一种高效率同步升压型DC-DC转换芯片的研究与设计
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摘要
近年来便携电子设备的使用越来越广泛,电子设备的小型化和低成本化使电源系统向轻、薄、小和高效率方向发展。单片开关电源以其低损耗、高效率及电路简洁等显著优点而受到人们青睐。
本论文在全面分析DC-DC开关电源变换器工作原理和拓扑结构的基础上,设计了一种高效率同步升压式DC-DC开关电源管理芯片,它采用电流模PFM控制,具有转换效率高、输入电压低、输出电流大、输出电压电流稳定等优点。
整个设计以转换效率高、系统输出稳定为重点,分析了Boost芯片的系统结构,研究了能够保证低功耗、高效率的同步整流和避免闩锁效应两大关键技术,并且从理论上分析了PFM控制式Boost系统开关管的导通和关断时间的长短如何设定,以及设定后对芯片转换效率的影响。
本论文设计了芯片内的四个关键的组成模块。其中,带隙基准电压源最低工作电压1.3V,温度系数12.5 ppm/℃;误差放大器和比较器模块,能够提供稳定的直流增益和高速的小信号响应;开关管导通和关断的计时模块,是根据实际应用条件设定时间常数后,设计出具体的电路结构来实现这个PFM控制的核心模块;过流保护模块,设计了用导通时的开关管作采样电阻这一思路,用简单的方式精确地限制了电感电流的峰值0.6A,且误差在4%以内。
在上海华虹NEC的CZ6H 0.35μm工艺线上本论文设计的Boost芯片第一次流片验证就取得了成功,不仅功能测试正常,而且参数指标基本达到了设计要求,最低启动电压1V,转换效率80%。
In recent years, as a result of widely using portable electronic equipments, there are more requirements to power supply. Electronic equipment becomes smaller and lower cost, which has been making switching power supply light, small, thin and very efficient. Simple switching power supply management IC becomes very popular for its low power consumption, and high efficiency.
Based on analyzed the principle and system architecture of DC-DC switching regulator in detail, this paper proposed a high-efficiency Synchronous-Rectifying Boost regulator, which is current-constant with PFM control. It has advantages of high efficiency, low input voltage, large output current,and stable output voltage.
This research focuses on high efficiency and stable system output, analyses the system architecture of this Boost chip, and makes theoretic researches on technology of Synchronous-Rectifying and technology of avoiding Latch-up.
This paper designed 4 critical blocks on the chip: low-voltage and low-power Bandgap Reference with a temperature coefficient of 12.5 ppm/℃and operating power supply from 1.3V to 5V, high-speed Error-Amplifier and Comparator block, precise Switching-MOSFET On-off Timing block, and Over-Current Protection block with novel and simple structure.
This program applies Shanghai Huahong-NEC’s 5 V 0.35μm 1P4M CZ6H process, and succeeded in the first tape-out. Not only the function testing is all right, but also the specific achieves requirement, with the lowest start-up voltage 1V, and the efficiency 80%.
本论文在全面分析DC-DC开关电源变换器工作原理和拓扑结构的基础上,设计了一种高效率同步升压式DC-DC开关电源管理芯片,它采用电流模PFM控制,具有转换效率高、输入电压低、输出电流大、输出电压电流稳定等优点。
整个设计以转换效率高、系统输出稳定为重点,分析了Boost芯片的系统结构,研究了能够保证低功耗、高效率的同步整流和避免闩锁效应两大关键技术,并且从理论上分析了PFM控制式Boost系统开关管的导通和关断时间的长短如何设定,以及设定后对芯片转换效率的影响。
本论文设计了芯片内的四个关键的组成模块。其中,带隙基准电压源最低工作电压1.3V,温度系数12.5 ppm/℃;误差放大器和比较器模块,能够提供稳定的直流增益和高速的小信号响应;开关管导通和关断的计时模块,是根据实际应用条件设定时间常数后,设计出具体的电路结构来实现这个PFM控制的核心模块;过流保护模块,设计了用导通时的开关管作采样电阻这一思路,用简单的方式精确地限制了电感电流的峰值0.6A,且误差在4%以内。
在上海华虹NEC的CZ6H 0.35μm工艺线上本论文设计的Boost芯片第一次流片验证就取得了成功,不仅功能测试正常,而且参数指标基本达到了设计要求,最低启动电压1V,转换效率80%。
In recent years, as a result of widely using portable electronic equipments, there are more requirements to power supply. Electronic equipment becomes smaller and lower cost, which has been making switching power supply light, small, thin and very efficient. Simple switching power supply management IC becomes very popular for its low power consumption, and high efficiency.
Based on analyzed the principle and system architecture of DC-DC switching regulator in detail, this paper proposed a high-efficiency Synchronous-Rectifying Boost regulator, which is current-constant with PFM control. It has advantages of high efficiency, low input voltage, large output current,and stable output voltage.
This research focuses on high efficiency and stable system output, analyses the system architecture of this Boost chip, and makes theoretic researches on technology of Synchronous-Rectifying and technology of avoiding Latch-up.
This paper designed 4 critical blocks on the chip: low-voltage and low-power Bandgap Reference with a temperature coefficient of 12.5 ppm/℃and operating power supply from 1.3V to 5V, high-speed Error-Amplifier and Comparator block, precise Switching-MOSFET On-off Timing block, and Over-Current Protection block with novel and simple structure.
This program applies Shanghai Huahong-NEC’s 5 V 0.35μm 1P4M CZ6H process, and succeeded in the first tape-out. Not only the function testing is all right, but also the specific achieves requirement, with the lowest start-up voltage 1V, and the efficiency 80%.
引文
[1] 张占松,蔡宣三,开关电源的原理与设计(修订版),北京:电子工业出版社,2004,1~15
[2] da Silva, E.S., Coelho, E.A.A., de Freitas, L.C, A soft switched forward converter without current and voltage stress, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2001. PESC. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual, 2001, Volume 1: 266~270
[3] 杨斌, 中国电源管理芯片市场保持快速发展, 半导体行业,Vol.3, 2006, 16~17
[4] Paul Greenland, 电源管理方面的技术改进,电子产品世界,Vol.3, 2006, 114~116
[5] 王水平,史俊杰,田庆安,开关稳压电源——原理、设计及实用电路(修订版),西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005,2~7
[6] Simpson, C, A user's guide to compensating low-dropout regulators, WESCON/97. Conference Proceedings, 1997, Nov: 270 - 275
[7] Huang, W.-J, Lu, S.-H., Liu, S.-I., CMOS low dropout linear regulator with single Miller capacitor, Electronics Letters,
[8] Abraham I. Pressman,开关电源设计 (Switching Power Supply Design),第二版,北京:电子工业出版社,2005, 7~12
[9] Ron Lenk,实用开关电源技术 (Practical Design of Power Supplies),北京:人民邮电出版社,2006:20~23
[10] Xiaoming Duan, Haifei Deng, Nick X, A High Performance Integrated Boost DC-DC Converter for Portable Power Supply, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004. APEC '04. Nineteenth Annual IEEE, 2004, Vol.2, 1039~1044
[11] 刘树林,刘 健,杨银玲等,Boost 变换器的能量传输模式及输出纹波电压分析,中国电机工程学报,2006,第 26 卷第五期:119~124
[12] Sahu. B, Rincon-Mora. G.A, A low voltage, dynamic, noninverting, synchronous buck-boost converter for portable applications, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 2004, Volume 19, Issue 2: 443~452
[13] Albrecht, J.J, Young, J, Peterson, W.A, Boost-buck push-pull converter for very wide input range single stage power conversion, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1995. APEC '95, 1995, Issue 0, Part 1: 303~308
[14] 谢福波,开关电源 PWM 控制器芯片设计:[硕士学位论文],杭州:浙江大学,2006
[15] van der Woude, J.W., de Koning, W.L., Fuad, Y., On the periodic behavior of PWM DC-DC converters, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 2002, Volume 17, Issue 4: 585~ 595
[16] 刘继山,吴金,季科夫,一种升压式 PFM DC-DC 转换器的设计,电子器件,2002,第 25 卷第 2 期,160~164
[17] Christian Kranz, Complete digital control method for PWM DCDC boost converter - Power Electronics Specialist, PESC. 2003 IEEE 34th Annual Conference on 2003, Vol.2: 951~956
[18] Brad Bryant, Marian K. Kazimierczuk, Voltage Loop of Boost PWM DC–DC Converters With Peak Current-Mode Control, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, 2006, VOL. 53: 99~105
[19] P.Vcrdclho, G,D.Marques, DC Voltage Regulator Stability Of PWM Voltage Rectifier- Industrial Electronics, 1996. ISIE '96., Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on1996, Vol.2: 706~801
[20] Nakayashiki.Y, Shimamori. H, Satoh, T., High-efficiency switching power supply unit with synchronous rectifier, Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1998. INTELEC. Twentieth International, 1998, Oct: 398~ 403
[21] 朱正涌,半导体集成电路, 北京:清华大学出版社,2001,42-45
[22] Blake, C., Kinzer, D., Wood, P., Synchronous rectifiers versus Schottky diodes: a comparison of the losses of a synchronous rectifier versus the losses of a Schottky diode rectifier, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1994. APEC '94. Conference Proceedings 1994, vol.1: 17~23
[23] Honglin Pan, Liang, Y.C., Oruganti, R, Design of smart power synchronous rectifier, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 1999, Volume 14, Issue 2: 308~315
[24] D.W. Cline’s, Noise, Speed, and Power Trade-offs in Pipeline A/D Converters, [PhD Thesis], U.C. Berkeley, 1995
[25] 李树荣,李 丹,姚素英. 一种适应于低电压工作的 CMOS 带隙基准电压源,天津大学学报,2006;39(1):119~123
[26] 毕查德·拉扎维,模拟 CMOS 集成电路设计,陈贵灿,程军,张瑞智等译.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2003.
[27] Yeong-Tsair Lin; Wen-Yaw Chung; Dong-Shiu Wu; Ho-Cheng Lin; Lin, R. A low voltage CMOS bandgap reference[J]. IEEE-NEWCAS Conference, 2005. The 3rd International, 2005 June: 227~230
[28] Yueming Jiang, Lee, E.K.F. A low voltage low 1/f noise CMOS bandgap reference[J]. Circuits and Systems, 2005. ISCAS 2005. IEEE International Symposium on 23-26 May 2005; Page(s):3877 - 3880 Vol. 4
[29] Yang Li, Shi Yufeng, Li Lian, CMOS bandgap voltage reference with 1.8-V power supply, ASIC, 2003. Proceedings. 5th International Conference on 2003, Volume 1: 611~614
[30] Jeongjin Roh, High-performance error amplifier for fast transient DC-DC converters, Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on 2005, Volume 52, Issue 9: 591~595
[31] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg, CMOS analog circuit design, Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2002
[32] Frank, P. A continuous-time model for a PFM controller, Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on 1979 Volume 24, Issue 5: 782~784
[33] Cheng-Hui Chang, Hou-Ming Chen, A 2.3V CMOS Monolithic, 84% Efficiency PFM Control DC-DC Boost Converter for White LEDs Driver IC, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 2006, for future publication: 1~1
[34] Jian Yang, Analysis and evaluation of overcurrent protection for DC to DC PWM converters, Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2004. IPEMC 2004. The 4th International, Volume 1: 149~153
[2] da Silva, E.S., Coelho, E.A.A., de Freitas, L.C, A soft switched forward converter without current and voltage stress, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2001. PESC. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual, 2001, Volume 1: 266~270
[3] 杨斌, 中国电源管理芯片市场保持快速发展, 半导体行业,Vol.3, 2006, 16~17
[4] Paul Greenland, 电源管理方面的技术改进,电子产品世界,Vol.3, 2006, 114~116
[5] 王水平,史俊杰,田庆安,开关稳压电源——原理、设计及实用电路(修订版),西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005,2~7
[6] Simpson, C, A user's guide to compensating low-dropout regulators, WESCON/97. Conference Proceedings, 1997, Nov: 270 - 275
[7] Huang, W.-J, Lu, S.-H., Liu, S.-I., CMOS low dropout linear regulator with single Miller capacitor, Electronics Letters,
[8] Abraham I. Pressman,开关电源设计 (Switching Power Supply Design),第二版,北京:电子工业出版社,2005, 7~12
[9] Ron Lenk,实用开关电源技术 (Practical Design of Power Supplies),北京:人民邮电出版社,2006:20~23
[10] Xiaoming Duan, Haifei Deng, Nick X, A High Performance Integrated Boost DC-DC Converter for Portable Power Supply, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004. APEC '04. Nineteenth Annual IEEE, 2004, Vol.2, 1039~1044
[11] 刘树林,刘 健,杨银玲等,Boost 变换器的能量传输模式及输出纹波电压分析,中国电机工程学报,2006,第 26 卷第五期:119~124
[12] Sahu. B, Rincon-Mora. G.A, A low voltage, dynamic, noninverting, synchronous buck-boost converter for portable applications, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 2004, Volume 19, Issue 2: 443~452
[13] Albrecht, J.J, Young, J, Peterson, W.A, Boost-buck push-pull converter for very wide input range single stage power conversion, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1995. APEC '95, 1995, Issue 0, Part 1: 303~308
[14] 谢福波,开关电源 PWM 控制器芯片设计:[硕士学位论文],杭州:浙江大学,2006
[15] van der Woude, J.W., de Koning, W.L., Fuad, Y., On the periodic behavior of PWM DC-DC converters, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 2002, Volume 17, Issue 4: 585~ 595
[16] 刘继山,吴金,季科夫,一种升压式 PFM DC-DC 转换器的设计,电子器件,2002,第 25 卷第 2 期,160~164
[17] Christian Kranz, Complete digital control method for PWM DCDC boost converter - Power Electronics Specialist, PESC. 2003 IEEE 34th Annual Conference on 2003, Vol.2: 951~956
[18] Brad Bryant, Marian K. Kazimierczuk, Voltage Loop of Boost PWM DC–DC Converters With Peak Current-Mode Control, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, 2006, VOL. 53: 99~105
[19] P.Vcrdclho, G,D.Marques, DC Voltage Regulator Stability Of PWM Voltage Rectifier- Industrial Electronics, 1996. ISIE '96., Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on1996, Vol.2: 706~801
[20] Nakayashiki.Y, Shimamori. H, Satoh, T., High-efficiency switching power supply unit with synchronous rectifier, Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1998. INTELEC. Twentieth International, 1998, Oct: 398~ 403
[21] 朱正涌,半导体集成电路, 北京:清华大学出版社,2001,42-45
[22] Blake, C., Kinzer, D., Wood, P., Synchronous rectifiers versus Schottky diodes: a comparison of the losses of a synchronous rectifier versus the losses of a Schottky diode rectifier, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1994. APEC '94. Conference Proceedings 1994, vol.1: 17~23
[23] Honglin Pan, Liang, Y.C., Oruganti, R, Design of smart power synchronous rectifier, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 1999, Volume 14, Issue 2: 308~315
[24] D.W. Cline’s, Noise, Speed, and Power Trade-offs in Pipeline A/D Converters, [PhD Thesis], U.C. Berkeley, 1995
[25] 李树荣,李 丹,姚素英. 一种适应于低电压工作的 CMOS 带隙基准电压源,天津大学学报,2006;39(1):119~123
[26] 毕查德·拉扎维,模拟 CMOS 集成电路设计,陈贵灿,程军,张瑞智等译.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2003.
[27] Yeong-Tsair Lin; Wen-Yaw Chung; Dong-Shiu Wu; Ho-Cheng Lin; Lin, R. A low voltage CMOS bandgap reference[J]. IEEE-NEWCAS Conference, 2005. The 3rd International, 2005 June: 227~230
[28] Yueming Jiang, Lee, E.K.F. A low voltage low 1/f noise CMOS bandgap reference[J]. Circuits and Systems, 2005. ISCAS 2005. IEEE International Symposium on 23-26 May 2005; Page(s):3877 - 3880 Vol. 4
[29] Yang Li, Shi Yufeng, Li Lian, CMOS bandgap voltage reference with 1.8-V power supply, ASIC, 2003. Proceedings. 5th International Conference on 2003, Volume 1: 611~614
[30] Jeongjin Roh, High-performance error amplifier for fast transient DC-DC converters, Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on 2005, Volume 52, Issue 9: 591~595
[31] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg, CMOS analog circuit design, Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2002
[32] Frank, P. A continuous-time model for a PFM controller, Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on 1979 Volume 24, Issue 5: 782~784
[33] Cheng-Hui Chang, Hou-Ming Chen, A 2.3V CMOS Monolithic, 84% Efficiency PFM Control DC-DC Boost Converter for White LEDs Driver IC, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 2006, for future publication: 1~1
[34] Jian Yang, Analysis and evaluation of overcurrent protection for DC to DC PWM converters, Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2004. IPEMC 2004. The 4th International, Volume 1: 149~153