黄瓜高锰毒害及缓解机理研究
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摘要
锰中毒易发生在连作多年的温室、大棚和酸性土壤中,会导致作物生长受抑,影响产量。黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)是我国主要的蔬菜作物之一,在设施和露地中均广泛种植,具有喜肥又不耐肥的特点,容易发生各种生理障碍,也易发生锰毒。因此探讨黄瓜锰毒害及其解毒机理,对指导黄瓜生产和提高我国园艺设施的利用效率具有重要的理论和实践意义。本试验采用水培的方法,研究了锰毒害对黄瓜幼苗的伤害机理,并探讨了降低光照强度、硅和水杨酸对黄瓜锰中毒的缓解效应。取得了以下主要研究结果:
1.不同pH下高锰对黄瓜生长及营养元素吸收的影响
营养液中高锰离子明显抑制了黄瓜地上部和地下部的生长,降低pH加重了抑制的程度。黄瓜植株各组织中Mn的含量随着营养液中Mn~(2+)浓度的增加而增加,降低pH增加了黄瓜植株地上部Mn的含量。高Mn处理显著降低了Ca、Mg和Fe在黄瓜植株体内的积累量,并且降低pH进一步降低了Mg的吸收,由于Mg和Fe是叶绿素的重要组成部分,因此它们的降低可能是叶绿素含量下降的一个主要原因,结果导致净光合速率显著下降。
2.低pH值和高锰对黄瓜氧化胁迫的复合效应
随着营养液中Mn~(2+)浓度的提高黄瓜叶片和根系中膜脂过氧化产物MDA的含量呈明显的上升趋势,降低pH进一步加剧了膜脂过氧化程度。高锰胁迫诱导了黄瓜植株中Mn-SOD和Fe-SOD活性增加,而Cu,Zn-SOD对高锰胁迫比较敏感,因此Mn-SOD和Fe-SOD在清除高Mn下黄瓜植株内的O_2~-发挥重要作用。CAT对高锰胁迫比较敏感,高锰和低pH处理导致其活性明显下降,而GPX以及抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽循环过程中的重要酶类APX、DHAR和GR在低pH和一定范围的高锰处理下活性上升,对降低高锰胁迫下活性氧伤害具有重要作用。
3.不同光强下高锰对黄瓜光合特性和营养吸收的影响
高锰处理抑制了黄瓜植株的生长,与弱光处理相比强光下抑制幅度更加显著。降低光强减少了黄瓜植株内锰的含量,并且缓解了高Mn对Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn等元素吸收的抑制作用。强光下,高锰处理显著降低了叶绿素含量,但降低光强却增加了其含量。强光下,高锰处理显著降低了原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传
Mn toxicity easily occurs in the soils of succesive cropping greenhouses and acidity. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is widely planted in open field and greenhouse and easily affected by excess Mn toxicity. Therefore, it is very important to study the physiological mechanisms of Mn toxicity in cucumber and take measures to decrease the toxicity. In this study, hydroponic culture experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanisms of Mn toxicity to cucumber and the effects of pH, light intensity, silicon and salicylic acid. The main results obtained were presented as follows:1. Effects of excess Mn on plant growth and nutrient element uptake in cucumber at different pHExcess Mn in nutrient solution inhibited the growth of shoots and roots, especially at low pH. The Mn content increased with the increasing Mn concentration in nutrient solution, and low pH increased the Mn distribution in the shoots. Excess Mn inhibited the absorption of Ca, Mg and Fe, and low pH decreased Mg content. Because Mg and Fe deficiency influence chlorophyll synthesis, the decrease in chlorophyll content induced by excess Mn may be due to the decreased absorption of Mg and Fe by excess Mn. As a result, the net photosynthesis rate was decreased.2. Combined effects of excess Mn and low pH on oxidative stress in cucumberThe MDA content, as an index of lipid peroxidation, dramatically increased with increasing Mn concentration, especially at low pH. Excess Mn led to an elevation in activities of Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD, which play an important role in removing O2 . Cu,Zn-SOD and CAT were sensitive to excess Mn, and their activity significantly decreased under excess Mn and low pH, while activities of GPX, APX, DHAR and GR increased under low pH and higher concentrations of Mn, which indicated their important roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species in cucumber roots tolerance to low pH and excess Mn.3. Effects of excess Mn on photosynthesis characteristics and nutrition uptake in cucumber under different light intensityExcess Mn inhibited plant growth and the plants under high light intensity showed more serious symptoms of Mn toxicity compared to those under low light intensity. Low light intensity decreased the Mn content in cucumber plant and decreased the inhibitory effects for
absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn under excess Mn. Under high light intensity the primary maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the quantum efficiency of non-cyclic electron transport of PSII ( φ PSII) and photochemical quenching (qP) significantly decreased in excess Mn treatment, however, under low light intensity no significant effects on Fv/Fm and qP were observed. Excess Mn significantly decreased the chlorophyll content, and low light intensity increased chlorophyll content. Excess Mn decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs), particularly under high light intensity. Excess Mn increased intracellular CO2 (Ci) under high light intensity and decreased Ci under low light intensity. Therefore, we could conclude that stomatal limitation was a dominant factor on Pn decrease in excess Mn treatment under high light intensity and non-stomatal limitation was a dominant factor on Pn decrease in excess Mn treatment under low light intensity.4. Oxidative stress and antioxidant system in cucumber influenced by excess Mn under different light intensitiesLow light intensity decreased the O2- producing rate and H2O2 content in cucumber leaves, and reduced the lipid peroxidation induced by excess Mn. Under the same Mn concentration, low light intensity decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which adapted to the low O2- producing rate and H2O2 content. Compared to normal Mn treatment, excess Mn significantly decreased ascorbate and glutathione content, particularly under the high light intensity. Antioxidant enzymes showed different changes in different organelles. Activities of SOD, GPX, APX, DHAR and GR in cytosol and chloroplast were stimulated by excess Mn treatment. APX, DHAR and GR activities in chloroplast were
1.不同pH下高锰对黄瓜生长及营养元素吸收的影响
营养液中高锰离子明显抑制了黄瓜地上部和地下部的生长,降低pH加重了抑制的程度。黄瓜植株各组织中Mn的含量随着营养液中Mn~(2+)浓度的增加而增加,降低pH增加了黄瓜植株地上部Mn的含量。高Mn处理显著降低了Ca、Mg和Fe在黄瓜植株体内的积累量,并且降低pH进一步降低了Mg的吸收,由于Mg和Fe是叶绿素的重要组成部分,因此它们的降低可能是叶绿素含量下降的一个主要原因,结果导致净光合速率显著下降。
2.低pH值和高锰对黄瓜氧化胁迫的复合效应
随着营养液中Mn~(2+)浓度的提高黄瓜叶片和根系中膜脂过氧化产物MDA的含量呈明显的上升趋势,降低pH进一步加剧了膜脂过氧化程度。高锰胁迫诱导了黄瓜植株中Mn-SOD和Fe-SOD活性增加,而Cu,Zn-SOD对高锰胁迫比较敏感,因此Mn-SOD和Fe-SOD在清除高Mn下黄瓜植株内的O_2~-发挥重要作用。CAT对高锰胁迫比较敏感,高锰和低pH处理导致其活性明显下降,而GPX以及抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽循环过程中的重要酶类APX、DHAR和GR在低pH和一定范围的高锰处理下活性上升,对降低高锰胁迫下活性氧伤害具有重要作用。
3.不同光强下高锰对黄瓜光合特性和营养吸收的影响
高锰处理抑制了黄瓜植株的生长,与弱光处理相比强光下抑制幅度更加显著。降低光强减少了黄瓜植株内锰的含量,并且缓解了高Mn对Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn等元素吸收的抑制作用。强光下,高锰处理显著降低了叶绿素含量,但降低光强却增加了其含量。强光下,高锰处理显著降低了原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传
Mn toxicity easily occurs in the soils of succesive cropping greenhouses and acidity. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is widely planted in open field and greenhouse and easily affected by excess Mn toxicity. Therefore, it is very important to study the physiological mechanisms of Mn toxicity in cucumber and take measures to decrease the toxicity. In this study, hydroponic culture experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanisms of Mn toxicity to cucumber and the effects of pH, light intensity, silicon and salicylic acid. The main results obtained were presented as follows:1. Effects of excess Mn on plant growth and nutrient element uptake in cucumber at different pHExcess Mn in nutrient solution inhibited the growth of shoots and roots, especially at low pH. The Mn content increased with the increasing Mn concentration in nutrient solution, and low pH increased the Mn distribution in the shoots. Excess Mn inhibited the absorption of Ca, Mg and Fe, and low pH decreased Mg content. Because Mg and Fe deficiency influence chlorophyll synthesis, the decrease in chlorophyll content induced by excess Mn may be due to the decreased absorption of Mg and Fe by excess Mn. As a result, the net photosynthesis rate was decreased.2. Combined effects of excess Mn and low pH on oxidative stress in cucumberThe MDA content, as an index of lipid peroxidation, dramatically increased with increasing Mn concentration, especially at low pH. Excess Mn led to an elevation in activities of Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD, which play an important role in removing O2 . Cu,Zn-SOD and CAT were sensitive to excess Mn, and their activity significantly decreased under excess Mn and low pH, while activities of GPX, APX, DHAR and GR increased under low pH and higher concentrations of Mn, which indicated their important roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species in cucumber roots tolerance to low pH and excess Mn.3. Effects of excess Mn on photosynthesis characteristics and nutrition uptake in cucumber under different light intensityExcess Mn inhibited plant growth and the plants under high light intensity showed more serious symptoms of Mn toxicity compared to those under low light intensity. Low light intensity decreased the Mn content in cucumber plant and decreased the inhibitory effects for
absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn under excess Mn. Under high light intensity the primary maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the quantum efficiency of non-cyclic electron transport of PSII ( φ PSII) and photochemical quenching (qP) significantly decreased in excess Mn treatment, however, under low light intensity no significant effects on Fv/Fm and qP were observed. Excess Mn significantly decreased the chlorophyll content, and low light intensity increased chlorophyll content. Excess Mn decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs), particularly under high light intensity. Excess Mn increased intracellular CO2 (Ci) under high light intensity and decreased Ci under low light intensity. Therefore, we could conclude that stomatal limitation was a dominant factor on Pn decrease in excess Mn treatment under high light intensity and non-stomatal limitation was a dominant factor on Pn decrease in excess Mn treatment under low light intensity.4. Oxidative stress and antioxidant system in cucumber influenced by excess Mn under different light intensitiesLow light intensity decreased the O2- producing rate and H2O2 content in cucumber leaves, and reduced the lipid peroxidation induced by excess Mn. Under the same Mn concentration, low light intensity decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which adapted to the low O2- producing rate and H2O2 content. Compared to normal Mn treatment, excess Mn significantly decreased ascorbate and glutathione content, particularly under the high light intensity. Antioxidant enzymes showed different changes in different organelles. Activities of SOD, GPX, APX, DHAR and GR in cytosol and chloroplast were stimulated by excess Mn treatment. APX, DHAR and GR activities in chloroplast were
引文
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