对于城市中原生态景观的保护设计研究
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摘要
随着经济的高速发展,城市逐渐变为人口高度密集和环境污染最为严重的区域。近几年频繁发生的各种自然灾害给人们敲响了警钟,使人们开始重新审视人与自然和谐共生的关系,城市生态危机已成为当今社会急需解决的一个难题。
过去10年的城市化妆运动使中国城市的自然景观受到了严重的破坏,记忆中飘香的荷塘、高高的芦苇悄然不见,取而代之的是硬质铺地的广场、人工意味浓厚的公园,更有甚者变成一些毫无价值的废弃地或垃圾场。那些曾经出现在我们身边的景色最后只能变成回忆。现在的城市规划中,对于一些历史建筑、历史街区的保护日渐重视,而对于城市中的原生态景观却少有保护,政府往往是花费相当大的精力来营建人工景观,却对自然存在的生态机制视而不见。城市中这些自然景观的生态系统被破坏,最终土地失去了自我调节能力,变成了没有生命的土地。
城市中的原生态景观不仅是调节生态的自然景观,更是传承了地域历史的人文景观。它作为城市混凝土森林中的一方绿洲,不仅对城市生态环境的改善起着不可忽视的重要作用,还能让城市中的人们近距离的感受到大自然的气息,同时,它承载着城市历史的印记,珍藏着生活在其中的人们儿时的回忆,它在很大程度上已经成为一种情感的凝结体,它应该得到应有的重视和保护。对于它的保护应尊重场地本身的特点,遵循其自然的生态格局和生长形态,保护不只是对原有景观的维系和扩展,也是对景观历史的再现和延续。
论文首先分析了城市中原生态景观面临的危机和原因,阐明了本研究的意义和框架。随后对城市原生态景观做出全面整体的概述,界定了其概念和内涵特征,对国内外城市原生态景观保护进行追根溯源,接着分析了原生态景观在城市中的价值和优势,确定了保护的方向和原则,然后结合实际案例从生态、文脉、人本和审美四个方面研究其具体的保护设计方法,最后对城市建设中的原生态景观提出了可行的保护模式和保障体系建议,期望对城市原生态景观的保护起到一定实际意义。
With the rapid economic development, city is becoming the most serious region suffering from high population density and pollution. In recent years, frequent natural disasters shown alarms to people, so people begin to re-examine the harmonious and symbiotic relationship with nature, urban ecological crisis has become an urgent problem of our society need to be resolved.
Over the past 10 years, the natural landscape of Chinese Cities has been seriously damaged by the cities’“make-up”movement, fragrance lotus pond and tall reeds in our memory quietly gone, replaced by the hard floor of Plaza, the park full with artificial means, what is more, they become some worthless wasteland or landfill, as a result, the scenery once around us can only be memories for us finally. Now in urban planning, increasingly attention is paid on protection of some historic buildings and districts, but few protections on the original ecological landscape in the city. The government often takes considerable effort to build artificial landscape, but turn a blind eye to the natural ecological mechanism. Ecosystems of these urban natural landscapes are damaged, eventually land lost it’s self-adjustment ability and becomes a land without life.
The original ecological landscape in city is not only the natural landscape that regulate the ecology, but also the humanity landscape with heritage of the region's history. As an oasis of the forest of concrete in City, it is not only plays an un-neglected important role on improving the urban environment, but also can let the people in the city feel the flavour of nature closely, meanwhile, it carries the mark of a city’s history, it is a collection of the childhood memories of people living in the city, in a large extent, it has become a condensation body of emotion, it should receive more attention and protection. For the protection, its own characteristics should be respected, we should follow its own natural ecological patterns and growth forms, protection is not only the maintenance and expansion of the original landscape, but also the reproduction and continuation of the history of the landscape.
Paper firstly analyzes the crisis and reason faced by ecological landscape in urban, clarifies the significance and framework of this study. Then make a whole comprehensive overview of the Urban Original ecological, define the concepts and features of its content, go to the source of protection of Urban original ecological landscape in domestic and international, and then analyze the values and advantages of original ecological landscape in city, set the direction and principles, then in a view from the ecological, culture context, human and aesthetic and combined with actual cases to research the specific protection design methods, finally, for the urban original ecological landscape in building, propose feasible suggestion on protection models and guarantee system, with the expectation that it can bring some practical significances on the protection of the Urban original ecological landscape.
过去10年的城市化妆运动使中国城市的自然景观受到了严重的破坏,记忆中飘香的荷塘、高高的芦苇悄然不见,取而代之的是硬质铺地的广场、人工意味浓厚的公园,更有甚者变成一些毫无价值的废弃地或垃圾场。那些曾经出现在我们身边的景色最后只能变成回忆。现在的城市规划中,对于一些历史建筑、历史街区的保护日渐重视,而对于城市中的原生态景观却少有保护,政府往往是花费相当大的精力来营建人工景观,却对自然存在的生态机制视而不见。城市中这些自然景观的生态系统被破坏,最终土地失去了自我调节能力,变成了没有生命的土地。
城市中的原生态景观不仅是调节生态的自然景观,更是传承了地域历史的人文景观。它作为城市混凝土森林中的一方绿洲,不仅对城市生态环境的改善起着不可忽视的重要作用,还能让城市中的人们近距离的感受到大自然的气息,同时,它承载着城市历史的印记,珍藏着生活在其中的人们儿时的回忆,它在很大程度上已经成为一种情感的凝结体,它应该得到应有的重视和保护。对于它的保护应尊重场地本身的特点,遵循其自然的生态格局和生长形态,保护不只是对原有景观的维系和扩展,也是对景观历史的再现和延续。
论文首先分析了城市中原生态景观面临的危机和原因,阐明了本研究的意义和框架。随后对城市原生态景观做出全面整体的概述,界定了其概念和内涵特征,对国内外城市原生态景观保护进行追根溯源,接着分析了原生态景观在城市中的价值和优势,确定了保护的方向和原则,然后结合实际案例从生态、文脉、人本和审美四个方面研究其具体的保护设计方法,最后对城市建设中的原生态景观提出了可行的保护模式和保障体系建议,期望对城市原生态景观的保护起到一定实际意义。
With the rapid economic development, city is becoming the most serious region suffering from high population density and pollution. In recent years, frequent natural disasters shown alarms to people, so people begin to re-examine the harmonious and symbiotic relationship with nature, urban ecological crisis has become an urgent problem of our society need to be resolved.
Over the past 10 years, the natural landscape of Chinese Cities has been seriously damaged by the cities’“make-up”movement, fragrance lotus pond and tall reeds in our memory quietly gone, replaced by the hard floor of Plaza, the park full with artificial means, what is more, they become some worthless wasteland or landfill, as a result, the scenery once around us can only be memories for us finally. Now in urban planning, increasingly attention is paid on protection of some historic buildings and districts, but few protections on the original ecological landscape in the city. The government often takes considerable effort to build artificial landscape, but turn a blind eye to the natural ecological mechanism. Ecosystems of these urban natural landscapes are damaged, eventually land lost it’s self-adjustment ability and becomes a land without life.
The original ecological landscape in city is not only the natural landscape that regulate the ecology, but also the humanity landscape with heritage of the region's history. As an oasis of the forest of concrete in City, it is not only plays an un-neglected important role on improving the urban environment, but also can let the people in the city feel the flavour of nature closely, meanwhile, it carries the mark of a city’s history, it is a collection of the childhood memories of people living in the city, in a large extent, it has become a condensation body of emotion, it should receive more attention and protection. For the protection, its own characteristics should be respected, we should follow its own natural ecological patterns and growth forms, protection is not only the maintenance and expansion of the original landscape, but also the reproduction and continuation of the history of the landscape.
Paper firstly analyzes the crisis and reason faced by ecological landscape in urban, clarifies the significance and framework of this study. Then make a whole comprehensive overview of the Urban Original ecological, define the concepts and features of its content, go to the source of protection of Urban original ecological landscape in domestic and international, and then analyze the values and advantages of original ecological landscape in city, set the direction and principles, then in a view from the ecological, culture context, human and aesthetic and combined with actual cases to research the specific protection design methods, finally, for the urban original ecological landscape in building, propose feasible suggestion on protection models and guarantee system, with the expectation that it can bring some practical significances on the protection of the Urban original ecological landscape.
引文
[1]徐华伟.完形城市自然山水设计研究与实践探索[D].重庆大学,2005.
[2]齐雪莲.自然景观保护方法的初探——以长白山景区为例[D].长安大学,2008.
[3]俞孔坚,李迪华.城市景观之路——与市长们交流[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[4] Renae N Stenhouse.Fragmentation and internal disturbance of native vegetation reserves in the Perth metropolitan area,Western Australia[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68(4).
[5] Gemmell R P.The origin and botanical importance of industrialhabitats, UrbanEcology[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications,1982.
[6] John G White,Mark J Antos.Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments,The influence of streetscape vegetation[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2005,71(2-4).
[7] David Schmitt,Roger Suffling.Managing eastern North American woodlands in a cultural context[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,78(4).
[8]包静晖,王祥荣.伦敦的生态及自然保护[J].国外城市规划,2000,03.
[9] Sukopp H et al.Urban ecology as the basis of urban planning[M].Amsterdam:SPB Academic Publishing,1995.
[10]赵振斌,包浩生.国外城市自然保护与生态重建及其对我国的启示[J].自然资源学报, 2001,04.
[11] Sanderson J,L D Harris.Landscape ecology[M].London:Lewis Publishers,2000.
[12]俞孔坚,李迪华.景观设计:专业学科与教育[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[13] [美]麦克哈格.设计结合自然[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2006.
[14]陈洁萍,葛明.景观都市主义谱系与概念研究[J].建筑学报,2010,11.
[15]方克立.天人合一与中国古代的生态智慧[J].社会科学战线,2003,04.
[16]方轻.“道法自然”对现代生态问题的启示[J].岱宗学刊,2010,12.
[17]赵春福,鄯爱红.道法自然与环境保护——道家生态伦理及其现代意义[J].齐鲁学刊, 2001, 02..
[18]邓绍秋.禅宗美学思想的生态智慧[J].美与时代,2010,04.
[19]吴宇江.“山水城市”概念探析[J].中国园林,2010,02.
[20]肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[21]成少伟.行为与公共环境设计[J].新建筑,1999,01.
[22]范光华.创建具有自然生态效应的城市绿地系统——哈尔滨市中心城区绿地系统规划研究[D].东北林业大学,2002.
[23]王志楠.城市绿地系统景观资源整合研究——以扬州市城市绿地系统规划为例[D].南京林业大学,2010.
[24]赵奕.原生态在现代城市景观设计中的价值与运用[D].江南大学,2007.
[25]柳骅.水生植物的净化作用及其在水体景观生态设计中的应用研究[D].浙江大学,2003.
[26]韩西丽.“生态岛”——法国城市中的微型自然保护区[J].建筑学报,2008,03.
[27]黄滢.城市工业废弃地景观的更新设计[D].南京林业大学,2006.
[28]张健健.从废弃军事基地到城市公园——多伦多当斯维尔公园设计及其启示[J].规划师,2006,03.
[29] James Corner.复活的弗莱士河——有生命力的景观[J].城市环境设计,2007,01.
[30]车生泉,郑丽蓉,宫宾,张婷,倪文峰.城市自然遗留地景观保护设计的方法[A].第十一届中日韩风景园林学术研讨会论文集[C].2009 .
[31]孙琴.郊野公园游客行为倾向分析——以吴淞口炮台湾公园为例[J].园林,2009,08.
[32]钱锋.城郊型森林公园游憩系统规划研究[D].同济大学,2008.
[33]彭永东,庄荣.郊野公园总体规划探讨[J].风景园林,2007,04.
[34]刘晓惠,李常华.郊野公园发展的模式与策略选择[J].中国园林,2009,03.
[35]王向荣,林箐.现代景观的价值取向[J].中国园林,2003,01.
[36]吴桂萍,张良,孟伟庆.郊野公园作为城市自然保留地的价值分析[J].四川环境,2007.05.
[37]杨沛儒.景观生态学在城市规划与分析中的应用[J].现代城市研究,2005,09.
[38]庄雪影,庞雄飞.香港自然保护的历史和现状[J].华南农业大学学报,1997,01.
[39]陈萃,杨际明.生生不息香港郊野公园[J].广东园林,2003,04.
[2]齐雪莲.自然景观保护方法的初探——以长白山景区为例[D].长安大学,2008.
[3]俞孔坚,李迪华.城市景观之路——与市长们交流[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[4] Renae N Stenhouse.Fragmentation and internal disturbance of native vegetation reserves in the Perth metropolitan area,Western Australia[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68(4).
[5] Gemmell R P.The origin and botanical importance of industrialhabitats, UrbanEcology[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications,1982.
[6] John G White,Mark J Antos.Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments,The influence of streetscape vegetation[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2005,71(2-4).
[7] David Schmitt,Roger Suffling.Managing eastern North American woodlands in a cultural context[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,78(4).
[8]包静晖,王祥荣.伦敦的生态及自然保护[J].国外城市规划,2000,03.
[9] Sukopp H et al.Urban ecology as the basis of urban planning[M].Amsterdam:SPB Academic Publishing,1995.
[10]赵振斌,包浩生.国外城市自然保护与生态重建及其对我国的启示[J].自然资源学报, 2001,04.
[11] Sanderson J,L D Harris.Landscape ecology[M].London:Lewis Publishers,2000.
[12]俞孔坚,李迪华.景观设计:专业学科与教育[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[13] [美]麦克哈格.设计结合自然[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2006.
[14]陈洁萍,葛明.景观都市主义谱系与概念研究[J].建筑学报,2010,11.
[15]方克立.天人合一与中国古代的生态智慧[J].社会科学战线,2003,04.
[16]方轻.“道法自然”对现代生态问题的启示[J].岱宗学刊,2010,12.
[17]赵春福,鄯爱红.道法自然与环境保护——道家生态伦理及其现代意义[J].齐鲁学刊, 2001, 02..
[18]邓绍秋.禅宗美学思想的生态智慧[J].美与时代,2010,04.
[19]吴宇江.“山水城市”概念探析[J].中国园林,2010,02.
[20]肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[21]成少伟.行为与公共环境设计[J].新建筑,1999,01.
[22]范光华.创建具有自然生态效应的城市绿地系统——哈尔滨市中心城区绿地系统规划研究[D].东北林业大学,2002.
[23]王志楠.城市绿地系统景观资源整合研究——以扬州市城市绿地系统规划为例[D].南京林业大学,2010.
[24]赵奕.原生态在现代城市景观设计中的价值与运用[D].江南大学,2007.
[25]柳骅.水生植物的净化作用及其在水体景观生态设计中的应用研究[D].浙江大学,2003.
[26]韩西丽.“生态岛”——法国城市中的微型自然保护区[J].建筑学报,2008,03.
[27]黄滢.城市工业废弃地景观的更新设计[D].南京林业大学,2006.
[28]张健健.从废弃军事基地到城市公园——多伦多当斯维尔公园设计及其启示[J].规划师,2006,03.
[29] James Corner.复活的弗莱士河——有生命力的景观[J].城市环境设计,2007,01.
[30]车生泉,郑丽蓉,宫宾,张婷,倪文峰.城市自然遗留地景观保护设计的方法[A].第十一届中日韩风景园林学术研讨会论文集[C].2009 .
[31]孙琴.郊野公园游客行为倾向分析——以吴淞口炮台湾公园为例[J].园林,2009,08.
[32]钱锋.城郊型森林公园游憩系统规划研究[D].同济大学,2008.
[33]彭永东,庄荣.郊野公园总体规划探讨[J].风景园林,2007,04.
[34]刘晓惠,李常华.郊野公园发展的模式与策略选择[J].中国园林,2009,03.
[35]王向荣,林箐.现代景观的价值取向[J].中国园林,2003,01.
[36]吴桂萍,张良,孟伟庆.郊野公园作为城市自然保留地的价值分析[J].四川环境,2007.05.
[37]杨沛儒.景观生态学在城市规划与分析中的应用[J].现代城市研究,2005,09.
[38]庄雪影,庞雄飞.香港自然保护的历史和现状[J].华南农业大学学报,1997,01.
[39]陈萃,杨际明.生生不息香港郊野公园[J].广东园林,2003,04.