中原油田复合绝缘子老化状况评估方法的研究
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摘要
目前复合绝缘子已广泛应用于世界上许多地区。美国新生产的绝缘子有60%-70%为复合绝缘子,中国也有几百万只复合绝缘子在35kV-500kV交流输电线上运行并主要被应用于污秽地区。复合绝缘子的主要优点有:安装容易、重量轻、防污性能好、维护费用低、机械强度高等。
由于复合绝缘子外绝缘使用的是有机复合材料,故老化是主要的问题。如何检测线路上绝缘子老化后的质量情况,对于电网的安全运行具有十分重要的意义。由于供电部门一般并不具备完善的绝缘子检测条件(如污秽闪络试验等),为此本文探索了检验复合绝缘子质量的简单易行的方法。
首先,本文通过对比新复合绝缘子和从线路上拆下的相同型号的复合绝缘子的闪络特性及机械特性,说明了运行一段时间后这些特性的变化情况。这些信息对于35kV绝缘子的应用具有参考意义。轻微老化对绝缘子的工频干闪、冲击闪络电压影响不大。绝缘子泄漏电流的幅值和波形可以提供复合绝缘子质量评估的重要信息,故可通过测量泄漏电流评估其老化情况。绝缘电阻的测量对于评估表面憎水性也有一定的作用。测漏电流与绝缘电阻的变化是由于复合绝缘子受到物理化学腐蚀后,表面微观结构发生变化造成的,而微观结构的变化可以利用扫描电镜来观察。扫描电镜是分析表面粗糙度的很好的方法。憎水性是复合绝缘子优异于瓷绝缘子的独特性能,因此如何评估憎水性的好坏十分重要。接触角测量以及HC分级都是比较简单易行的方法,接触角测量时,其测量结果与水滴的大小以及在材料表面上停留的时间有较大关系。HC分级比较简单,但对于绝缘子整体性能评估仍有缺陷。本文通过试验,分析了复合绝缘子憎水性与其湿闪电压的关系。
Recently, composite insulators are increasingly used in power systems around the world. Now 60-70 percent of the newly produced insulators in the United States are composite insulators. In China, there are millions of composite insulators installed in 35kV-500kV power networks which are mostly used in the polluted areas. Composite insulators are easy to manufacture and are very light. The mechanical strength of composite insulators is also very high.
Aging is a serious problem because composite insulators are made of organic materials. How to estimate the quality of the composite insulators is valuable to power network safety. As most power supply bureaus cannot carry out the pollution flash over test, this paper explores easy methods to detect the quality of composite insulators through experiment.
Test on insulators having been in service for 3-5 years shows their good performance. This result may serve dance for other 35kV insulators. Little aging has less influence on the dry flashover and impulse flashover voltage of composite insulators. It is proposed to measure the magnitude and shape of leakage current as they can provide important information of composite insulator quality. The increase of leakage current and surface resistance is caused by the change of microcosmic state of the surface of composite insulators, which can be detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hydrophobicity is the proper characteristic of composite insulators which can be evaluated by contact angle and insulating resistance measurement and it can be classified by HC classification. The contact angle measuring result is related to the volume of water drop. HC classification is very simple, but the result is not sufficient for evaluating the whole insulator. The relationship of hydrophobicity and wet flashover voltage of composite insulators is also discussed in this paper.
由于复合绝缘子外绝缘使用的是有机复合材料,故老化是主要的问题。如何检测线路上绝缘子老化后的质量情况,对于电网的安全运行具有十分重要的意义。由于供电部门一般并不具备完善的绝缘子检测条件(如污秽闪络试验等),为此本文探索了检验复合绝缘子质量的简单易行的方法。
首先,本文通过对比新复合绝缘子和从线路上拆下的相同型号的复合绝缘子的闪络特性及机械特性,说明了运行一段时间后这些特性的变化情况。这些信息对于35kV绝缘子的应用具有参考意义。轻微老化对绝缘子的工频干闪、冲击闪络电压影响不大。绝缘子泄漏电流的幅值和波形可以提供复合绝缘子质量评估的重要信息,故可通过测量泄漏电流评估其老化情况。绝缘电阻的测量对于评估表面憎水性也有一定的作用。测漏电流与绝缘电阻的变化是由于复合绝缘子受到物理化学腐蚀后,表面微观结构发生变化造成的,而微观结构的变化可以利用扫描电镜来观察。扫描电镜是分析表面粗糙度的很好的方法。憎水性是复合绝缘子优异于瓷绝缘子的独特性能,因此如何评估憎水性的好坏十分重要。接触角测量以及HC分级都是比较简单易行的方法,接触角测量时,其测量结果与水滴的大小以及在材料表面上停留的时间有较大关系。HC分级比较简单,但对于绝缘子整体性能评估仍有缺陷。本文通过试验,分析了复合绝缘子憎水性与其湿闪电压的关系。
Recently, composite insulators are increasingly used in power systems around the world. Now 60-70 percent of the newly produced insulators in the United States are composite insulators. In China, there are millions of composite insulators installed in 35kV-500kV power networks which are mostly used in the polluted areas. Composite insulators are easy to manufacture and are very light. The mechanical strength of composite insulators is also very high.
Aging is a serious problem because composite insulators are made of organic materials. How to estimate the quality of the composite insulators is valuable to power network safety. As most power supply bureaus cannot carry out the pollution flash over test, this paper explores easy methods to detect the quality of composite insulators through experiment.
Test on insulators having been in service for 3-5 years shows their good performance. This result may serve dance for other 35kV insulators. Little aging has less influence on the dry flashover and impulse flashover voltage of composite insulators. It is proposed to measure the magnitude and shape of leakage current as they can provide important information of composite insulator quality. The increase of leakage current and surface resistance is caused by the change of microcosmic state of the surface of composite insulators, which can be detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hydrophobicity is the proper characteristic of composite insulators which can be evaluated by contact angle and insulating resistance measurement and it can be classified by HC classification. The contact angle measuring result is related to the volume of water drop. HC classification is very simple, but the result is not sufficient for evaluating the whole insulator. The relationship of hydrophobicity and wet flashover voltage of composite insulators is also discussed in this paper.
引文
[1]杨骥仁等.我国合成绝缘子的研制情况简介[J].华中电力1994,7(6):21~25.
[2]崔江流,宿志一等.我国硅橡胶合成绝缘子的应用与展望闭.中国电力1999(1):38~41.
[3]宿志一.运行中合成绝缘子存在的问题与原因分析[J].中国电力1995,(7):2~7.
[4] Liang Xidong. Development of Composite Insulators in China. [IEEE Transactions on Dielectric sand Electrical Insulation,1999,6(5)-586-594].
[5]程朝晖.合成绝缘子的运行经验及其发展前景[J].湖北电力1997,21(2):22~26.
[6]张福林,魏江.复合绝缘子外绝缘材质憎水迁移性综述.华北电力技术1999(2):28~30.
[7]罗真海等.合成绝缘子、玻璃绝缘子、瓷绝缘子的综合技术经济比较[J].广东电力1996(3):4~44.
[8]杨涛.合成绝缘子的优缺点[J].农村电气化2002(3):35.
[9]段树乔.合成绝缘子串芯棒脱出机理及对策[J].供用电2001,18(6):11~13.
[10]张福林等.复合绝缘子耐酸芯棒性能的稳定性闭.高压电器2001,37 (5):27~29.
[11]梁曦东等.合成绝缘子鸟粪闪络与不明原因闪络明.电网技术2000,25(1): 13~16.
[12]龚坚刚等.合成绝缘子“不明原因”工频闪络的试验探索与分析[J].电网技术2001,25(6):52~54.
[13] Reynders, J.P et al. Review of Aging and Recovery of Silicone Rubber Insulation for Outdoor Use [J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Insulation,1999,6(5):620~631.
[14]陈原.超高压直流合成绝缘子的研究.博士学位论文[D],北京:清华大学,1997.
[15] M.A.R.M. Fernando et al。Leakage Curents on Non-ceramic Insulators and Materials [J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectric sand Insulation,1999,6(5):660.
[16]陈维荣,宋永华等.电力系统设备状态检测的概念及现状.电网技术2000,21(1):12~15.
[17]张亚萍等.变电站绝缘子污秽信息的监测与管理系统.高电压技术2001,27(5):27~29. [l8]任海鹏等.变电站绝缘子污秽闪络在线监测技术.电工技术学2002,17(3):77~81.
[19] M.A.R.M.Femado et al. Analysis of Leakage Current Wave Forms for Field- aged andNew Composite Insulators[C]。Proc.of CEIDP,Mineapolis, USA,Octorber l997:350.
[20] Gorur R S,et al.Surface resietance measurements on ceramic insulators. IEEE Trans.Power Delivery,2001,16(4):801-805.
[21]张明华等.合成绝缘子与瓷绝缘子的综合技术经济比较[J].电网技术.1995,19(10):10~14.
[22]吴旭涛.合成绝缘子工频千、湿闪络电压对比试验分析[J].西北电力技术2001(1):31~35.
[23]吴光亚等.有机复合绝缘子运行性能分析[J].高电压技术.2000(4):59~62.
[24]张俊民等.棒形悬式复合绝缘子金属附件与芯棒连接区的质量分析.电瓷避雷器1999(2):16~15.
[25]张福林.复合绝缘子机械性能综述[l].电瓷避雷器98(3):10~14.
[26]张福林等.复合绝缘子运行过程中芯棒出现脆断原因初析闭.电网技术2000,24(1):30~32.
[27]吴旭涛.合成绝缘子工频干、湿闪络电压对比试验分析[J].西北电力技术2001(1):31~34.
[28]李学思,曾明求.复合绝缘子抽检质量水平分析.电瓷避雷器1998 (5):37~39.
[29]苏玫,胡声波.交流系统用有机复合棒形悬式绝缘子运行后的性能试验研究.电瓷避雷器1995(3):22~25.
[30] B.A.Afara,M.Hamed et al.Aging of Polymer Insulators Surface Under the Imfluence of Sand Storms[C],9th ISH,1995:1-4.
[31]吴碧华等.广州地区输电线路用复合绝缘子的运行实践阴。电网技术2001,25(5):53~57.
[32] N.Yoshimura et al. Electrical and Environmental Aging of Silicone Rubber Used in Outdoor Insulation. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical lnsulation,1999,6(5):632-650.
[33]张福林.复合绝缘子外绝缘基材硅橡胶表面的憎水性和憎水迁移性机理分析.华北电力技术.1999(1):19~21.
[34]鲁志伟.复合绝缘材料憎水性和憎水迁移性的度量[J].华北电力技术1999(12):50~51.
[2]崔江流,宿志一等.我国硅橡胶合成绝缘子的应用与展望闭.中国电力1999(1):38~41.
[3]宿志一.运行中合成绝缘子存在的问题与原因分析[J].中国电力1995,(7):2~7.
[4] Liang Xidong. Development of Composite Insulators in China. [IEEE Transactions on Dielectric sand Electrical Insulation,1999,6(5)-586-594].
[5]程朝晖.合成绝缘子的运行经验及其发展前景[J].湖北电力1997,21(2):22~26.
[6]张福林,魏江.复合绝缘子外绝缘材质憎水迁移性综述.华北电力技术1999(2):28~30.
[7]罗真海等.合成绝缘子、玻璃绝缘子、瓷绝缘子的综合技术经济比较[J].广东电力1996(3):4~44.
[8]杨涛.合成绝缘子的优缺点[J].农村电气化2002(3):35.
[9]段树乔.合成绝缘子串芯棒脱出机理及对策[J].供用电2001,18(6):11~13.
[10]张福林等.复合绝缘子耐酸芯棒性能的稳定性闭.高压电器2001,37 (5):27~29.
[11]梁曦东等.合成绝缘子鸟粪闪络与不明原因闪络明.电网技术2000,25(1): 13~16.
[12]龚坚刚等.合成绝缘子“不明原因”工频闪络的试验探索与分析[J].电网技术2001,25(6):52~54.
[13] Reynders, J.P et al. Review of Aging and Recovery of Silicone Rubber Insulation for Outdoor Use [J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Insulation,1999,6(5):620~631.
[14]陈原.超高压直流合成绝缘子的研究.博士学位论文[D],北京:清华大学,1997.
[15] M.A.R.M. Fernando et al。Leakage Curents on Non-ceramic Insulators and Materials [J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectric sand Insulation,1999,6(5):660.
[16]陈维荣,宋永华等.电力系统设备状态检测的概念及现状.电网技术2000,21(1):12~15.
[17]张亚萍等.变电站绝缘子污秽信息的监测与管理系统.高电压技术2001,27(5):27~29. [l8]任海鹏等.变电站绝缘子污秽闪络在线监测技术.电工技术学2002,17(3):77~81.
[19] M.A.R.M.Femado et al. Analysis of Leakage Current Wave Forms for Field- aged andNew Composite Insulators[C]。Proc.of CEIDP,Mineapolis, USA,Octorber l997:350.
[20] Gorur R S,et al.Surface resietance measurements on ceramic insulators. IEEE Trans.Power Delivery,2001,16(4):801-805.
[21]张明华等.合成绝缘子与瓷绝缘子的综合技术经济比较[J].电网技术.1995,19(10):10~14.
[22]吴旭涛.合成绝缘子工频千、湿闪络电压对比试验分析[J].西北电力技术2001(1):31~35.
[23]吴光亚等.有机复合绝缘子运行性能分析[J].高电压技术.2000(4):59~62.
[24]张俊民等.棒形悬式复合绝缘子金属附件与芯棒连接区的质量分析.电瓷避雷器1999(2):16~15.
[25]张福林.复合绝缘子机械性能综述[l].电瓷避雷器98(3):10~14.
[26]张福林等.复合绝缘子运行过程中芯棒出现脆断原因初析闭.电网技术2000,24(1):30~32.
[27]吴旭涛.合成绝缘子工频干、湿闪络电压对比试验分析[J].西北电力技术2001(1):31~34.
[28]李学思,曾明求.复合绝缘子抽检质量水平分析.电瓷避雷器1998 (5):37~39.
[29]苏玫,胡声波.交流系统用有机复合棒形悬式绝缘子运行后的性能试验研究.电瓷避雷器1995(3):22~25.
[30] B.A.Afara,M.Hamed et al.Aging of Polymer Insulators Surface Under the Imfluence of Sand Storms[C],9th ISH,1995:1-4.
[31]吴碧华等.广州地区输电线路用复合绝缘子的运行实践阴。电网技术2001,25(5):53~57.
[32] N.Yoshimura et al. Electrical and Environmental Aging of Silicone Rubber Used in Outdoor Insulation. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical lnsulation,1999,6(5):632-650.
[33]张福林.复合绝缘子外绝缘基材硅橡胶表面的憎水性和憎水迁移性机理分析.华北电力技术.1999(1):19~21.
[34]鲁志伟.复合绝缘材料憎水性和憎水迁移性的度量[J].华北电力技术1999(12):50~51.