mn treatment concentration, Mn content in cytoplasmic soluble substances (including vacuoles) were the highest with the distribution proportion of55.92%-63.09%, which followed by that in cell wall with the distribution proportion of31.01%-35.50%. So, the vacuole and cell wall was the main position where the majority of Mn stored. The results of experiments also confirmed that.
The results of soil culture experiments proved again that Polygonum Pubescens Blume has strong tolerance and accumulation ability of Mn. The plants grew well in three kinds of soil. Their biomass had no significant differences, and all of their translation coefficients of Mn were greater than1. The results of Mn gradient experiments with the soil collected from the biological garden of Guangxi normal university showed that Mn contents in Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased with the increaseing concentration of Mn in soil, and all of the biological enrichment coefficients and the translation coefficients were greater than1. The Mn content in aerial parts of the plants were more than10000mg/kg when the Mn concentration in soil was1000mg/kg, which achieved the standard of Mn hyperaccumulator. Adding Ascorbic Acid could improve the tolerance of Polygonum Pubescens Blume that it was still alive in the soil with Mn concentration being5000mg·kg-1. Adding Ascorbic Acid of lower concentrations could increase the Mn translocation amount of the plant from the Mn-contaminated soil, but higher concentration showed restrictive effect.
Polygonum Pubescens Blume and economic crops were interplanted in the soil which was collected from the wasteland of a Mn mine of Quanzhou. The results showed that Mn absorption capacity of Polygonum Pubescens Blume was inhibited when it was interplanted with soybean. The biomass of Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased,but its Mn accumulation did not significantly change. Both biomass and Mn accumulation of Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased when it was interplanted with corn, with its Mn uptake increased by208.4%. From above results, it was visible that interplanting Polygonum Pubescens Blume with corn was ideal for remediating Mn-contaminated soil.
通过对广西全州锰矿的野外调查,发现短毛蓼具有锰超富集植物的特征,进而结合营养液培养试验对它的锰耐性和超富集能力进行了验证。此外,从短毛蓼对锰的生理响应、锰在短毛蓼体内的化学形态和分布特征等方面对短毛蓼的锰富集机理进行了探讨,并考察了短毛蓼对锰污染土壤的修复效应,还初步探索了利用短毛蓼与经济作物间作体系对锰矿区废弃地土壤进行修复。通过研究取得了以下主要结果：
短毛蓼对生长介质中的锰有很强的耐性和富集能力,是一种锰超富集植物,短毛蓼各部分锰含量特征为：叶>茎>根。在锰含量高达2.5×105mg/kg的锰矿废弃地上短毛蓼生长良好,叶锰含量高达1.66×104mg/kg。营养液培养条件下,随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高,短毛蓼根、茎、叶的锰含量逐渐增加,锰供应水平为1000μmol/L时,叶锰含量就超过了10000mg/kg;当锰供应水平为8000μmol/L时,茎锰含量亦超过了10000mg/kg。动态吸收实验结果表明,短毛蓼具有很强的锰吸收能力,根部从生长介质中吸收锰后能够将其转移并贮存在地上部分,但锰从植物根部往上输送的过程需要一定的时间,起初(0-4h)根部的锰含量最大,在32h左右,短毛蓼体内锰含量呈现出叶>茎>根的特征。
生理生化实验结果表明,锰处理浓度不超过5000μmol/L时,短毛蓼叶片叶绿素含量与对照相比差异不显著,细胞质膜透性和丙二醛含量与对照相比差异也不显著,表明细胞膜没有明显地受到锰的毒害；当锰处理浓度高达8000μmol/L时,叶绿素含量显著降低,细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量也显著增大。在抗氧化胁迫作用方面,随着锰处理浓度的增加,短毛蓼叶片POD和SOD酶活性提高,起到清除活性氧自由基的作用；CAT酶活性变化则不显著,表明CAT可能不是锰胁迫下清除H202的关键酶。
在锰赋存形态上,短毛蓼茎部以水提取态和氯化钠提取态为主,根部和叶部以水提取态、氯化钠提取态和盐酸提取态为主；随着锰处理浓度增加,根中锰由水提取态向盐酸酸提取态和氯化钠提取态转化,叶中水提取态锰和盐酸提取态Mn占总锰的比例逐渐上升。在亚细胞水平分布上,短毛蓼根、茎、叶中的90%以上的锰分布在细胞壁和可溶性部分(包括细胞质和液泡)。叶是短毛蓼体内锰富集量最高的部位,不同锰处理浓度下,细胞质可溶性物质(包括液泡)中锰的分配率均最高,达55.92%-63.09%,其次是细胞壁部分,其比例为31.01～35.50%。可见,细胞壁和液泡是锰在短毛蓼叶片细胞内中的主要贮存点位,TEM实验结果也证实了这一点。
土培试验再次证明了短毛蓼对锰的强耐性和富集能力。短毛蓼种植于三种不同土壤中的试验结果表明,短毛蓼的生长适应性很强,在三种土壤环境中都长势良好,生物量没有显著差异；而且,三种情况下短毛蓼的锰转移系数均大于1,表现出较好的锰迁移性。向生物园土中人为添加锰的梯度试验结果表明,在各种锰处理水平下,短毛蓼的锰生物富集系数和转运系数均大于1；随着土壤中锰浓度的增加,短毛蓼体内(地上部分和地下部分)的锰含量呈上升趋势,当土壤中锰添加浓度为1000mg·kg-1时,地上部锰含量超过10000mg·kg-1,达到了锰超富集植物的标准。向土壤中添加抗坏血酸可以提高短毛蓼的耐锰性,在锰添加量为5000mg/kg时短毛蓼仍能存活；而且,较低浓度抗坏血酸的添加可以显著增加短毛蓼体内的锰累积量。
对经济作物和短毛蓼间作体系的研究结果表明,不同经济作物对间种体系植物间互作效应的影响较大,短毛蓼与玉米间种体系用于修复锰污染土壤比较理想。短毛蓼与大豆间种对短毛蓼的锰吸收能力有所抑制,虽然促使短毛蓼生长更快,生物量显著增加,但锰累积量却没有显著变化；而将玉米与短毛蓼间种不仅能显著增大短毛蓼的生物量,而且能够促进它对土壤中锰的吸收,体内锰累积量增大了208.4%。
Guangxi is known as the Town of Nonferrous Metals, and it ranks first because of the size and intensity of manganese mining. The original ecological environment of manganese mines has been destroyed heavily, and a large area of soil has been contaminated through many years exploring. In mining area, plant growth has been limited for high concentraion of manganese,cadmium and other heavy metals, which hindered healthy developmeng of its ecological restoration. So, it has become an imortant issue to be solved that the contents of heavy metals in the soil of wasteland should be reduced. In recent years, phytoremediation technology has attracted more and more concern of governments, scientific community and business community for its potential efficiency, low cost and environmentally friendly characteristics. For this technology, fast-growing an adaptable hyperaccumulators are used to remove heavy metals from soil by extraction of the heavy metals to their aerial parts.
It was found that Polygonum Pubescens Blume had the characteristics of manganese hyperaccumulator through field investigation of the manganese mine in Quanzhou, and its manganese tolerance and hyperaccumulation was verified by nutrient solution culture experiment. Besides, Mn enrichment mechanisms of Polygonum Pubescens Blume was discussed by means of studying its physiological response to stress of manganese and chemical speciation and distributioncharacteristics of manganese in it. Moreover, the plant was planted in Mn-contaminated soil to investigate its accumulation of Mn. Also, Polygonum Pubescens Blume was interplanted with economic crops in soil collected from wasteland of manganese mine to investigate their remediation effect to the soil. The following results were obtained from these studies.
Polygonum Pubescens Blume has high tolerance to manganese, and it can hyperaccumulating Mn from its grow medium, which show that it is a Mn hyperaccumulator. Mn contents in its organs are leaf> stem> root. With the maximum Mn concentration in leaf reaching1.66×104mg/kg, the plant grew well on Mn mine wasteland of Guangxi with Mn concentration being as high as2.5×105mg/kg. Under hydroponic conditions, with the Mn concentration in the media increasing, the manganese concentration in the organs of Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased. When the Mn concentration in the solution was1000μmol/L, the Mn concentration in leaf reached more than10000mg/kg. When the Mn concentration in the solution was8000μmol/L, the Mn concentration in stem reached more than10000mg/kg. The results of dynamic absorption experiment showed that Polygonum Pubescens Blume has strong absorption of Mn. After Mn was absorbed to its roots, it could be transferred to and stored in the aerial parts, but this process needed a certain amount of time. At first (0-4h), Mn contents in roots was bigger that those in stems and leaves. At about32h, Mn content in the plants showed the characteristics:leaf>stem>root.
The results of physiological and biochemical experiments showed that chlorophyll content, contents of cell membrane permeability and MDA in Polygonum Pubescens Blume leaves had no significant difference compared with the control when Mn treatment concentration was not more than5000μmol/L, which suggested that cell membrane was not significantly poisoned. When manganese concentrations was as high as8000μmol/L, contents of chlorophyll content decreased, cell membrane permeability and MDA increased significantly. Considering resistance to oxidative stress effects, the resluts of our experiments showed that POD and SOD enzyme activity increased along with increasing concentration of Mn, which suggested that the two enzymes had the effect of scavenging active oxygen radical. CAT activity did not changed significantly, indicating that CAT was not the key enzyme of removing H2O2under the stress of Mn.
The results of extraction experiments by using different extractants showed that water-extractable Mn and NaCl-extractable Mn predominated in stems of Polygonum Pubescens Blume, and water-extractable Mn, NaCl-extractable Mn and HCl-extractable Mn predominated in its roots and leaves. With the Mn supply increasing, the percentage of Water-extractable Mn decreased and the percentage of HCl-extractable and NaCl-extractable Mn increased in the roots, and Water-extractable and HCl-extractable Mn increased in the leaves. Considering the subcellular level distribution of Mn, the results of our experiments showed more than90%of total Mn was bound to cell wall and soluble fraction in the plant. Leaf was the key organ of Polygonum Pubescens Blume in which the Mn content was the highest. Under the stress of different Mn treatment concentration, Mn content in cytoplasmic soluble substances (including vacuoles) were the highest with the distribution proportion of55.92%-63.09%, which followed by that in cell wall with the distribution proportion of31.01%-35.50%. So, the vacuole and cell wall was the main position where the majority of Mn stored. The results of experiments also confirmed that.
The results of soil culture experiments proved again that Polygonum Pubescens Blume has strong tolerance and accumulation ability of Mn. The plants grew well in three kinds of soil. Their biomass had no significant differences, and all of their translation coefficients of Mn were greater than1. The results of Mn gradient experiments with the soil collected from the biological garden of Guangxi normal university showed that Mn contents in Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased with the increaseing concentration of Mn in soil, and all of the biological enrichment coefficients and the translation coefficients were greater than1. The Mn content in aerial parts of the plants were more than10000mg/kg when the Mn concentration in soil was1000mg/kg, which achieved the standard of Mn hyperaccumulator. Adding Ascorbic Acid could improve the tolerance of Polygonum Pubescens Blume that it was still alive in the soil with Mn concentration being5000mg·kg-1. Adding Ascorbic Acid of lower concentrations could increase the Mn translocation amount of the plant from the Mn-contaminated soil, but higher concentration showed restrictive effect.
Polygonum Pubescens Blume and economic crops were interplanted in the soil which was collected from the wasteland of a Mn mine of Quanzhou. The results showed that Mn absorption capacity of Polygonum Pubescens Blume was inhibited when it was interplanted with soybean. The biomass of Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased,but its Mn accumulation did not significantly change. Both biomass and Mn accumulation of Polygonum Pubescens Blume increased when it was interplanted with corn, with its Mn uptake increased by208.4%. From above results, it was visible that interplanting Polygonum Pubescens Blume with corn was ideal for remediating Mn-contaminated soil.
引文
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