软法视角下我国行业协会经济调控权研究
摘要
我国行业协会是由独立的经营主体基于一定的共性,为追求全体成员的既定利益而形成的社会团体,在社会经济生活中扮演着非常重要的角色,对内通过自治自律的手段引导和约束会员,对外衔接国家政府并协调行业协会与其他个体和组织的关系,从而达到调控经济,追求行业整体利益的目的。我们将这种行为称之为行业协会经济调控行为。而行业协会经济调控权就是指依照法律法规维护行业的整体利益,拒绝其他社会组织或个人侵犯的权利。权利的来源是协会成员基于契约的私权利让渡。单个私权利集合而成的新的权利,从性质上讲,是一种社会公权利,这是因为这个过程是单个权利集合成社会权利的过程,所追求的利益也由原来的个人利益转变为行业整体利益。在具体的经济调控行为中,对行业协会成员的形成的一种强制服从的权威,又让它具有权力的特征。
我国行业协会经济调控权作为一种社会组织的权利,现实中一般都是通过行业协会的内部规则得以实现。而行业协会的内部规则就是一种柔性的软法,行业协会经济调控权的实现也就是软法的一种实现。在实施软法的情况下,行业协会通过民主平等协商的自治方式制定软性的行业协会规则,以实现行业协会经济调控权。在没有国家强制力保障实施的前提下,其效力实现不同于一般意义的硬法。它所体现的是一种“非司法中心主义”,就是通过正面的激励、引导,或者是一种软性的安排。整个实效是依照法律法规通过行业自律来维系的。
结合我国的行业协会发展现状,行业协会经济调控权的实现机制缺少了软法应该有的弹性,过于僵化,民主协商精神也有待加强。监督救济机制缺乏标准化,或者说相对标准化。硬法规制过严,软法精神体现的不足。针对我国行业协会经济调控权的现状,我们应当从实际出发,实现行业协会的软法自治,形成行之有效的行业协会经济调控权的柔性机制,进一步完善行业协会的民主、平等、协商的内部自治规则,并建立起标准化的监督救济机制。这之间,还需要硬法的合理配合,软硬兼施,才能正确有效的运行行业协会经济调控权。
Industry association is a social groups, composed by independent operators, These independent operators have some commonness, They pursue common interests. Industry association plays a very important role in the social of economic life. Internally, By means of autonomous self-discipline guidance and constraint members. External, Connect national government, and Coordinate industry association with other organizations relationship. To manage the economy purposes. This kind of behavior we call it industry association economic regulation behavior, and This right is called industry association economic control rights. Rights are the sources of the members of the association, Granting private rights based on contract. Common private right transfer for a new rights. Tell from nature of the rights, It is a kind of social public right, This is because that Individual rights combination become social rights, Pursue interests also from originally of personal interests transform for the industry overall interests. Among the specific economic regulation behavior, Formation of compulsory obey authority. And let it has the characteristics of the power in.
Industry association economic regulation authority as a social organization rights, Are generally can be realized through industry association's internal rules. The internal rules of industry association is a kind of flexible soft law. The realization of the industry association economic regulation authority is also a kind of soft law realization. In the spirit of soft law, Industry association formulated by autonomous to mode the soft industry association rules. In order to realize industry association economic control rights. No national force security implementation, Soft law effectiveness is different from hard law. Reflect Not judicial centrality. Through the soft arrangement, like Motivation and guide, The whole effect is through self-regulation to sustain.
According to our country's current development of industry association, Industry association of economic regulation authority lack of flexibility, Too rigid. Democratic consultation spirit need to strengthen. Supervision and relief mechanism lack of standardization, Or relative standardization. Hard law system too strict, Soft law spirit reflects inadequate. Our country industry association of present situation of economic regulation authority, We should proceed from reality, Through the soft law spirit, Realize industry association autonomy. Form effective mechanism. Further perfect industry association autonomy rules, And establish standardized supervision and relief mechanism. also need hard law, Reasonable cooperate, Carrot and stick, correctly in effective operation industry association economic control rights.
我国行业协会经济调控权作为一种社会组织的权利,现实中一般都是通过行业协会的内部规则得以实现。而行业协会的内部规则就是一种柔性的软法,行业协会经济调控权的实现也就是软法的一种实现。在实施软法的情况下,行业协会通过民主平等协商的自治方式制定软性的行业协会规则,以实现行业协会经济调控权。在没有国家强制力保障实施的前提下,其效力实现不同于一般意义的硬法。它所体现的是一种“非司法中心主义”,就是通过正面的激励、引导,或者是一种软性的安排。整个实效是依照法律法规通过行业自律来维系的。
结合我国的行业协会发展现状,行业协会经济调控权的实现机制缺少了软法应该有的弹性,过于僵化,民主协商精神也有待加强。监督救济机制缺乏标准化,或者说相对标准化。硬法规制过严,软法精神体现的不足。针对我国行业协会经济调控权的现状,我们应当从实际出发,实现行业协会的软法自治,形成行之有效的行业协会经济调控权的柔性机制,进一步完善行业协会的民主、平等、协商的内部自治规则,并建立起标准化的监督救济机制。这之间,还需要硬法的合理配合,软硬兼施,才能正确有效的运行行业协会经济调控权。
Industry association is a social groups, composed by independent operators, These independent operators have some commonness, They pursue common interests. Industry association plays a very important role in the social of economic life. Internally, By means of autonomous self-discipline guidance and constraint members. External, Connect national government, and Coordinate industry association with other organizations relationship. To manage the economy purposes. This kind of behavior we call it industry association economic regulation behavior, and This right is called industry association economic control rights. Rights are the sources of the members of the association, Granting private rights based on contract. Common private right transfer for a new rights. Tell from nature of the rights, It is a kind of social public right, This is because that Individual rights combination become social rights, Pursue interests also from originally of personal interests transform for the industry overall interests. Among the specific economic regulation behavior, Formation of compulsory obey authority. And let it has the characteristics of the power in.
Industry association economic regulation authority as a social organization rights, Are generally can be realized through industry association's internal rules. The internal rules of industry association is a kind of flexible soft law. The realization of the industry association economic regulation authority is also a kind of soft law realization. In the spirit of soft law, Industry association formulated by autonomous to mode the soft industry association rules. In order to realize industry association economic control rights. No national force security implementation, Soft law effectiveness is different from hard law. Reflect Not judicial centrality. Through the soft arrangement, like Motivation and guide, The whole effect is through self-regulation to sustain.
According to our country's current development of industry association, Industry association of economic regulation authority lack of flexibility, Too rigid. Democratic consultation spirit need to strengthen. Supervision and relief mechanism lack of standardization, Or relative standardization. Hard law system too strict, Soft law spirit reflects inadequate. Our country industry association of present situation of economic regulation authority, We should proceed from reality, Through the soft law spirit, Realize industry association autonomy. Form effective mechanism. Further perfect industry association autonomy rules, And establish standardized supervision and relief mechanism. also need hard law, Reasonable cooperate, Carrot and stick, correctly in effective operation industry association economic control rights.
引文
①详见李贤沛,张翼湘.经济管理学[M].湖南:湖南人民出版社,1988:233。?
②详见蒋安.经济法理论新视点[M].北京:中国警察出版社,2004。?
③详见鲁篱.行业协会经济自治权研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2003。?
①参见Joseph F.Bradley,The role of trade association and professional business society ,university park Pennsylvania,1965,第4页。
②参见George P.Lamb,Summers Kittelle,Trade association law and practice,Little,Brown and company,1956,第3页。
①集体权利是指社会团体、企事业组织、法人等集体所享有的各种权利。详见于张文显主编《法理学》,2003版,115页。
①参见程信和:《经济法基本权利范畴论纲》,载《甘肃社会科学》2006年第1期,138页。
①详见鲁篱:《行业协会经济自治权研究》,法律出版社2003版,第172页。
①参见罗豪才主编,《软法理论与实践》,北京大学出版社,2010年版,第56—57页。
①[法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武翻译,商务印书馆2003版,第18—20页。
②参见[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏等翻译,中国社会科学出版社1988版一书中对社团道德的描述。
①参见【日】美浓部达吉:《法之本质》,林纪东翻译,台湾商务印书馆1992版,第90—95页。
②详见罗豪才主编,《软法的理论与实践》,北京大学出版社2010版,第232页。
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①参见Joseph F.Bradley,The role of trade association and professional business society ,university park Pennsylvania,1965,第4页。
②参见George P.Lamb,Summers Kittelle,Trade association law and practice,Little,Brown and company,1956,第3页。
①集体权利是指社会团体、企事业组织、法人等集体所享有的各种权利。详见于张文显主编《法理学》,2003版,115页。
①参见程信和:《经济法基本权利范畴论纲》,载《甘肃社会科学》2006年第1期,138页。
①详见鲁篱:《行业协会经济自治权研究》,法律出版社2003版,第172页。
①参见罗豪才主编,《软法理论与实践》,北京大学出版社,2010年版,第56—57页。
①[法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武翻译,商务印书馆2003版,第18—20页。
②参见[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏等翻译,中国社会科学出版社1988版一书中对社团道德的描述。
①参见【日】美浓部达吉:《法之本质》,林纪东翻译,台湾商务印书馆1992版,第90—95页。
②详见罗豪才主编,《软法的理论与实践》,北京大学出版社2010版,第232页。
[1] [英]斯坦利·海曼,著.协会管理.尉晓欧,徐京生,于晓丹,译[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1995:125.
[2] [德]黑格尔,著.法哲学原理.范扬,张全泰,译[M].北京:商务印书馆,1961:248.
[3]张文显.法理学.第2版[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:115.
[4]张宇燕.利益集团与制度非中性[J].中国经济学.1994(2):53
[5]罗豪才.公共治理的崛起呼唤软法之治[N/OL].法制日报,2008-12-14(9):2.
[6]翟小波.软法及其概念之证成----以公共治理为背景[J].法律科学2007(2):6.
[7]罗豪才.软法的理论与实践[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010:61.
[8]张文显.法理学.第2版[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:58.
[9] [美]E·博登海默,著.法理学---法律哲学与法律方法.邓正来,译[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:363.
[10]杨紫煊.经济法.第3版[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008:19.
[11]罗豪才,著.软法与公共治理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006:175.
[12]张文显.法理学.第2版[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:83.
[13] [奥]凯尔森,著.法与国家的一般理论.沈宗灵,译[M].中国大百科全书出版社,1996:30.
[14] [奥]凯尔森,著.法与国家的一般理论.沈宗灵,译[M].中国大百科全书出版社1996:136.
[15] [英]H.L.A哈特,著.法律概念.许家馨,李冠宜,译[M].法律出版社,2006:89—90.
[16] [美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森,著.集体行动的逻辑.陈郁,译[M].上海三联书店1995:126.
[17] [美]E·博登海默,著.法理学---法律哲学与法律方法.邓正来,译[M].中国政法大学出版社2004:438—440.
[18]于安.德国行政法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999:78—82.
[1][日]金泽良雄,著.经济法概论.满达人,译[M].中国法制出出版社,2005.
[2][美]博登海默,著.法理学:法律哲学与法律方法.邓正来,译[M].中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[3][美]庞德,著.通过法律的社会控制—法律的任务.沈宗灵、董世忠,译[M].商务印书馆,1984.
[4]杨紫烜.经济法.第3版.[M].北京大学出版社,2008.
[5]郑少华.从对峙走向和谐:循环型社会法的形成[M].科学出版社,2005.
[6]单飞跃.经济法理念与范畴的解析[M].中国检察出版社,2002.
[7]周林彬.市场经济法[M].兰州大学出版社,1994.
[8]甘培忠.企业法新论[M].北京大学出版社,2000.
[9]漆多俊.宏观调控法研究[M].中国方正出版社,2002.
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