珠峰自然保护区景观格局演化及其驱动因子研究
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摘要
珠峰自然保护区地处中国西藏自治区西南隅与尼泊尔王国交界处,是以保护高山生态系统、高原自然景观以及地史遗迹、藏族历史文化遗产为主的综合性保护区。
本文以珠峰自然保护区为研究区域,在景观生态学和相关学科理论的支持下,借助于“3S”技术,以两个时段的遥感影像为主要研究资料,结合珠峰自然保护区的区域特征,对研究区域景观格局及其演变进行深入系统的分析研究,目的是为了揭示研究区域景观格局变化,分析影响景观格局演变的自然驱动因子和人文驱动因子,进而了解珠峰自然保护区的整个景观发展情况,为珠峰自然保护区生态评价及保护等问题的研究奠定基础,对珠峰自然保护区乃至全国自然保护区的可持续发展有着重要的指导意义。
本文以1986年和2000年陆地卫星多波段遥感影像为主要研究资料,结合珠峰自然保护区的区域特点,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,建立景观分类系统和解译标志,对珠峰自然保护区进行类型划分和面积调查,计算斑块的数目、面积、周长等斑块特征,并在此基础上通过采用景观多样性指数、优势度指数、景观破碎化指数、平均斑块形状指数等景观的空间格局指数,比较系统地分析1986～2000年珠峰自然保护区景观空间格局变化。
通过研究结果表明:在1986～2000年间,研究区域各景观类型的面积虽然发生相应的变化,但就整体景观而言,景观格局基本处于稳定发展状态,变化甚小,景观破碎度亦没有增加。就单一景观来看,湿地景观中除永久性冰川雪地的面积有所减少外,河渠、湖泊面积均有所增大;林地景观中有林地、灌木林以及疏林地景观面积均有所增加;草地景观方面,中覆盖度草地和低覆盖度草地面积有所减少,高覆盖度草地面积加大;荒漠景观中,沙地面积虽有所减少,但裸岩石砾地和盐碱地面积均有增加。对影响景观格局变化中的驱动力分析得出:从景观整体格局而言,研究区域整体景观格局的稳定有序与人文因子中的政策因子相关关系较大,与珠峰自然保护区特殊的地理环境也有一定的关系。而从单一景观类型来看,永久性冰川雪地面积的增加与全球变暖密切相关,林地景观的增多和草地的退化与人文因子关系比较大,土地荒漠化的显现则不仅与自然因子中的气候因子和降水因子有关,也与人文因子中的人类活动有关。从研究结果看出,在各级政府和国际友人的共同关心下,珠峰自然保护区作为国家级自然保护区,尚处于稳定的持续发展状态。目前,有关针对草地退化和荒漠化现象等方面的措施和保护区的管理方案都切实可行,可以继续执行下去。
Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve is located in junction of China's Tibet Autonomous Region and Kingdom of Nepal, it is the protection of mountain ecosystems、the plateau in the history of the natural landscape and monuments、mainly of Tibetan historical and cultural heritage integrated protected areas.
In this paper, to study the region of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve, in landscape ecology and related disciplines theory, with the support of the help of "3 S", to two hours of remote sensing image as the main research data, with the region of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve Characteristics and study the regional landscape pattern and the evolution of an in-depth analysis of the system, the purpose is to reveal the study area landscape pattern changes, the impact analysis of the evolution of the natural landscape pattern driving factors and human driving factor, further understanding of the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve Development of the entire landscape, Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve and the protection of the ecological assessment on issues such as the foundation for the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve and National Nature Reserve in the sustainable development of important guiding significance.
Based on 1986 and 2000 land-based multi-band satellite remote sensing image as the main research data, with the regional characteristics of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve, in the geographic information system technology, with the support of the establishment of landscape classification system and interpret the signs, the Mount Qomolangma Nature Conservation Area and the type of area of investigation.By using the indexes of the landscape pattern: landscape diversity index, landscape dominance index, landscape fragmentation index and so on, this article presents the dynamic change.
Through research results show that: In 1986 to 2000, in the the study area, the size of each type of landscape are in the corresponding changes, but through the point of overall landscape, the landscape pattern occurred in the stable development of the basic state, very small changes, landscape fragmentation has not increased. Through the point of single landscape, in the wetland landscape permanent glaciers reduced the size, the area of canals and lakes have increased.In the woodland landscape ,the whole Woodland landscape's area had increased; In the grassland landscape,the area of the coverage of grass and low coverage of grassland reduction and high grass coverage area of increasing; In the desert landscape, although the sandy's area reduced, but Uncovered Rock Shili's area and saline-alkali soil's area has increased. The impact of changes in the landscape pattern analysis that the driving force: through the point of overall pattern from the landscape, the landscape pattern on the overall regional stability are the results of humane factor in the larger policy-related relations and the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve unique geographical environment. And from a single type of landscape, the permanent ice and snow of the increase is closely related to global warming, woodland landscape of the increase and grassland in the degradation of relations with the humanities, desertification is not only natural factor in climate and precipitation-related, but also factor in the humanities and human activities. Results from the study that, at all levels of government and international friends of common concern, the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve as a National Nature Reserve, still in a state of continuous development and stability. Currently, the measures for grassland degradation and desertification phenomenon and and the management of protected areas programmes are practical and can continue to implement it.
本文以珠峰自然保护区为研究区域,在景观生态学和相关学科理论的支持下,借助于“3S”技术,以两个时段的遥感影像为主要研究资料,结合珠峰自然保护区的区域特征,对研究区域景观格局及其演变进行深入系统的分析研究,目的是为了揭示研究区域景观格局变化,分析影响景观格局演变的自然驱动因子和人文驱动因子,进而了解珠峰自然保护区的整个景观发展情况,为珠峰自然保护区生态评价及保护等问题的研究奠定基础,对珠峰自然保护区乃至全国自然保护区的可持续发展有着重要的指导意义。
本文以1986年和2000年陆地卫星多波段遥感影像为主要研究资料,结合珠峰自然保护区的区域特点,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,建立景观分类系统和解译标志,对珠峰自然保护区进行类型划分和面积调查,计算斑块的数目、面积、周长等斑块特征,并在此基础上通过采用景观多样性指数、优势度指数、景观破碎化指数、平均斑块形状指数等景观的空间格局指数,比较系统地分析1986～2000年珠峰自然保护区景观空间格局变化。
通过研究结果表明:在1986～2000年间,研究区域各景观类型的面积虽然发生相应的变化,但就整体景观而言,景观格局基本处于稳定发展状态,变化甚小,景观破碎度亦没有增加。就单一景观来看,湿地景观中除永久性冰川雪地的面积有所减少外,河渠、湖泊面积均有所增大;林地景观中有林地、灌木林以及疏林地景观面积均有所增加;草地景观方面,中覆盖度草地和低覆盖度草地面积有所减少,高覆盖度草地面积加大;荒漠景观中,沙地面积虽有所减少,但裸岩石砾地和盐碱地面积均有增加。对影响景观格局变化中的驱动力分析得出:从景观整体格局而言,研究区域整体景观格局的稳定有序与人文因子中的政策因子相关关系较大,与珠峰自然保护区特殊的地理环境也有一定的关系。而从单一景观类型来看,永久性冰川雪地面积的增加与全球变暖密切相关,林地景观的增多和草地的退化与人文因子关系比较大,土地荒漠化的显现则不仅与自然因子中的气候因子和降水因子有关,也与人文因子中的人类活动有关。从研究结果看出,在各级政府和国际友人的共同关心下,珠峰自然保护区作为国家级自然保护区,尚处于稳定的持续发展状态。目前,有关针对草地退化和荒漠化现象等方面的措施和保护区的管理方案都切实可行,可以继续执行下去。
Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve is located in junction of China's Tibet Autonomous Region and Kingdom of Nepal, it is the protection of mountain ecosystems、the plateau in the history of the natural landscape and monuments、mainly of Tibetan historical and cultural heritage integrated protected areas.
In this paper, to study the region of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve, in landscape ecology and related disciplines theory, with the support of the help of "3 S", to two hours of remote sensing image as the main research data, with the region of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve Characteristics and study the regional landscape pattern and the evolution of an in-depth analysis of the system, the purpose is to reveal the study area landscape pattern changes, the impact analysis of the evolution of the natural landscape pattern driving factors and human driving factor, further understanding of the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve Development of the entire landscape, Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve and the protection of the ecological assessment on issues such as the foundation for the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve and National Nature Reserve in the sustainable development of important guiding significance.
Based on 1986 and 2000 land-based multi-band satellite remote sensing image as the main research data, with the regional characteristics of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve, in the geographic information system technology, with the support of the establishment of landscape classification system and interpret the signs, the Mount Qomolangma Nature Conservation Area and the type of area of investigation.By using the indexes of the landscape pattern: landscape diversity index, landscape dominance index, landscape fragmentation index and so on, this article presents the dynamic change.
Through research results show that: In 1986 to 2000, in the the study area, the size of each type of landscape are in the corresponding changes, but through the point of overall landscape, the landscape pattern occurred in the stable development of the basic state, very small changes, landscape fragmentation has not increased. Through the point of single landscape, in the wetland landscape permanent glaciers reduced the size, the area of canals and lakes have increased.In the woodland landscape ,the whole Woodland landscape's area had increased; In the grassland landscape,the area of the coverage of grass and low coverage of grassland reduction and high grass coverage area of increasing; In the desert landscape, although the sandy's area reduced, but Uncovered Rock Shili's area and saline-alkali soil's area has increased. The impact of changes in the landscape pattern analysis that the driving force: through the point of overall pattern from the landscape, the landscape pattern on the overall regional stability are the results of humane factor in the larger policy-related relations and the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve unique geographical environment. And from a single type of landscape, the permanent ice and snow of the increase is closely related to global warming, woodland landscape of the increase and grassland in the degradation of relations with the humanities, desertification is not only natural factor in climate and precipitation-related, but also factor in the humanities and human activities. Results from the study that, at all levels of government and international friends of common concern, the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve as a National Nature Reserve, still in a state of continuous development and stability. Currently, the measures for grassland degradation and desertification phenomenon and and the management of protected areas programmes are practical and can continue to implement it.
引文
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[2]肖笃宁.景观生态学理论、方法及应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1991.92-99,186-196.
[3]邬建国.景观生态学--格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[4]Wu J G.Landscape ecology:pattern,process,scale and hierarchy.High Education Press,2000.1-71.
[5]Fu B J,Chen L D,Ma K M,et al.Theory and application of landscape ecology,Beijing:Science Press,2001.1-145
[6]Xiao D N,L i X Z,Gao J,et al.Landscape ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2002.
[7]Risser P G,Karr J R,Forman R T T.Landscape ecology:directions and approaches.A work shop held at Allerton Park Piatt:County Illinois,1984,16.
[8]Forman R T T.Land mosaics:the ecology of landscapes and regions.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[9]Farina A.Principles and methods in landscape ecology.Landon:Chapman and Hall,1998.
[10]陈利顶,傅伯杰.黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析--以山东省东营市为例.生态学报[J],1996,16(4):337-344.
[11]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望.地理科学[J],1997,17(4):356-363.
[12]刘建国.当代生态学博论[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[13]伍业钢,李哈滨.景观生态学的理论发展[A].见:邬建国(主编).当代生态学博论[C].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1992.2 68地理科学23卷30-39.
[14]吴江.开发旅游资源与景观生态协调机制的关系[J].旅游资源,1998,1:138-139.
[15]王仰麟,杨新军.风景名胜区总体规划中的旅游持续发展研究(以浙江金华双龙国家重点风景名胜区为例)[J].地理研究,1998,12:383-389.
[16]徐君亮,叶茂业.景观生态学在生态旅游景观建设中的应用研究[J].热带地理,2002,12:230-234.
[17]王仰麟,杨新军.区域旅游开发中的景观生态研究(以云南省安宁市为例)[J].地理研究,1998,9:383-389.
[18]王景伟,王海泽.景观指数在景观格局描述中的应用--以鞍山大麦科湿地自然保护区为例[J].水土保持研究,2006,4.
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