河北保护地蔬菜土壤真菌多样性研究
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摘要
由于连年种植,保护地土传病害和气传病害呈逐年加重趋势。尤其是土传病害,在土壤中存活期长,条件适宜时引起植物发病,导致减产。因此,研究探讨河北蔬菜保护地土壤真菌多样性不仅可以指导保护地蔬菜生产和科学防治土传病害,还可以通过土壤真菌的分离和鉴定丰富我国真菌种类资源。
本研究对河北省11个地区的蔬菜保护地土壤,采用五点取样法采集土样,应用稀释分离法进行真菌分离、鉴定与研究,取得以下结果:
1、共鉴定出22个属61个种,分别是致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)、灰腐质霉(Humicila grisea)、棕黑腐质霉(Humicola fuscoatra)、土黄冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)、雅致放射毛霉(Actinomucor elegans)、铅色毛霉(Muor plumbeus)、橄榄色毛壳(Chaetomium olivaceum)、露湿漆斑菌(Myrothecium roridum)、直立枝顶孢(Acremoniumstrictum)、分枝枝顶孢(Acremonium furcatum)、马铃薯褐腐束梗霉(Stysanus stemonites)、炭疽菌(Collelotrichum spp.)、朽木圆酵母(Torula antennata)、总状共头霉(Syncephalastrum racemosum)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、粉红粘帚霉(Gliocadiumroseum)、被毛枝葡萄孢(Botryotrichum piluliferum)、嗜热毁丝霉(Myceliophthorathermophila)、角质金孢(Chrysoporium Keratinophilum)、微小被孢霉(Mortierellaexigua)、茶渍轮枝菌(Vertillium lecanii)、雪白弯颈霉(Tolypocladium niveum)、山地青霉(Penicillum montanense)、常现青霉(Penicillum frequentans)、扩展青霉(Penicillum.expansum)、桔黑青霉(Penicillum citreonigrum)、扩张青霉(Penicillumexpansum)、棒形青霉(Penicillum claxiforme)、白酪青霉(Penicillum caseicolum)、雪腐镰孢菌(Fusarium nivale)、茄病镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)、腹状镰孢菌(Fusariumventricosum)、水生镰孢菌中型变种(Fusarium aquaeductuum var.medium)、梨孢镰孢菌(Fusarium poae)、半裸镰孢菌(Fusarium semitectum)、束梗镰孢菌(Fusariumstilboides)、串珠镰孢菌(Fusarium moniliforme)、尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、木贼镰孢菌(Fusarium equiseti)、柔毛镰孢菌(Fusarium flocciferum)、拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、桔绿木霉(Trichoderma citrinoviride)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、微孢木霉(Trichodermaminutisporum)、克拉瑟木霉(Trichoderma crasssum)、粘绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatu)、烟曲霉原变种(Aspergillusfumigatus var.fumigatus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、硫色曲霉(Aspergillussulphureusr)、塔宾曲霉(Aspergillus tubingensis)、杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)、焦曲霉(Aspergillus ustus)、赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus.)、局限曲霉(Aspergillusrestrictus)、球形小孢葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys microspora)和1个未知种。
2、以蔬菜和玉米上的重要病原菌为目标菌,对所鉴定出的木霉菌株进行了生防作用和拮抗机制的测定,筛选出了对黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysprorium)具有良好防效的粘绿木霉和哈茨木霉各一株,对玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)具有较好拮抗作用的哈茨木霉一株,其拮抗机制主要有竞争、抗生和重寄生作用,其中重寄生是其最主要的机制之一。
研究结果对认识河北保护地蔬菜土壤真菌多样性提供了基本的理论依据、为探索菌系发展变化及指导其防治工作提供了理论依据。
Due to years of cultivation,soil-borne diseases and air-borne ones were increasing in the greenhouses year and year.especially soil-borne disease,because their pathogens survived in the soil over a long period,when the conditions are appropriate,plant disease were incured and plant production decreased.Therefore,it aimed at the study on the diversity of soil fungi in Hebei greenhouse,which not only prevent and control soil-borne diseases,guide scientific vegetable production,but also rich China's fungal species resources.
Soil fungus,which collected from rhizosphere soil in the greenhouses planted vegetables in Hebei Province were separated and identified in this thesis.165 soli samples were collected by five-point sampling,fungus were diluted separation and identified.the following findings were made:
1.22 genus and 61 species were identified.which are Phytophthora infestans、Humicila grisea、Humicolafuscoatra、Mucor hiemalis、Actinomucor elegans、Muorplumbeus、Chaetomium olivaceum、Chaetomium cochliodes、Chaetomium globosum、Myrothecium roridum、Acremonium strictum、Acremonium furcatum、Stysanus stemonites、Collelotrichum、Torula antennata、Alternaria alternata、Syncephalastrum racemosum、Gliocadium roseum、Botryotrichum piluliferum、Myceliophthora thermophila、Chrysoporium keratinophilum、Mortierella exigua、Vertillium lecanii、Tolypocladium niveum、Penicillum montanense、Penicillum frequentans、Penicillum.expansum、Penicillum citreonigrum、Penicillum expansum、Penicillum claxiforme、Penicillum caseicolum、Fusarium nivale、Fusarium solani、Fusarium ventricosum、Fusarium aquaeductuum var.medium、Fusarium poae、Fusarium semitectum、Fusarium stilboides、Fusarium moniliforme、Fusarium oxysporum、Fusarium equiseti、Fusarium flocciferum、Trichoderma pseudokoningii、Trichoderma citrinoviride、Trichoderma atroviride、Trichoderma longibrachiatum、Trichoderma koningii、Trichoderma harzianum、Trichoderma minutisporum、Trichoderma crasssum、Trichoderma virens、Aspergillusflavus、Aspergillus fumigatu、Aspergillus fumigatus var.fumigatus、Aspergillus niger、Aspergillus sulphureusr、Aspergillus tubingensis、Aspergillus versicolor、Aspergillus ustus、Aspergillus ochraceus、Aspergillus restrictus、Stachybotrys microspora and one unknowned species.
2.At the same time,the antagonism and biocontrol mechanism of Trichoderma spp.to the important pathogens happened on vegetables and corns,including F.oxysprorium、E.turcicum and C.lunata etc.were tested.T.harzianum and T.virens which have a good effect on F.oxysprorium were screened and a T.harzianum on E.turcicum were screened,respectively.And its main antagonistic mechanism to pathogens is competition, re-parasitic and antibiotic,in that re-parasitic is one of the most important mechanism.
Not only the results in the thsis can provide basic theoretical basis for understanding of protection for vegetable soil fungi diversity,but also for exploring the development and changes of strains and plant diseases prevention and treatment guidance.
本研究对河北省11个地区的蔬菜保护地土壤,采用五点取样法采集土样,应用稀释分离法进行真菌分离、鉴定与研究,取得以下结果:
1、共鉴定出22个属61个种,分别是致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)、灰腐质霉(Humicila grisea)、棕黑腐质霉(Humicola fuscoatra)、土黄冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)、雅致放射毛霉(Actinomucor elegans)、铅色毛霉(Muor plumbeus)、橄榄色毛壳(Chaetomium olivaceum)、露湿漆斑菌(Myrothecium roridum)、直立枝顶孢(Acremoniumstrictum)、分枝枝顶孢(Acremonium furcatum)、马铃薯褐腐束梗霉(Stysanus stemonites)、炭疽菌(Collelotrichum spp.)、朽木圆酵母(Torula antennata)、总状共头霉(Syncephalastrum racemosum)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、粉红粘帚霉(Gliocadiumroseum)、被毛枝葡萄孢(Botryotrichum piluliferum)、嗜热毁丝霉(Myceliophthorathermophila)、角质金孢(Chrysoporium Keratinophilum)、微小被孢霉(Mortierellaexigua)、茶渍轮枝菌(Vertillium lecanii)、雪白弯颈霉(Tolypocladium niveum)、山地青霉(Penicillum montanense)、常现青霉(Penicillum frequentans)、扩展青霉(Penicillum.expansum)、桔黑青霉(Penicillum citreonigrum)、扩张青霉(Penicillumexpansum)、棒形青霉(Penicillum claxiforme)、白酪青霉(Penicillum caseicolum)、雪腐镰孢菌(Fusarium nivale)、茄病镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)、腹状镰孢菌(Fusariumventricosum)、水生镰孢菌中型变种(Fusarium aquaeductuum var.medium)、梨孢镰孢菌(Fusarium poae)、半裸镰孢菌(Fusarium semitectum)、束梗镰孢菌(Fusariumstilboides)、串珠镰孢菌(Fusarium moniliforme)、尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、木贼镰孢菌(Fusarium equiseti)、柔毛镰孢菌(Fusarium flocciferum)、拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、桔绿木霉(Trichoderma citrinoviride)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、微孢木霉(Trichodermaminutisporum)、克拉瑟木霉(Trichoderma crasssum)、粘绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatu)、烟曲霉原变种(Aspergillusfumigatus var.fumigatus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、硫色曲霉(Aspergillussulphureusr)、塔宾曲霉(Aspergillus tubingensis)、杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)、焦曲霉(Aspergillus ustus)、赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus.)、局限曲霉(Aspergillusrestrictus)、球形小孢葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys microspora)和1个未知种。
2、以蔬菜和玉米上的重要病原菌为目标菌,对所鉴定出的木霉菌株进行了生防作用和拮抗机制的测定,筛选出了对黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysprorium)具有良好防效的粘绿木霉和哈茨木霉各一株,对玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)具有较好拮抗作用的哈茨木霉一株,其拮抗机制主要有竞争、抗生和重寄生作用,其中重寄生是其最主要的机制之一。
研究结果对认识河北保护地蔬菜土壤真菌多样性提供了基本的理论依据、为探索菌系发展变化及指导其防治工作提供了理论依据。
Due to years of cultivation,soil-borne diseases and air-borne ones were increasing in the greenhouses year and year.especially soil-borne disease,because their pathogens survived in the soil over a long period,when the conditions are appropriate,plant disease were incured and plant production decreased.Therefore,it aimed at the study on the diversity of soil fungi in Hebei greenhouse,which not only prevent and control soil-borne diseases,guide scientific vegetable production,but also rich China's fungal species resources.
Soil fungus,which collected from rhizosphere soil in the greenhouses planted vegetables in Hebei Province were separated and identified in this thesis.165 soli samples were collected by five-point sampling,fungus were diluted separation and identified.the following findings were made:
1.22 genus and 61 species were identified.which are Phytophthora infestans、Humicila grisea、Humicolafuscoatra、Mucor hiemalis、Actinomucor elegans、Muorplumbeus、Chaetomium olivaceum、Chaetomium cochliodes、Chaetomium globosum、Myrothecium roridum、Acremonium strictum、Acremonium furcatum、Stysanus stemonites、Collelotrichum、Torula antennata、Alternaria alternata、Syncephalastrum racemosum、Gliocadium roseum、Botryotrichum piluliferum、Myceliophthora thermophila、Chrysoporium keratinophilum、Mortierella exigua、Vertillium lecanii、Tolypocladium niveum、Penicillum montanense、Penicillum frequentans、Penicillum.expansum、Penicillum citreonigrum、Penicillum expansum、Penicillum claxiforme、Penicillum caseicolum、Fusarium nivale、Fusarium solani、Fusarium ventricosum、Fusarium aquaeductuum var.medium、Fusarium poae、Fusarium semitectum、Fusarium stilboides、Fusarium moniliforme、Fusarium oxysporum、Fusarium equiseti、Fusarium flocciferum、Trichoderma pseudokoningii、Trichoderma citrinoviride、Trichoderma atroviride、Trichoderma longibrachiatum、Trichoderma koningii、Trichoderma harzianum、Trichoderma minutisporum、Trichoderma crasssum、Trichoderma virens、Aspergillusflavus、Aspergillus fumigatu、Aspergillus fumigatus var.fumigatus、Aspergillus niger、Aspergillus sulphureusr、Aspergillus tubingensis、Aspergillus versicolor、Aspergillus ustus、Aspergillus ochraceus、Aspergillus restrictus、Stachybotrys microspora and one unknowned species.
2.At the same time,the antagonism and biocontrol mechanism of Trichoderma spp.to the important pathogens happened on vegetables and corns,including F.oxysprorium、E.turcicum and C.lunata etc.were tested.T.harzianum and T.virens which have a good effect on F.oxysprorium were screened and a T.harzianum on E.turcicum were screened,respectively.And its main antagonistic mechanism to pathogens is competition, re-parasitic and antibiotic,in that re-parasitic is one of the most important mechanism.
Not only the results in the thsis can provide basic theoretical basis for understanding of protection for vegetable soil fungi diversity,but also for exploring the development and changes of strains and plant diseases prevention and treatment guidance.
引文
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