系列烷基甜菜碱/十二烷基硫酸钠相互作用
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摘要
双十二烷基甲基羧基甜菜碱(diC_(12)B)以及单长链烷基二甲基羧基甜菜碱(C_nB)被发现是优良的无碱驱油用表面活性剂,经过与其它表面活性剂复配可使原油/水界面张力降到超低。本文试图研究系列甜菜碱与阴离子表面活性剂SDS的相互作用和协同效应,以揭示这种相互作用和协同效应与甜菜碱分子结构的关系。
本文首先合成和提纯了系列烷基甜菜碱样品,随后测定了25°C、1:1NaCl存在下单一表面活性剂水溶液的表面张力及其与壬烷的界面张力随浓度的变化曲线,获得单一表面活性剂的表面活性参数。再通过测定表面张力和界面张力,应用非理想混合胶束理论和非理想混合吸附理论计算系列甜菜碱/SDS等摩尔混合体系的相互作用参数并分析各种协同效应。
结果表明,少量NaCl和微量叔胺的存在对甜菜碱的表面张力-浓度曲线无显著影响。在25°C,1:1NaCl存在下,基于表面张力测定和壬烷/水界面张力测定获得的单一系列甜菜碱在水溶液中的临界胶束浓度基本接近。单长链烷基甜菜碱C_nB(n=12~18)与SDS等摩尔混合,在混合胶束形成方面存在较强的协同效应,β~M为较大的负值(-8.32～-10.65,空气/水界面)。在混合吸附单层中也显示强烈的吸引相互作用,β~S亦为较大的负值(-7.47~-10.60,空气/水界面)。总体相互作用强于阴离子-非离子混合体系但弱于阴离子-阳离子混合体系。但基于壬烷/水界面张力测定获得的β~S绝对值相对较小(-0.27～-6.34),表明在油/水界面上相互作用有所减弱,这可能与油分子插入吸附单分子层的烷基链之间导致分子间距离增大有关。C_nB与SDS等摩尔混合,在降低表(界)面张力的效能方面是否有协同效应取决于甜菜碱的烷基链长,C_(12)B和C_(14)B能产生显著的协同效应,但随着烷基链长的进一步增加,混合体系失去降低γ_(cmc)方面的协同效应。
双长链烷基甜菜碱diC_(12)B具有相对较高的cmc和较低的γ_(cmc),其分子结构有利于提高降低表面张力的效率尤其是效能。但其与SDS混合在降低表(界)面张力的效率和效能方面皆无协同效应。混合物溶液的表(界)面张力总是略高于按理想混合理论所得的计算值,据此推算出β~S值为+0.607(空气/水界面)和+1.33(壬烷/水界面),即宏观上表现出负协同效应。diC_(12)B与阳离子以及非离子表面活性剂混合亦得到类似结果。
甜菜碱分子中的季铵阳离子与SDS分子中的阴离子头基间的静电作用是甜菜碱/SDS吸引作用的源泉。然而diC_(12)B分子中含有两个长链烷基,其单独形成单分子层时分子截面积比一般单烷基链表面活性剂的分子截面积还要小,而每个烷基链截面积就更小,当形成混合吸附单层时,其它表面活性剂分子的插入将导致混合单层中烷基链的密度下降或烷基链的平均面积增大,从而导致降低表面张力的效率和效能下降,宏观上表现出负协同效应。
Dialkylmethylcarboxybetaine(diC_(12)B) and monoalkyldimethylcarboxybetaine(C_nB) have been found to be good surfactants applicable in alkali-free surfactant polymer flooding to enhance crude oil recovery. By mixing with other surfactants, they can reduce the crude oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) to ultralow. In this thesis the interactions and synergisms between a series of alkylbetaines and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are studied to reveal the dependences of the interactions and synergisms on molecular structure of the alkylbetaines.
A series of alkylbetaine samples were first prepared and purified. Then the surface activity parameters of the individul surfactants were obtained by measuring surface tension of aqueous solutions of them and IFT between aqueous solutions of them and nonane as function of concentration at 25°C in the presence of 1:1(molar ratio)NaCl. After that by measuring both the surface tensions and IFTs and appliying nonideal mixed micelle theory and nonideal mixed monolayer theory to calculate the interaction parameter in mixed micelle,β~M, and that in mixed monolayer,β~S, and to analyze various synergistic effects.
The results show that the presence of small amount of NaCl and trace of tertiary amine in the samples will not signicatly affect theγ-LogC curves of the alkylbetaines. At 25°C and in the presence of 1:1NaCl, the cmc of the individual surfactants measured via surface tension measurements and IFT measurements are similar. Strong attractive interaction in both mixed micelles and mixed monolayers was detected between C_nB (n=12~18) and SDS, and relatively big negativeβM (-8.32～-10.65, air water interface) andβ~S (-7.47~-10.60, oil/water interface) values were calculated. The interactions are in general stronger than that in anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures but weaker than that in anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures. Specifically the attractive interaction in mixed monolayer at oil/water interface(β~S = -0.27～-6.34) is less strong than that in mixed monolayer at air/water interface, probably resulted from the inserting of oil molecules in between the alkyltails to enhance the distance between surfactant molecules in the mixed monolayer. The synergistic effect in reducing surface tension effectiveness or reducing IFT effectiveness between C_nB and SDS at equal molar ratio depends on the alkyl length in the C_nB. Both C_(12)B and C_(14)B give strong synergistic effect while further increasing the alkyl length results in loss of this synergistic effect.
Double long alkyl betaine, diC_(12)B, displays relatively high cmc and lowerγ_(cmc), the molecular structure of which seems to be beneficial to enhancing the efficient and effectiveness in reducing surface tension and IFT. However, no synergistic effects were observed in either efficient or effectiveness in reducing surface tension and IFT when mixed with SDS. The surface tensions or IFTs measured for mixed systems were a little higher than that calculated based on ideal mixing theory, and positiveβ~S values, +0.601 for air/water interface and +1.33 for nonane/water interface, were then predicted, or apparently an antagonism was obtained. Similar results were obtained when mixing diC_(12)B with cationic and nonionic surfactants.
The strong interaction between C_nB and SDS is mainly due to the electrostatic interactions between the quaternary ammonium in C_nB and negative headgroup in SDS. For diC_(12)B molecule, however, which has double long alkyls and is normally more closely packed in its individual monolayer and thus has a cross section area of alkyl much smaller than that of conventional monoalkyl surfactant, the inserting of any conventional surfactant molecule to form mixed monolayer will results in an increase of the cross section area of the alkyl area on average, and thus results in an increase of the surface tension or IFT.
本文首先合成和提纯了系列烷基甜菜碱样品,随后测定了25°C、1:1NaCl存在下单一表面活性剂水溶液的表面张力及其与壬烷的界面张力随浓度的变化曲线,获得单一表面活性剂的表面活性参数。再通过测定表面张力和界面张力,应用非理想混合胶束理论和非理想混合吸附理论计算系列甜菜碱/SDS等摩尔混合体系的相互作用参数并分析各种协同效应。
结果表明,少量NaCl和微量叔胺的存在对甜菜碱的表面张力-浓度曲线无显著影响。在25°C,1:1NaCl存在下,基于表面张力测定和壬烷/水界面张力测定获得的单一系列甜菜碱在水溶液中的临界胶束浓度基本接近。单长链烷基甜菜碱C_nB(n=12~18)与SDS等摩尔混合,在混合胶束形成方面存在较强的协同效应,β~M为较大的负值(-8.32～-10.65,空气/水界面)。在混合吸附单层中也显示强烈的吸引相互作用,β~S亦为较大的负值(-7.47~-10.60,空气/水界面)。总体相互作用强于阴离子-非离子混合体系但弱于阴离子-阳离子混合体系。但基于壬烷/水界面张力测定获得的β~S绝对值相对较小(-0.27～-6.34),表明在油/水界面上相互作用有所减弱,这可能与油分子插入吸附单分子层的烷基链之间导致分子间距离增大有关。C_nB与SDS等摩尔混合,在降低表(界)面张力的效能方面是否有协同效应取决于甜菜碱的烷基链长,C_(12)B和C_(14)B能产生显著的协同效应,但随着烷基链长的进一步增加,混合体系失去降低γ_(cmc)方面的协同效应。
双长链烷基甜菜碱diC_(12)B具有相对较高的cmc和较低的γ_(cmc),其分子结构有利于提高降低表面张力的效率尤其是效能。但其与SDS混合在降低表(界)面张力的效率和效能方面皆无协同效应。混合物溶液的表(界)面张力总是略高于按理想混合理论所得的计算值,据此推算出β~S值为+0.607(空气/水界面)和+1.33(壬烷/水界面),即宏观上表现出负协同效应。diC_(12)B与阳离子以及非离子表面活性剂混合亦得到类似结果。
甜菜碱分子中的季铵阳离子与SDS分子中的阴离子头基间的静电作用是甜菜碱/SDS吸引作用的源泉。然而diC_(12)B分子中含有两个长链烷基,其单独形成单分子层时分子截面积比一般单烷基链表面活性剂的分子截面积还要小,而每个烷基链截面积就更小,当形成混合吸附单层时,其它表面活性剂分子的插入将导致混合单层中烷基链的密度下降或烷基链的平均面积增大,从而导致降低表面张力的效率和效能下降,宏观上表现出负协同效应。
Dialkylmethylcarboxybetaine(diC_(12)B) and monoalkyldimethylcarboxybetaine(C_nB) have been found to be good surfactants applicable in alkali-free surfactant polymer flooding to enhance crude oil recovery. By mixing with other surfactants, they can reduce the crude oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) to ultralow. In this thesis the interactions and synergisms between a series of alkylbetaines and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are studied to reveal the dependences of the interactions and synergisms on molecular structure of the alkylbetaines.
A series of alkylbetaine samples were first prepared and purified. Then the surface activity parameters of the individul surfactants were obtained by measuring surface tension of aqueous solutions of them and IFT between aqueous solutions of them and nonane as function of concentration at 25°C in the presence of 1:1(molar ratio)NaCl. After that by measuring both the surface tensions and IFTs and appliying nonideal mixed micelle theory and nonideal mixed monolayer theory to calculate the interaction parameter in mixed micelle,β~M, and that in mixed monolayer,β~S, and to analyze various synergistic effects.
The results show that the presence of small amount of NaCl and trace of tertiary amine in the samples will not signicatly affect theγ-LogC curves of the alkylbetaines. At 25°C and in the presence of 1:1NaCl, the cmc of the individual surfactants measured via surface tension measurements and IFT measurements are similar. Strong attractive interaction in both mixed micelles and mixed monolayers was detected between C_nB (n=12~18) and SDS, and relatively big negativeβM (-8.32～-10.65, air water interface) andβ~S (-7.47~-10.60, oil/water interface) values were calculated. The interactions are in general stronger than that in anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures but weaker than that in anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures. Specifically the attractive interaction in mixed monolayer at oil/water interface(β~S = -0.27～-6.34) is less strong than that in mixed monolayer at air/water interface, probably resulted from the inserting of oil molecules in between the alkyltails to enhance the distance between surfactant molecules in the mixed monolayer. The synergistic effect in reducing surface tension effectiveness or reducing IFT effectiveness between C_nB and SDS at equal molar ratio depends on the alkyl length in the C_nB. Both C_(12)B and C_(14)B give strong synergistic effect while further increasing the alkyl length results in loss of this synergistic effect.
Double long alkyl betaine, diC_(12)B, displays relatively high cmc and lowerγ_(cmc), the molecular structure of which seems to be beneficial to enhancing the efficient and effectiveness in reducing surface tension and IFT. However, no synergistic effects were observed in either efficient or effectiveness in reducing surface tension and IFT when mixed with SDS. The surface tensions or IFTs measured for mixed systems were a little higher than that calculated based on ideal mixing theory, and positiveβ~S values, +0.601 for air/water interface and +1.33 for nonane/water interface, were then predicted, or apparently an antagonism was obtained. Similar results were obtained when mixing diC_(12)B with cationic and nonionic surfactants.
The strong interaction between C_nB and SDS is mainly due to the electrostatic interactions between the quaternary ammonium in C_nB and negative headgroup in SDS. For diC_(12)B molecule, however, which has double long alkyls and is normally more closely packed in its individual monolayer and thus has a cross section area of alkyl much smaller than that of conventional monoalkyl surfactant, the inserting of any conventional surfactant molecule to form mixed monolayer will results in an increase of the cross section area of the alkyl area on average, and thus results in an increase of the surface tension or IFT.
引文
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