电能质量分析方法研究
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摘要
随着电力系统规模的不断增大，电力系统中的整流型、冲击性等非线性负荷日益增多。这些非线性负荷的存在，往往导致电网发生电压畸变、电压波动、电压闪变和三相不平衡等电能质量问题，使电网供电质量降低、甚至恶化电网运行状况。近年来，由于电能质量引发的纠纷和电网事故呈上升趋势。对电能质量的管理和对电力污染的治理工作显得日益突出。
本文围绕电能质量这一主题，首先论述了电能质量的基本内容，恒量电能质量各项指标的基本概念，以及电能质量问题的基本定义；接着论述了影响电能质量各项指标的主要因素、主要危害；然后对电能质量的标准进行了探讨，介绍了我国的电能质量标准以及国外的电能质量标准；针对模糊理论的基本概念和方法，剖析了它们应用于电能质量综合评价的可行性与优势；基于模糊理论，设计了电能质量模糊综合评判的一级、二级和最终评判方法。这种方法综合考虑了电能质量的各项指标，根据它们对电能质量的不同影响程度，给出相对应的权重，利用加权平均法对评判结果进行处理得到最终评判结果。
利用现场实测数据，阐述了本文的综合评判方法的分析过程及其结果。理论和仿真分析表明，本文方法合理、有效，对电力市场中电能质量的描述有理论和实际意义。
With the continuous development of electric power system, more and more nonlinear loads, such as rectifier loads and impulse loads, added increasing to the modern electric power systems. The existence of these nonlinear loads in power systems will results in bad power quality, such as voltage distortion, voltage fluctuation, voltage flicker and three phase unbalance. As a result, the power supply quality and the operation condition of the power system are exacerbated. In recent years, the disputes and faults induced by power supply quality trend to ascent. It is increasing important to manage power supply quality and treat the electric pollutions.
This thesis focus on the subject of power quality. First, the basic contents of electric power quality, individual indexes describing power quality, and definitions of power quality are investigated in detail; Then, the main causes and harms influencing power quality indexes are presented; And then, the standards of power quality are discussed, based on the analysis of the power quality standards adopted in and outside our country; Based on the analysis of the concepts and methods of fuzzy logic, the feasibility and merits of applying the fuzzy logic theory to power quality complex appraising are revealed. A new power quality complex appraising method is proposed, which consists of the first-grade appraising, the second-grade appraising and the final appraising. The appraising method fuses all indexes describing the electric power quality. Weights corresponding to each power quality indexes are introduced to consider the impacts of individual power quality indexes on the final unique power quality index.
The field data are adopted to illustrate the proposed method. The analysis procedure and the calculation of complex power quality index are given. The theoretical and simulation results show that the proposed method is reasonable and effective. The proposed method is meaningful for appraising electric power quality in electricity markets.
本文围绕电能质量这一主题，首先论述了电能质量的基本内容，恒量电能质量各项指标的基本概念，以及电能质量问题的基本定义；接着论述了影响电能质量各项指标的主要因素、主要危害；然后对电能质量的标准进行了探讨，介绍了我国的电能质量标准以及国外的电能质量标准；针对模糊理论的基本概念和方法，剖析了它们应用于电能质量综合评价的可行性与优势；基于模糊理论，设计了电能质量模糊综合评判的一级、二级和最终评判方法。这种方法综合考虑了电能质量的各项指标，根据它们对电能质量的不同影响程度，给出相对应的权重，利用加权平均法对评判结果进行处理得到最终评判结果。
利用现场实测数据，阐述了本文的综合评判方法的分析过程及其结果。理论和仿真分析表明，本文方法合理、有效，对电力市场中电能质量的描述有理论和实际意义。
With the continuous development of electric power system, more and more nonlinear loads, such as rectifier loads and impulse loads, added increasing to the modern electric power systems. The existence of these nonlinear loads in power systems will results in bad power quality, such as voltage distortion, voltage fluctuation, voltage flicker and three phase unbalance. As a result, the power supply quality and the operation condition of the power system are exacerbated. In recent years, the disputes and faults induced by power supply quality trend to ascent. It is increasing important to manage power supply quality and treat the electric pollutions.
This thesis focus on the subject of power quality. First, the basic contents of electric power quality, individual indexes describing power quality, and definitions of power quality are investigated in detail; Then, the main causes and harms influencing power quality indexes are presented; And then, the standards of power quality are discussed, based on the analysis of the power quality standards adopted in and outside our country; Based on the analysis of the concepts and methods of fuzzy logic, the feasibility and merits of applying the fuzzy logic theory to power quality complex appraising are revealed. A new power quality complex appraising method is proposed, which consists of the first-grade appraising, the second-grade appraising and the final appraising. The appraising method fuses all indexes describing the electric power quality. Weights corresponding to each power quality indexes are introduced to consider the impacts of individual power quality indexes on the final unique power quality index.
The field data are adopted to illustrate the proposed method. The analysis procedure and the calculation of complex power quality index are given. The theoretical and simulation results show that the proposed method is reasonable and effective. The proposed method is meaningful for appraising electric power quality in electricity markets.
引文
[1] 马晓春．公用电网电能质量及其改善．华北电力技术，1998，12：49-52
[2] 肖湘宁，徐永海．电能质量问题剖析．电网技术，2001，25(3)：66-69
[3] 肖湘宁，徐永海．电力系统谐波及其综合治理．中国电力，1998，31(4)：59-61
[4] Kazibwe W E, etc. Electric power quality control techniques. Temple University, 1996
[5] 林海雪、孙树勤．电力网中的谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，3-78
[6] 林海雪．现代电能质量的基本问题．电网技术，2001，25(10)：5-12
[7] 林海雪．对电能质量改善的几点看法．电网技术，1994，18(4)：55-58
[8] 曹世光，柳焯，周为民．电力需求侧管理自动化监控技术．中国电力，1997， 30(6)：50-54
[9] The IEEE Standard dictionary of electrical and electronics terms. 6th ed,IEEE Std 100-1996,IEEE, New York, 1997
[10] Dugan R C, etc. Electrical power system quality. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1996
[11] Heydt G T. Electric power quality. IEEE CompuTer ApplicaTions in power,1998, 11(1): 15-19
[12] Bollen M H J.Understanding power quality problems, voltage sags and interruptions. New York. IEEE PRESS, 2000
[13] 胡铭，陈珩．电能质量及其分析方法综述．电网技术，2000，24(2)：36-38
[14] Xu W, Jose J R, Dommel H W. A multiphase harmonic loadflow solution technique.IEEE Tran on Power Systems, 1991, 6 (1): 174-182
[15] Semlyen A, Medina A. computation of the periodic steady state in systems with nonlinear components using a hybrid time and frequency domain methodology. IEEE Tran on Power Systems, 1995, 10 (3): 1498-1504
[16] Heydt G T et al, Applications of the windowed FFT to electric power quality assessment. IEEE Trans on power Delivery, 1999, 14 (4): 1411-1416
[17] 张斌，刘晓川，许之晗．基于变换的电能质量分析方法．电网技术，2001，1(25)：26-29
[18] Daubechies I. The lectures on wavelets. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, SIAM Mathematical Analysis, 1992
[19] Ribeiro P F. Wavelest transform:an advanced tool for analyzing non-stationary
harmonic distortions in power systems. Bologna, Italy:Proceeding of the IEEE ICHPS, 1994
[20] Santoso S, Power E J, Grady W M. Power quality assessment via wavelet transform analysis. IEEE Tran on Power Delivery, 1996, 11 (2): 924-930
[21] Robertson C D, et al Wavelets and electromagnetic power system transients IEEE Trans onPower Delivery, 1996, 11 (2): 1015-1056
[22] Pillay P, Bhattacharjee A. Application of wavelets to model short-term power system disturbances. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1996, 11(4): 2031-2037
[23] Mallat S G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet represe-ntation. IEEE Tran on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 11 (7): 674-693
[24] 徐永海，肖湘宁，扬以涵等．小波变换在电能质量分析中的应用．电力系统自动化，1999，23(23)：55-57
[25] 胡铭，陈珩．基于小波变换模极大值的电能质量扰动检测与定位．电网技术，2001，3(25)：12-16
[26] 林海雪．论电能质量标准．中国电力，1997，30(3)：7-10
[27] 马维新．电力系统电压．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，1-99
[28] 刘小彩．电能质量(波形质量)评估与分析方法的研究：[华北电力大学硕士学位论文]．北京：华北电力大学，1997，1-21
[29] 蔡宾．电力系统频率．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，19-82
[30] 吕润馀．电力系统高次谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，30-184
[31] 周勇，楚瀛．干扰性负荷对电能质量的影响．中国电力，2001，34(6)：35-36
[32] 陈维铁．电力系统谐波的危害及治理．电工技术，1998，7：12-14
[33] 孙树勤．电压波动与闪变．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，1-67
[34] 林海雪．电力系统电压波动和闪变标准介绍．电网技术，1993，1：51-55
[35] 林海雪．电力系统的三相不平衡．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，1-109
[36] 电能质量供电电压允许偏差(GB 12325-90)．国家技术监督局发布，1990-04-20
[37] 电能质量电力系统频率允许偏差(GB／T15945-95)．国家技术监督局发布，1995-12-21
[38] 电能质量公用电网谐波(GB/T 14549-93)．国家技术监督局发布，1993-07-31
[39] 电能质量电压允许波动和闪变(GB 12326-2000)．国家技术监督局发布，2000-04-03
[40] 电能质量三相电压允许不平衡度(GB／T15543-95)．国家技术监督局发布，1995-04-06
[41] 林海雪．从IEC电磁兼容标准看电网谐波国家标准．电网技术，1999，23(5)：64-67
[42] EN50160. Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems. 1995
[43] 林海雪．电压系统频率和电能质量国家标准应用手册．中国电力出版社，2001，1-50
[44] 低压电气及电子设备发出的谐波电流限值(GB17625-1-1998)．1998-12-14国家技术监督局发布
[45] 汪培庄，韩立岩．应用模糊数学．北京：北京经济学院出版社，1989，1-175
[46] 张跃，邹寿平，宿芬．模糊数学方法及其应用．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1992，1-262
[47] 贾清泉，宋家骅，兰华等．电能质量及其模糊方法评价．电网技术，2000，24(6)：46-49
[2] 肖湘宁，徐永海．电能质量问题剖析．电网技术，2001，25(3)：66-69
[3] 肖湘宁，徐永海．电力系统谐波及其综合治理．中国电力，1998，31(4)：59-61
[4] Kazibwe W E, etc. Electric power quality control techniques. Temple University, 1996
[5] 林海雪、孙树勤．电力网中的谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，3-78
[6] 林海雪．现代电能质量的基本问题．电网技术，2001，25(10)：5-12
[7] 林海雪．对电能质量改善的几点看法．电网技术，1994，18(4)：55-58
[8] 曹世光，柳焯，周为民．电力需求侧管理自动化监控技术．中国电力，1997， 30(6)：50-54
[9] The IEEE Standard dictionary of electrical and electronics terms. 6th ed,IEEE Std 100-1996,IEEE, New York, 1997
[10] Dugan R C, etc. Electrical power system quality. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1996
[11] Heydt G T. Electric power quality. IEEE CompuTer ApplicaTions in power,1998, 11(1): 15-19
[12] Bollen M H J.Understanding power quality problems, voltage sags and interruptions. New York. IEEE PRESS, 2000
[13] 胡铭，陈珩．电能质量及其分析方法综述．电网技术，2000，24(2)：36-38
[14] Xu W, Jose J R, Dommel H W. A multiphase harmonic loadflow solution technique.IEEE Tran on Power Systems, 1991, 6 (1): 174-182
[15] Semlyen A, Medina A. computation of the periodic steady state in systems with nonlinear components using a hybrid time and frequency domain methodology. IEEE Tran on Power Systems, 1995, 10 (3): 1498-1504
[16] Heydt G T et al, Applications of the windowed FFT to electric power quality assessment. IEEE Trans on power Delivery, 1999, 14 (4): 1411-1416
[17] 张斌，刘晓川，许之晗．基于变换的电能质量分析方法．电网技术，2001，1(25)：26-29
[18] Daubechies I. The lectures on wavelets. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, SIAM Mathematical Analysis, 1992
[19] Ribeiro P F. Wavelest transform:an advanced tool for analyzing non-stationary
harmonic distortions in power systems. Bologna, Italy:Proceeding of the IEEE ICHPS, 1994
[20] Santoso S, Power E J, Grady W M. Power quality assessment via wavelet transform analysis. IEEE Tran on Power Delivery, 1996, 11 (2): 924-930
[21] Robertson C D, et al Wavelets and electromagnetic power system transients IEEE Trans onPower Delivery, 1996, 11 (2): 1015-1056
[22] Pillay P, Bhattacharjee A. Application of wavelets to model short-term power system disturbances. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1996, 11(4): 2031-2037
[23] Mallat S G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet represe-ntation. IEEE Tran on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 11 (7): 674-693
[24] 徐永海，肖湘宁，扬以涵等．小波变换在电能质量分析中的应用．电力系统自动化，1999，23(23)：55-57
[25] 胡铭，陈珩．基于小波变换模极大值的电能质量扰动检测与定位．电网技术，2001，3(25)：12-16
[26] 林海雪．论电能质量标准．中国电力，1997，30(3)：7-10
[27] 马维新．电力系统电压．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，1-99
[28] 刘小彩．电能质量(波形质量)评估与分析方法的研究：[华北电力大学硕士学位论文]．北京：华北电力大学，1997，1-21
[29] 蔡宾．电力系统频率．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，19-82
[30] 吕润馀．电力系统高次谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，30-184
[31] 周勇，楚瀛．干扰性负荷对电能质量的影响．中国电力，2001，34(6)：35-36
[32] 陈维铁．电力系统谐波的危害及治理．电工技术，1998，7：12-14
[33] 孙树勤．电压波动与闪变．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，1-67
[34] 林海雪．电力系统电压波动和闪变标准介绍．电网技术，1993，1：51-55
[35] 林海雪．电力系统的三相不平衡．北京：中国电力出版社，1998，1-109
[36] 电能质量供电电压允许偏差(GB 12325-90)．国家技术监督局发布，1990-04-20
[37] 电能质量电力系统频率允许偏差(GB／T15945-95)．国家技术监督局发布，1995-12-21
[38] 电能质量公用电网谐波(GB/T 14549-93)．国家技术监督局发布，1993-07-31
[39] 电能质量电压允许波动和闪变(GB 12326-2000)．国家技术监督局发布，2000-04-03
[40] 电能质量三相电压允许不平衡度(GB／T15543-95)．国家技术监督局发布，1995-04-06
[41] 林海雪．从IEC电磁兼容标准看电网谐波国家标准．电网技术，1999，23(5)：64-67
[42] EN50160. Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems. 1995
[43] 林海雪．电压系统频率和电能质量国家标准应用手册．中国电力出版社，2001，1-50
[44] 低压电气及电子设备发出的谐波电流限值(GB17625-1-1998)．1998-12-14国家技术监督局发布
[45] 汪培庄，韩立岩．应用模糊数学．北京：北京经济学院出版社，1989，1-175
[46] 张跃，邹寿平，宿芬．模糊数学方法及其应用．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1992，1-262
[47] 贾清泉，宋家骅，兰华等．电能质量及其模糊方法评价．电网技术，2000，24(6)：46-49