覆冰输电线路脱冰动力响应及机械式除冰方法研究
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摘要
在特定的温度和风等自然条件下，输电线上的覆冰会融化脱落，从而引起电线的上下振动和横向摆动。输电线覆冰脱落可能引起闪络、跳闸、烧伤电线等电气事故，甚至导致金具损坏、断线、杆塔折损、倒塔等机械事故，严重影响输电线路的安全运行。因此对输电线路脱冰动力响应问题及其除冰技术的研究具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。
本论文首先研究并获得了利用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟输电线路覆冰脱落动力响应的数值模拟方法。通过将桁架单元设置为材料不可压缩，得到模拟覆冰导线的索单元，进一步利用等效密度和等效惯性加速度的方法模拟输电线路的覆冰荷载、风荷载以及导地线的脱冰荷载等，利用文献中脱冰跳跃模拟实验结果验证了方法的正确性。
以某500kV同塔双回输电线路为研究对象，采用数值方法对塔线体系在覆冰、脱冰以及风荷载组合工况下的安全性进行全面地研究。首先建立包括输电杆塔、导地线、绝缘子串和间隔棒等金具在内的塔线耦合体系精细有限元模型。数值计算塔线体系覆冰后的应力分布，模拟得到覆冰脱落后输电杆塔和导地线的动力响应，进而分析研究塔线体系的安全性。结果表明，所研究线路在覆冰和脱冰跳跃过程中塔线体系是安全的。此外，将塔线耦合体系中导地线脱冰后的动力响应计算结果与不考虑杆塔变形的导地线模型模拟结果进行比较，得出杆塔变形对导地线脱冰动力响应影响很小的结论。
利用导线模型模拟了不同参数条件和脱冰工况下导线的脱冰动力响应，得到耐张段档数、脱冰率、档距、覆冰厚度、风速、高差、绝缘子串长度、导线型号和子导线根数等因素对导线脱冰后最大冰跳高度和横向摆幅的影响规律。结果表明，最大冰跳高度和横向摆幅均随档距和脱冰率的增加而增大，而耐张段档数、高差、绝缘子串长度和子导线根数等对其值影响较小。基于数值模拟结果，得到导线脱冰后最大冰跳高度与其脱冰前后静止状态下弧垂差之间的线性关系，以及风荷载作用下导线脱冰后最大横向摆幅与其脱冰前后平衡状态下风偏改变量之间的线性关系，进而给出连续档覆冰导线最大冰跳高度和横向摆幅的简化计算公式。利用该简化计算公式可以简化高压输电线路导线之间以及导地线之间绝缘间隙的设计。
研究了覆冰导线机械式除冰过程的数值模拟方法。用相互平行且共用节点的两层单元分别模拟导线和覆冰，实现导线覆冰状态的模拟。覆冰采用多孔弹性模型，考虑温度和孔隙率对其力学行为的影响，并引入拉伸破坏准则判断覆冰的失效。编写了ABAQUS有限元软件的用户材料子程序VUMAT，利用VUMAT定义覆冰的本构模型和删除破坏单元。模拟研究了不同孔隙率、环境温度、耐张段档数、档距、覆冰厚度、冲击载荷大小等条件下覆冰单导线的冲击除冰过程。模拟结果表明，覆冰孔隙率较小时可将其简化为弹性体，孔隙率较大时采用多孔弹性模型与实际更接近。温度变化对除冰效果的影响很小，而冲击载荷幅值、档距和覆冰厚度等对除冰效果的影响明显，在设计机械式冲击除冰装置时应予以考虑。
提出一种覆冰四分裂导线机械式除冰装置设计原理，该装置可以替代冰区分裂导线的相内间隔棒，具有经济、安全等特点。实现该机械式除冰装置除冰过程的数值模拟方法，模拟研究了该装置的可行性和除冰效能。讨论了除冰装置张开位移、除冰装置安装个数、档距、覆冰厚度和耐张段档数等对除冰效果的影响规律，所得结果可以为四分裂导线机械式除冰装置的设计提供参考。
Ice-shedding from transmission lines under certain conditions may cause verticaljump and horizontal swing of the lines, and in turn may lead to flashover, trip, burningof conductors if the clearance between any two different phase conductors and/orbetween a conductor and a ground wire during vibration is smaller than the tolerableinsulation distance. It also may cause some mechanical problems such as rupture ofconductor and hardware fittings, failure of tower bolt or even collapse of the tower,which severely jeopardizes the safe operation of the high voltage transmission line.Therefore, the studies on the dynamic responses of transmission lines in ice zones afterice-shedding and de-icing of iced conductor behave great significance on theoretical andengineering practice.
Firstly, the numerical simulation method of ice-shedding of iced conductor isinvestigated by finite software ABAQUS. Through setting the material to be ‘NoCompression’, a cable element with perfectly flexible in bending and torsion, which isused to simulate the conductor, is obtained. The static load generated by the ice accretedon the line and the dynamic loads induced by the ice-shedding from the electric lines aresimulated by means of the modification of the density and the gravity acceleration ofthe lines. The ice-shedding of an ice-shedding simulation test is numerically analyzed todemonstrate the efficiency of the presented method.
The dynamic responses of typical section of500kV transmission tower-linesystem after ice-shedding are numerically investigated comprehensively in this thesis.The finite element models, including transmission towers, conductors, ground wires,insulators and spacers, of the transmission tower-line system are created inABAQUS/CAE. The stress distribution of the tower-line system under ice load and thedynamic responses of towers and electric lines after ice-shedding are obtained. Theresults indicate that the transmission tower-line system is safety. Moreover, throughcomparing the results of tower-line system with transmission line model, it is shownthat the deformation of tower have little effect on the jump height or horizontalamplitude of conductor after ice-shedding.
The dynamic responses of transmission line with different structure parameters indifferent ice-shedding conditions are then numerically simulated, and the effects ofvarious factors, including number of spans, ice-shedding rate, span length, ice thickness, wind speeds, elevation difference, suspension length, conductor type and number ofsub-conductors on the maximum jump height and horizontal amplitude of the lines afterice-shedding are investigated. It is shown that the maximum jump height and horizontalamplitude of the lines after ice-shedding go up with the increases of the span length andice-shedding rate, and change very small with number of spans, elevation difference,suspension length and number of sub-conductors. A linear relation between themaximum jump height of a line after ice-shedding and the sag difference between twostatic states before and after ice-shedding, and a linear relation between the maximumhorizontal amplitude of the line after ice-shedding and the wind swing difference beforeand after ice-shedding are obtained according to the analysis on the numerical results.Based on the two linear relations, the simplified formulas for the jump height andhorizontal amplitude of electric lines with odd number of multi-spans after ice-sheddingare suggested for the design of the transmission lines in ice zones.
The numerical simulation method of mechanical de-icing is investigated, andaccreted ice on the electric line is modeled as a separate pipe-beam element in parallelto each cable element by means of common nodes. The porous elastic constitutivemodels, in which the temperature and porosity are taken into account, are used todescribe the behavior of the ice accreted on conductors, and the tension failure criterionis employed to identify broken ice in the simulation of de-icing process. The usermaterial subroutine VUMAT of ABAQUS software is developed to describe theconstitutive relation of the ice and delete the broken elements. A large number ofde-icing scenarios are studied with the variables including ice porosity, temperature,number of spans, span length, ice thickness and different amplitudes of shock-loads,based on which the effects of adjacent span and insulator strings on the rate of de-icingare analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that the constitutive behavior of glazecan be described by elastic model because its porosity is very small and has small effecton its mechanical behavior, and the behavior of hard rime should be described by elasticporous medium model. The process of de-icing after loading is affected obviously by allthe above parameters except temperature. The obtained numerical results provide areference for the design of de-icing technique in practice.
A mechanical de-icing device to remove the ice on quad bundle conductor isproposed. The de-icing device can be used to replace some of the spacers or all thespacers in a span, and it has the advantages of economy, safety, etc. The de-icingprocesses of iced quad-bundled conductor with the de-icing device are numerically studied with the variables including opening displacement of the de-icing device, thenumber of installed de-icing devices on the line, span length, ice thickness and numberof spans, based on which the potential of the new mechanical de-icing device isdemonstrated. The obtained numerical results provide a reference for the design andrealization of the mechanical de-icing device.
本论文首先研究并获得了利用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟输电线路覆冰脱落动力响应的数值模拟方法。通过将桁架单元设置为材料不可压缩，得到模拟覆冰导线的索单元，进一步利用等效密度和等效惯性加速度的方法模拟输电线路的覆冰荷载、风荷载以及导地线的脱冰荷载等，利用文献中脱冰跳跃模拟实验结果验证了方法的正确性。
以某500kV同塔双回输电线路为研究对象，采用数值方法对塔线体系在覆冰、脱冰以及风荷载组合工况下的安全性进行全面地研究。首先建立包括输电杆塔、导地线、绝缘子串和间隔棒等金具在内的塔线耦合体系精细有限元模型。数值计算塔线体系覆冰后的应力分布，模拟得到覆冰脱落后输电杆塔和导地线的动力响应，进而分析研究塔线体系的安全性。结果表明，所研究线路在覆冰和脱冰跳跃过程中塔线体系是安全的。此外，将塔线耦合体系中导地线脱冰后的动力响应计算结果与不考虑杆塔变形的导地线模型模拟结果进行比较，得出杆塔变形对导地线脱冰动力响应影响很小的结论。
利用导线模型模拟了不同参数条件和脱冰工况下导线的脱冰动力响应，得到耐张段档数、脱冰率、档距、覆冰厚度、风速、高差、绝缘子串长度、导线型号和子导线根数等因素对导线脱冰后最大冰跳高度和横向摆幅的影响规律。结果表明，最大冰跳高度和横向摆幅均随档距和脱冰率的增加而增大，而耐张段档数、高差、绝缘子串长度和子导线根数等对其值影响较小。基于数值模拟结果，得到导线脱冰后最大冰跳高度与其脱冰前后静止状态下弧垂差之间的线性关系，以及风荷载作用下导线脱冰后最大横向摆幅与其脱冰前后平衡状态下风偏改变量之间的线性关系，进而给出连续档覆冰导线最大冰跳高度和横向摆幅的简化计算公式。利用该简化计算公式可以简化高压输电线路导线之间以及导地线之间绝缘间隙的设计。
研究了覆冰导线机械式除冰过程的数值模拟方法。用相互平行且共用节点的两层单元分别模拟导线和覆冰，实现导线覆冰状态的模拟。覆冰采用多孔弹性模型，考虑温度和孔隙率对其力学行为的影响，并引入拉伸破坏准则判断覆冰的失效。编写了ABAQUS有限元软件的用户材料子程序VUMAT，利用VUMAT定义覆冰的本构模型和删除破坏单元。模拟研究了不同孔隙率、环境温度、耐张段档数、档距、覆冰厚度、冲击载荷大小等条件下覆冰单导线的冲击除冰过程。模拟结果表明，覆冰孔隙率较小时可将其简化为弹性体，孔隙率较大时采用多孔弹性模型与实际更接近。温度变化对除冰效果的影响很小，而冲击载荷幅值、档距和覆冰厚度等对除冰效果的影响明显，在设计机械式冲击除冰装置时应予以考虑。
提出一种覆冰四分裂导线机械式除冰装置设计原理，该装置可以替代冰区分裂导线的相内间隔棒，具有经济、安全等特点。实现该机械式除冰装置除冰过程的数值模拟方法，模拟研究了该装置的可行性和除冰效能。讨论了除冰装置张开位移、除冰装置安装个数、档距、覆冰厚度和耐张段档数等对除冰效果的影响规律，所得结果可以为四分裂导线机械式除冰装置的设计提供参考。
Ice-shedding from transmission lines under certain conditions may cause verticaljump and horizontal swing of the lines, and in turn may lead to flashover, trip, burningof conductors if the clearance between any two different phase conductors and/orbetween a conductor and a ground wire during vibration is smaller than the tolerableinsulation distance. It also may cause some mechanical problems such as rupture ofconductor and hardware fittings, failure of tower bolt or even collapse of the tower,which severely jeopardizes the safe operation of the high voltage transmission line.Therefore, the studies on the dynamic responses of transmission lines in ice zones afterice-shedding and de-icing of iced conductor behave great significance on theoretical andengineering practice.
Firstly, the numerical simulation method of ice-shedding of iced conductor isinvestigated by finite software ABAQUS. Through setting the material to be ‘NoCompression’, a cable element with perfectly flexible in bending and torsion, which isused to simulate the conductor, is obtained. The static load generated by the ice accretedon the line and the dynamic loads induced by the ice-shedding from the electric lines aresimulated by means of the modification of the density and the gravity acceleration ofthe lines. The ice-shedding of an ice-shedding simulation test is numerically analyzed todemonstrate the efficiency of the presented method.
The dynamic responses of typical section of500kV transmission tower-linesystem after ice-shedding are numerically investigated comprehensively in this thesis.The finite element models, including transmission towers, conductors, ground wires,insulators and spacers, of the transmission tower-line system are created inABAQUS/CAE. The stress distribution of the tower-line system under ice load and thedynamic responses of towers and electric lines after ice-shedding are obtained. Theresults indicate that the transmission tower-line system is safety. Moreover, throughcomparing the results of tower-line system with transmission line model, it is shownthat the deformation of tower have little effect on the jump height or horizontalamplitude of conductor after ice-shedding.
The dynamic responses of transmission line with different structure parameters indifferent ice-shedding conditions are then numerically simulated, and the effects ofvarious factors, including number of spans, ice-shedding rate, span length, ice thickness, wind speeds, elevation difference, suspension length, conductor type and number ofsub-conductors on the maximum jump height and horizontal amplitude of the lines afterice-shedding are investigated. It is shown that the maximum jump height and horizontalamplitude of the lines after ice-shedding go up with the increases of the span length andice-shedding rate, and change very small with number of spans, elevation difference,suspension length and number of sub-conductors. A linear relation between themaximum jump height of a line after ice-shedding and the sag difference between twostatic states before and after ice-shedding, and a linear relation between the maximumhorizontal amplitude of the line after ice-shedding and the wind swing difference beforeand after ice-shedding are obtained according to the analysis on the numerical results.Based on the two linear relations, the simplified formulas for the jump height andhorizontal amplitude of electric lines with odd number of multi-spans after ice-sheddingare suggested for the design of the transmission lines in ice zones.
The numerical simulation method of mechanical de-icing is investigated, andaccreted ice on the electric line is modeled as a separate pipe-beam element in parallelto each cable element by means of common nodes. The porous elastic constitutivemodels, in which the temperature and porosity are taken into account, are used todescribe the behavior of the ice accreted on conductors, and the tension failure criterionis employed to identify broken ice in the simulation of de-icing process. The usermaterial subroutine VUMAT of ABAQUS software is developed to describe theconstitutive relation of the ice and delete the broken elements. A large number ofde-icing scenarios are studied with the variables including ice porosity, temperature,number of spans, span length, ice thickness and different amplitudes of shock-loads,based on which the effects of adjacent span and insulator strings on the rate of de-icingare analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that the constitutive behavior of glazecan be described by elastic model because its porosity is very small and has small effecton its mechanical behavior, and the behavior of hard rime should be described by elasticporous medium model. The process of de-icing after loading is affected obviously by allthe above parameters except temperature. The obtained numerical results provide areference for the design of de-icing technique in practice.
A mechanical de-icing device to remove the ice on quad bundle conductor isproposed. The de-icing device can be used to replace some of the spacers or all thespacers in a span, and it has the advantages of economy, safety, etc. The de-icingprocesses of iced quad-bundled conductor with the de-icing device are numerically studied with the variables including opening displacement of the de-icing device, thenumber of installed de-icing devices on the line, span length, ice thickness and numberof spans, based on which the potential of the new mechanical de-icing device isdemonstrated. The obtained numerical results provide a reference for the design andrealization of the mechanical de-icing device.
引文
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