摘要
改革开放以来,我国经济迅猛发展,人口膨胀和城市化进程加速使人地矛盾加剧,城市用地低效利用、闲置导致土地浪费等现象也不断涌现。在耕地锐减的同时,城市发展对用地的需求不能再通过城市土地的空间扩张得到满足,而更科学和有效的途径就是实现土地的集约利用。近十几年,城市土地集约利用的研究中对于宗地尺度的集约利用评价研究并不多见。实施宗地尺度的产业用地的集约利用评价研究不仅可以为城市主导产业规划提供基础数据,为宏观用地布局及其调整提供思路,也为城市产业用地优化配置和管理提供科学依据为。
本文以同心圆理论和多中心理论等区位理论为理论支撑,从城市土地的利用强度和空间布局入手,采用定性和定量的方法,构建了用于评价宗地布局的区位模型,并且系统地提出了宗地尺度的产业用地集约利用评价指标体系、标准以及评价模型,并对合肥市宗地进行了评价。主要研究结论如下:
(1)构建了宗地尺度的产业用地集约利用评价的区位模型。本研究以同心圆理论和多中心理论等理论为支撑,通过网格法划定了城市圈层,采用定性和定量结合的方法,构建出了城市区位线等值线,兼顾了单核和多核的城市发展模式。
(2)构建了宗地尺度的产业用地集约利用评价模型。以宗地综合数据为基础,以宗地为评价单元,通过灰色关联度方法,结合区位模型,构建了宗地尺度的产业用地集约利用评价指标体系;依据国家和地方集约利用评价相关标准,结合特尔斐法,构建了宗地尺度的产业用地集约利用评价标准体系;采用隶属度函数进行归一化处理,并利用相对权重的方法,构建了宗地尺度的产业用地集约利用评价模型。
(3)对合肥市中心城区内的宗地进行了集约利用评价。研究表明,合肥市集约的宗地数量比例为62.46%,集约水平较低;集约的商服业用地、重工业用地和轻工业用地数量比例分别为66.64%,41.39%,36.02%:宗地的布局大体呈现“集聚,过聚,低片且分散”的布局,即集约和过度集约的宗地都聚集在商服业圈内,而低度不集约的宗地分布较零散;四个行政区内的集约的宗地数量比例比较接近,庐阳区和包河区,分别为67.66%和67.36%,相差不大,蜀山区略低,为62.08%,瑶海区最低,为53.77%;从城市中心到外围,集约的商服用地数量比例呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,重工业用地则不断上升,而轻工业用地一直处于比较低的利用状态,只有35%稍多。
综上所述,建议适当降低市区内商服业用地的建筑密度,提高市区外围的商业用地容积率和建筑密度;继续推进“退二进三”政策,优化城市产业用地布局,工业用地的利用强度;加强土地监管,防止圈地,闲置,随意改变土地用途等现象。
Since the reform and opening up, China has witnessed fast social and economic development and made significant achievements. The growth of population and the continuous process of urbanization cause increasing conflicts between the supply and demand of land. The phenomena of inefficient use and waste of land in the course of our urban industrial land use keep arising, and such extensive use of land further worsens the conflicts. Given the fact that cultivated land is decreasing sharply, the need of land for the city's development can no longer rely on the city's the spatial expansion, and a more scientific and effective approach is to use the land intensively. Over the past ten years, the intensive use of urban land has been a hot issue and has made fruitful research achievements.
The paper, taking the concepts of intensive use of land and industrial land from the spatial layout and based on the location theory with the concentric zone theory and the multi-center theory, systematically puts forward the indicator system, standards and evaluation models for the intensive use of industrial land at the level of parcels and evaluates the situation of intensive use of business land, light industrial land and heavy industrial land in Hefei city. It adopts qualitative and quantitative methods and adheres to the principals of science, convenience and high efficiency. It has carried out the empirical research and gives some politics. The conclusion is as follows:
(1) construct the location model of assessing the intensity of urban industrial land use. Based on the circle theory, concentric zone theory, multi-center theory and etc., supported by the industrial land use data of Hefei's central urban area, the research delimits spatial circles, namely business and service circle and industry circles, taking into account of the mono-nucleus and multi-nucleus urban development modes. It adopts the qualitative and quantitative methods and assigns value to each circle edge, uses the spatial differential values, sets a certain accuracy, quantifies the urban locations and thus forms the location lines that covers the entire research area. Such methods can combine human control with scientific selection to provide a scientific base for the spatial adjustment of different types of land.
(2) construct the models of assessing the intensity of urban industrial land use. Based on the data of industrial land, in the light of the evaluation object that takes the unit of parcel, through the method of grey relational degree, combining the location models, the research constructs the intensive use evaluation indicator system for the business and service land, light industrial land and heavy industrial land, which includes standard values, maximums and minimums with some threshold values. Finally, it determines the subordinating degree function for each indicator and constructs evaluation models for intensive use of industrial land in terms of parcels through the method of relative weight.
(3) conduct empirical research on the basis of the research area, the condition of the intensive use of land is generally at a lower level with the percentage of62.46%among all the parcels evaluated; among the three types land use, the percentage of the intensive use of land ranks in a descending order, namely, business land66.64%, heavy industry41.39%and light industry36.02%; The spatial layout of intensive land is generally "intensiveness, over-intensiveness and low non-intensive parcels scatter widely in patches", namely, intensive parcels and over-intensive parcels assembled in the business and service circle while low non-intensive parcels scatter in different pitches and some are relatively fragmented; the levels of the intensive use of industrial land are approximately the same in the four districts. Luyang district and Baohe district differ little with the percentages of67.66%and67.36%, and Shushan district is slightly lower with the percentage of62.08, and Yaohai district is the lowest with the percentage of53.77%; the conditions of intensive use of industrial land vary in different location circles, and the percentage of business land decreases and then increases from the inner circle to the outer circle and the percentage of heavy industrial land maintains the trend of increasing, while the percentage of light industrial land lingers at a low utilization level with a percent of lightly over35%.
In conclusion, it is advised that the density of business and service buildings in the urban area should be adequately lowered and the plot ratio and density of building should be increased in the suburbs; the policy of "retreating the heavy industry and forwarding the service industry" should be continued, the layout of industrial land be optimized and the utilization intensity of light and heavy industries be enhanced; the supervision over land use should be further strengthened and land enclosures and unused land, arbitrary change of land use be avoided.
引文
Alonso W. A theory of the urban land Market[J]. Papers and Proceedings of The Regional Science Association,1996(6): 149-157.
Alonso W. Location and Land use:Towards a General Theory of land Rent[M]. Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press.1964.
Bardo JW, Hartman J J. Urban Sociology:A Systematic Introduction[J]. Peacock,1982.
Batty M. Fractals-geometry between dimensions[J]. New Scientist,1985,106:31-35.
Batty M. Longley P A. The morphology of urban land use[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,1988, 15:461-488.
Batty M. Longley PA. Urban shapes as fractals[J]. Area,1987,19:215-221.
Beckmann M. J. City hierarchies and the distribution of city size[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1958 (6):243-248.
Chapin F S, Kaiser E J. Urban Land Use Planning.3rd[M]. University of Illinois Press,1967.
Council for the protection of Rural England and Michael Jacobs[J]. Sense and sustainability:Land use Planning and sustainable development. CAG Consultants, for CPRE. London, U.K.1993.
FAO. planning for sustainable use land resource:towards a new approach[J]. Land and water Pollution No.2,Rome,1995.
HARRIS C.D., ULLMAN EL. The Nature of Cities[J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political Science,1945: 242.
HOYT H. The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities[J]. Washington D. C.:Federal Housing Administration,1939.
Jiang B, Claramunt C, Batty M. Geometric accessibility and geographic information:extending desktop G1S to space syntax[J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,1999,23:127-146.
Jiang B, Claramunt C. Integration of space syntax into GIS:new perspectives for urban morphology[J]. Transaction in GIS,2002,6(3):295-309.
Johann Heinrich von Thunen. Isolated state[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1966.
John Peponis, Catherine Ross, Mahbub Rashid. The structure of urban space, movement and co-presence:the case of atlanta[J].Geoforum,1997,28(3-4):341-357.
Junlian Zhang. A Relative Weight Model for Soil Productivity Assessment[J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2008, 88:827-832
Lambin EF. Modeling deforestation processes:a review[J]. TREES Series B. Research Report official publications of the European Community Luxembourg,1994.
Mark K. Das Kapital:Kritik der politischen Okonomie[J]. Meissner,1909.
Martens J. Two genetic algorithms to solve a layout problem in the fashion industry [J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2004,154(1):304-322
Rarkr E, Burguss E W, Mckengie R D. The City[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1925.
Ricardo D, Li Q. The principles of political economy and taxation[J]. UK:J.Murray,1819.
Riebsame WE, Parton WJ. Galvin K A. Integrated modeling of land use and cover change[J]. Bioscience,1994,44: 350-356.
Romer. Increasing Returnsand Long Run Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy.1986,94(5):1002-1037.
Smith N, Dcuuls W. The restructuring of geographical scale:coalescence and fragmentation of the northern core region[J], Economic Geography,1987,63:160-182.
Stark R. A hidden treasure map:highest and best use analysis[J]. ASA Valuation,1988,33:24-29.
Weber A. Theory of the Location of Industry[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1962.
West E. Essay on the application of capital to land, with observations shewing the impolicy of any great restrication of the importation of corn and that the bounty of 1688 did not lower the price of it, by a fellow of University college[M], Oxford. London.1815.
Yeh A G, Wu F L. The new land development precess and urban development in Chinese cities[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1996,20(2):330-353.
白冰冰,成舜,李兰维.城市土地集约利用潜力宏观评价探讨—以内蒙古包头市为例[J].华东师范大学学报,2003,35(1):83-88.
毕宝德.土地经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006:44-59.
包卫兵,徐培华,李成慧.我国开发区(工业园区)用地现状及科学用地建议[J].国土资源,2011,(9):42-43.
蔡育天.加快机制转变实现土地资源集约利用[J].中国土地,1996,(2):20-21.
查志强.城市土地集约利用潜力评价指标体系的构建[J].浙江统计,2002:9-11.
陈明星,沈非,查良松等.基于空间句法的城市交通网络特征研究—以安徽省芜湖市为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005(2):40.
陈书荣,曾华.论城市土地集约利用[J].城乡建设,2001,8:28-29.
陈纬.大陆城市土地集约利用的方法研究[J].中国土地科学,1996,10(6):32-33.
陈燕.产业结构优化来探析城市土地合理利用[J].南京社会科学,2005,9:38-42.
陈泳.近代苏州城市形态演变研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2003(6):62-71.
陈昱,陈银蓉,马文博.基于Bayes判别的工业用地集约利用评价与潜力挖掘分析—以湖北省典型企业为例[J].资源科学,2012,3.
成一农.中国古代方志在城市形态研究中的价值[J].中国地方志,2001(1):136-140.
储金龙.城市空间形态定量分析研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2007.
崔莹.城市化与城市土地集约利用问题研究[J].资源与环境.2008,1:58-59.
邓聚龙.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1987.
丁林可,田燕.工业用地集约利用评价指标体系初探[J].国土资源科技管理,2007,5:18-21.
董秀茹等.土地集约利用问题研究综述[J].党政干部学刊,2006,(6):27-28.
冯健.杭州城市形态和土地利用结构的时空演化[J].地理学报,2003,58(3):343-353.
龚义,吴小平,欧阳安蛟.城市土地集约利用内涵界定及评价指标体系设计[J].浙江国土资源.2002,1:46-49.
顾湘,姜海,王铁成,曲福田.工业用地集约利用评价与产业结构调整—以江苏省为例[J].资源科学,2009,31(4):612-618
郭栋,童新华.开发区土地集约利用评价指标体系的研究[J].中国集体经济学术探讨,2008.
郭艳红,李红兵.城乡统筹视角下城市土地集约利用评价研究——以山东省胶南市为例[J].城市发展研究,2011,11.
何芳,肖宗仁.上海产业用地利用现状及发展对策[J].土地市场.2008,10:51-53.
何芳等.国内外城市土地集约利用研究综述与分析[J].国土经济,2002,(3):35-37.
侯玉亭.城市化进程中的土地集约利用[J].江西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004.12.
胡俊.中国城市:模式与演进[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1995.
龙奋杰,郭明.土地供给对中国城市增长的影响研究[J].城市发展研究,2009,(6):83-87.
李焕,徐建春,李翠珍,等.基于BP人工神经网络的开发区土地集约利用评价—以浙江省为例[J].地域研究与开发,2011,30(4):122-126.
李建功.国有土地资产流失渠道与表现[J].中国土地.1999,5:26-28.
李林.中国城市化质量差异与其影响因素研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2007.
李平华,于波.城市区位研究的回顾与评述[J].城市问题,2006,08:15-16.
李双异,邵永东等.辽宁省工业开发区土地集约利用评价指标体系研究[J].国土资源科技管理,2008,25(5):43-46.
李元著.生存与发展:中国保护耕地问题的研究与思考[M].北京:中国大地出版社,1997:22.
理查得·T·伊利,爱德华·W·莫尔豪斯.土地经济学原理(腾维藻译)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982.
刘盛和,吴传钧,陈田.评析西方城市土地利用的理论研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(1):111-119.
刘卫东,袁华宝.城市土地集约利用—房地产开发与经营策略的转变[J].同济大学学报(社会科学版),1999,10(2):56-61.
刘瑜.基于模糊综合评价法的城市土地集约利用评价研究[M].南京:南京师范大学,2008.
陆大道,姚士谋等.中国区域发展报告—城镇化进程及空间扩张[M].北京:商务印书馆,2007.
罗罡辉,钱竞,彭云飞.高度城市化地区的建设用地布局实践—以深圳市为例[J].特区经济,2012,5:30-32.
罗鸿铭.城市土地资源集约化配置模式与利用策略选择[J].现代财经,2004,24(7):22-25.
刘吉伟.建设用地集约节约评价指标体系研究[M].第十届中国科协年会“新时期河南土地供需态势与城乡统筹发展”论坛文集,2008:320-346.
马克思.马克思资本论(第三卷)[M1.北京:人民出版社,1975.
马克伟.土地大辞典[M].长春:长春出版社,1991,838-839
马涛.中国城市产业用地集约利用的研究[M].上海:上海社会科学院,2008.
毛蒋兴等.20世纪90年代以来我国城市土地集约利用研究述评[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,(3):48-53.
牟凤云,张增祥.城市空间形态定量化研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2006,16(5):273-277.
牛星,欧名豪.青岛市开发区土地集约利用评价与研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2007,28(5):47-51.
欧阳勇锋,张延龙,蒋颖.关于城市形态模式的探讨[J].安徽农业科学,2004,32(5):1086-1088.
齐康.城市环境规划设计与方法[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.
强真,杜舰,吴尚昆.我国城市建设用地利用效益评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,17(1):92-95.
冉雄光.略论土地利用方式从粗放型向集约型转变[J].国土经济,1996,(4):52-54.
邵晓梅.土地集约利用的研究进展及展望[J].地理科学进展,2006,(3):85-95.
申卯兴,薛西锋,张小水.灰色关联分析中分辨系数的选取[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版),2003,1(4):68-70.
石春林,朱艳,曹卫星.水稻叶曲线特征的机理模型[J].作物学报,2006,32(5):656-660.
石忆邵,樊文平,蒲晟.我国大都市产业用地规模、结构与效益的比较分析[J].同济大学学报,2010,21(2):25-31.
宋成舜,翟文侠,刘成武.中观视角下西宁市工业用地集约利用评价[J].中国农学通报,2011(11):235-240.
宋春华.房地产大辞典[M].北京:红旗出版社,1993:46.
宋戈等.森工城市转型期土地集约利用指标体系的构建与评价—以黑龙江省伊春市为例[J].中国土地科学,2008(10).
宋启林.城市土地利用空间结构理论与实践总论[J].华中建筑,1998(4):101.
孙文盛.大力推进节约集约用地促进经济社会可持续发展—在市长研讨班暨厅局长座谈会上的讲话[J].国土资源通讯,2005,14:24-29.
谭丹,黄贤金,周峰,王黎明,姚丽.工业用地集约水平影响因素实证研究—以常州、南通、盐城为例[J].城市问题,2009,2:41-44
唐菊兴,李少达,王乾.城市区位模式与城市地价研究—以四川省德阳市为例[J].成都理工学院学报.2001,28(4):429-434.
陶志红,城市土地集约利用几个基本问题的探讨[J].中国土地科学,2000,5(14):1-5.
汪波,郑家响.我国大城市土地集约利用评价研究[J].2006,22(1):24-28.
王广杰.城市土地集约利用评价方法及其系统研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2011.
王梅,曲福田.昆山开发区企业土地集约利用评价指标构建与应用研究[J].中国土地科学,2004,18(6):22-27.
王伟华.基于主成分分析法的城市土地利用集约度研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(4):448-450.
翁翎燕,濮励杰,文继群,朱明.城市土地集约利用与经济增长的协整分析及因果关系检验—以江苏省无锡市为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(2):72-75.
吴郁玲,曲福田.江苏省开发区土地利用集约度的评价研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(6):703-707
武进.中国城市形态、结构、特征及演变[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1990:13-14.
肖宝玉,张文开,章牧.居住用途宗地集约利用潜力微观评价探讨—以福州市为例[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2006,1(2):69-77.
肖梦.城市微观宏观经济学[M].北京:人民出版社,1993:393.
谢敏,郝晋珉,郭文华.大同市建成区城市土地利用集约度宏观评价研究[J].国土资源情报,2009(9):26-30
谢正峰.浅议土地的集约利用和可持续利用[J].国土与自然资源研究,2002,4:31-32.
谢正观、郑仰阳.基于生态敏感性评价的城市非建设用地规划研究—以龙海市九龙江地区为例[J].城市发展研究,2011,05:65-71.
徐银良,胡宁.山东省城市化过程中的土地利用问题研究[J].山东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,19(1):68-71.
许树辉.城镇土地集约利用研究.地域研究与开发,2001,20(3):67-69.
薛俊菲,邱道持,卫欣,等.小城镇土地集约利用水平综合评价探讨—以重庆市北碚区为例[J].地域研究与开发,2002,21(4):46-49.
杨蕾蕾,刘新平.基于PSR模型的城市土地集约利用评价—以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].新疆农业科学,2010(8).
姚士谋,帅江平.城市用地与城市生长[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1995.
叶勃,李江风,季翱.城市化过程中的土地集约利用途径[J].资源开发与市场,2004,20(2):108-110.
伊利,莫尔豪斯著,腾维藻译.土地经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982.
于春艳.城市土地集约利用探讨[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(7):1333-1334.
翟文侠,黄贤金,张强.基于层次分析的城市开发区土地集约利用研究—以江苏省为例[J].南京大学学报(自然科 学版),2006,42(1):96-102
张金前等.福州市土地集约利用模糊评价研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2008(4).
张军连,林培.土地生产潜力评价中土壤修正系数模型的研究[J].自然资源学报,1994,9(3):260-270.
张丽琴.城市土地利用评价指标体系构建[J].资源开发与市场,2003,19(5):278-280.
张新长,曾广鸿,张青年.城市地理信息系统[M].科学出版社,2001.
张治清,贾敦新,邓仕虎,金贤锋.城市空间形态与特征的定量分析—以重庆市主城区为例[J].地球信息科学学报,2013,15(2):297-306.
章牧.城市土地集约利用宏观评价的设计与实现[J].广西师范学院学报(自然科学版),2003,20,111-116.
赵虎,李霖,朱海红.扩展空间句法在城市土地定级中的应用[J].测绘信息与工程,2007(2):40-42.
赵晶,徐建华,梅安新.上海市土地利用结构和形态演变的信息熵与分维分析[J].地理研究,2004,23(2):137-146.
赵鹏军,彭建.城市土地高效集约化利用及其评价指标体系p].资源科学,2001,23(5):23-27.
赵姚阳,濮励杰等.基于模糊逻辑的城市土地集约化利用评价—以江苏省地级城市为例[J].人文地理,2006,87:17-20.
甄江红、成舜、郭永昌等.包头市工业用地土地集约利用潜力评价初步研究[J].经济地理,2004,2:250-253.
郑新奇,王筱明,王爱萍,等.城市宗地集约利用潜力评价方法研究—以济南市城区为例[J].资源科学,2005,27(6): 71-75.
周杨,张军连.基于“退二进三”政策背景下的城市内部区位定量化方法[J].济南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,28(6):421-424.
周诚.土地经济学原理[M].商务印书馆,2003,103-113.
朱荣勤.土地的集约化利用[J].国土经济,1996,(4):55-58.