个人金融信息管理：隐私保护与金融交易的权衡
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摘要
随着金融市场的发展和创新,金融服务在相当程度上改变了人们的生活方式和习惯。目前到银行办理存取款、汇兑、缴纳水电费等业务,购买理财产品、基金定投、储蓄连接保险等等创新型的金融产品与金融衍生品,已成为生活中必不可少的一部分。本文将金融机构在与自然人客户发生业务往来时,基于其特殊主体或交易相对方的地位所了解、收集、使用、保存、加工的有关客户情况称之为个人金融信息,包括但不限于个人基本信息、金融交易信息以及与客户有关的其他信息。实践中,也有人称为金融隐私。就金融隐私和个人金融信息关系而言,个人金融信息是个人信息的重要组成部分,范围更广,金融隐私则是个人金融信息最核心组成部分。
日常生活中,人们经常接到一些包括金融机构在内的、具有很强针对性的莫名电话,推销金融产品和服务。很显然,消费者的信息在不知情的情况下被泄露。这些个人金融信息泄露问题引起了社会广泛关注。人们普遍认为,作为个人隐私的重要内容,应当严格保护金融隐私。实践中,一些国家金融监管部门相继出台了加强金融隐私保护的监管规则。然而,也有人认为,金融隐私保护固然重要,但适度的信息共享、披露是金融市场克服信息不对称的重要手段。在金融市场上,金融隐私披露或者说消费者对自身金融隐私的让渡是金融契约得以建立的前提。过于严格的隐私保护会加剧信息不对称,不利于金融市场的健康发展。
本文的出发点正是为了解决隐私保护与金融交易权衡的问题,试图通过对金融隐私产权界定、权利体系、宏观影响效应等问题,运用严谨的经济学工具加以研究,梳理世界主要发达国家金融隐私保护制度,分析我国金融隐私立法、执法现状,探讨如何构建金融隐私保护体系。全文的主要研究内容如下：
一、国内外研究现状。本部分从隐私权由来、价值等基本问题出发,重点梳理了国外学者关于金融隐私共享效应、与信息披露制度和信贷市场发展关系、隐私保护立法实践等方面的研究成果,介绍了国内学者在这一领域的研究进展,并对国内外研究现状进行了评述,明确了本文的研究方向。
二、阐述金融隐私的基本理论、权利体系以及关注原因。从金融消费者和金融机构角度可以对金融隐私做出不同角度的定义。金融隐私信息范围涉及很广既有静态也有动态信息的积累。就采集范围而言,不同的国家规定有很大差异,比较有代表性的是美英两国。从我国《征信业管理条例》来看,从行政法规的角度明确了金融隐私信息的采集范围问题。理论上来说,金融隐私权是一个权利束,应该包含控制权、知情权、修改权、损害赔偿权等。
三、从博弈视角分析了金融隐私的产权界定问题。金融隐私本身具有财产属性,似乎产权的归属比较明确。然而,事实并非如此。金融隐私既有静态信息,也有不断变动的交易信息积累,产权界定具有复杂性。本部分的研究结果表明,将金融隐私产权仅仅界定给消费者或金融机构一方并不是最优的选择,而由其两者共同享有能够带来社会福利最大化的结果。当今世界征信发展的不同模式就从不同角度界定了金融隐私产权问题。
四、金融隐私利用、共享和披露。本部分对金融隐私利用的形式进行了类型化探讨。从消费者行为选择的角度,对金融机构保护和共享金融隐私的决策问题进行了分析。隐私保护与信息披露是共生的,如何解决二者在实践中的冲突是要解决的重要问题。在金融隐私信息披露和使用上,比较有代表性机构是金融集团,代表性的业务是资产证券化。
五、金融隐私产权保护的规则选择。本部分首先梳理了法经济学关于产权保护的基本规则：财产规则、责任规则、不可转让规则和管制规则,其次是对金融隐私保护规则的选择进行比较,提出适用财产规则和责任规则保护金融隐私产权是最优的选择。最后,选择实际案例对保护规则行使和举证责任问题进行考察。
六、金融隐私保护与金融市场发展的实证研究。这是本文研究的重点内容、也是创新点之一。本部分整理了96个国家和地区隐私保护法律体系现状,设计了金融隐私保护指数,比较了各国隐私立法差异。提出了金融隐私保护水平越高、征信发展水平越高的理论假设,并实证验证了这一假说。金融隐私保护具有双重效应,对于与个人紧密相关的消费信贷发展能否起到推动作用值得关注,这也是如何改进金融隐私立法需要考量的重要因素。本部分对隐私保护的效应进行模型化分析以后,收集大量数据进行了检验,结果显示：金融隐私保护水平与消费信贷增长呈正相关关系。但是,美国学者通过一个实证案例的研究,也让我们看到了隐私权的绝对保护会带来一定的的负面影响。
七、金融隐私的监管决策。我们对监管部门管理个人金融信息目标进行了简单假设,即保护金融隐私和促进金融信息利用是履行监管职责时需要关注的两个目标。本部分借鉴无差异曲线理论,分析了隐私监管的决策模型,运用博弈论展现了消费者、监管部门和金融机构在金融隐私保护方面的行为选择问题,并求出了金融隐私保护最优监管力度。
八、国外金融隐私保护的法律实践与体系评述。本部分考察了美国、欧盟、日本和瑞士四个经济体关于金融隐私保护的立法、执法状况,总结了隐私立法的共同特点和影响因素,并在此基础上,阐述了隐私保护的法律体系和金融隐私相关利益者责任问题。
九、我国金融隐私保护现状与路径选择。此部分在前面研究的基础上,考察并评估了我国金融隐私法律体系及存在问题,提出了推进金融隐私保护的建议。
With the development and innovation of financial market, financial services have been influencing people's lifestyle and habits in a large extent. Nowadays, going to the bank for business and purchase, which including deposit and withdrawal, exchange, paying utilities, financial products, fund investment, savings insurance, and other innovative financial products and financial derivatives etc, has become an essential part of people'life. When financial institutions make business with individuals, they will get information of their clients definitely through collecting, using, storage and processing because of their special subject in financial market. That information they get will be defined as personal financial information in this article, including but not limited to basic personal information, financial transactions and other information of customers. In practice, it was also known as financial privacy. As for the relationship between financial privacy and personal financial information, personal information includes personal financial information, and financial privacy is the core component of personal financial information.
In everyday's life, people often receive telephones with a strong sense of target which pursue them to buy financial products and services. Sometimes these telephones come from the financial institutions. Obviously, the consumers' information has been disclosed without their guarantee, and this issue has aroused a wide concern by the society. It has been widely considering that financial privacy, which is an important part of personal privacy, should be strictly protected by all the people. In practice, some countries'financial Regulatory agencies have issued a series of regulations to strengthen the protection of people's financial privacy. However, it was also suggested that modest sharing and disclosure of information is an important means to overcome information asymmetry of financial markets. In the financial markets, disclosure or demise of financial privacy of consumers'is a prerequisite to the establishment of financial contracts. The strict of the privacy protection, the intense the information asymmetry will be, which is not good for the development of the financial markets.
This paper will try to discuss how to solve the issue of trade-off between financial privacy protection and financial transactions. We will attempt to study the problems such as the property rights definition of financial privacy, the right system and the macro-impact by rigorous economics tools. We will also summarize the developed countries'financial privacy protection system, and analysis what's the station about legislation and enforcement of financial privacy in our country. At last, how to establish our country's financial privacy protection system will be discussed. The main content of this paper is as follows:
First,the research status at home and abroad.In this part, we will begin from some basic problems such as how the privacy right comes from and its value, then we will focus our attention on foreign scholars'research findings on the problems of effects of financial privacy share, the relationship between information disclosure system and credit market development, practice of privacy protection legislation. Finally, we will introduce what's the research of domestic scholars'going on in this field and give it a review, thus a clear research direction can be found at last.
Second, describe the basic theory of financial privacy, the right system and the reasons for concern. We can define financial privacy from the standpoint of financial institutions'or the consumer'. Financial privacy information involves a lot, both static and dynamic accumulation. On the aspect of collection, there are many differences in different countries. Between them, the representatives are United States and Britain. Our country's "Credit Management Act" has defined the scope of financial private information collection from the perspective of administrative regulations. It says that financial privacy right is a bundle which should include the right to control, the right to be informed, the right to amend and the right to clime etc.
Third,discuss how to define what property right of financial privacy is from the perspective of Game Theory.It seems clear that the ownership of financial privacy property for it has property's attribute. However, this is not true. There is not only static information but dynamic information that accumulated constantly of financial privacy, so it is complicated to give it a definition exactly. The results of our study indicate that give financial privacy right to consumers or financial institutions are all not the best choice, it is the share that could bring the maximize welfare to the whole society. Now we can see that financial privacy right has defined from different perspectives because different country has different way of development on their credit system all over the world.
Fourth, using, sharing and disclosure of financial privacy.In this part we will discuss the forms that financial privacy can be used. We also analyze how the financial institutions make choose between protection and sharing of financial privacy from the theory of consumer behavior. From above study of this paper we know that we can not discuss protect privacy without disclosure, so how to resolve the conflict between the two in practice is an important problem need to be concerned. In the issue of using and disclosure of financial privacy information, the representative group is financial institutions and the representative business is asset securitization.
Fifth,how to design the rules to protect financial privacy property.At beginning of this part, we will reviews the basic rules on property right protection of the law-economics which including property rules, liability rules, non-transferable rules and control rules. Then with compare of the rules, we believe that the property rules and the liability rules are suitable to protect financial privacy property. Finally, we will select some cases to study how the rules we have choose into practice and how to allocate the burden of proving for every parts.
Six,research on financial privacy protection and financial market development.The problem studied in this part is very important and also one of the innovation.We will review96countries'financial privacy protection system and compare the differences between them from designing index of financial privacy protection.We conduct a theoretical hypothesis that the better the financial privacy protection is,the higher level of development of credit system.Financial privacy protection is a double-edged sword,so whether consumer credit which is closely related to each of us can be promoted should be taken into our attention. It is also an important factor that needs to be considered on how to improve the financial privacy legislation.In this part, we will use a model to analyze the effects of privacy protection, and collect large amounts of data to make test. The results show that the growth of consumer credit is positively correlated with the level of financial privacy protection. However,a case study of a American scholar made us realize that the absolute protection of privacy right will bring some negative impact as well.
Seven,choice of financial privacy regulatory.We made a assumption on what goals our regulators want to achieve for their management on personal finance information.To protect financial privacy and promote the use of financial information are the main two objectives to fulfill when regulators take responsibilities. In this part, we will analyze the decision model privacy regulation by the theory of draw indifference curve, and we will show the behavior of consumers, regulators and financial institutions in the choice of financial privacy protection issues.Based on this, we will give optimal supervision strategy of financial privacy protection.
Eight, Review of justice practice and system of foreign financial privacy protection.This section examines the situation of legislation and enforcement on financial privacy protection of U.S., EU, Japan and Switzerland and sums up the common characteristics and influencing factors. Based on this, we will describe the issues of legal system and stakeholder's responsibilities on privacy financial privacy protection.
Nine, current situation and path selection of our country's financial privacy protection.Beyond the previous research,we will investigate and assess the law system and problems of financial privacy of our country,then give some suggestions to promote it.
日常生活中,人们经常接到一些包括金融机构在内的、具有很强针对性的莫名电话,推销金融产品和服务。很显然,消费者的信息在不知情的情况下被泄露。这些个人金融信息泄露问题引起了社会广泛关注。人们普遍认为,作为个人隐私的重要内容,应当严格保护金融隐私。实践中,一些国家金融监管部门相继出台了加强金融隐私保护的监管规则。然而,也有人认为,金融隐私保护固然重要,但适度的信息共享、披露是金融市场克服信息不对称的重要手段。在金融市场上,金融隐私披露或者说消费者对自身金融隐私的让渡是金融契约得以建立的前提。过于严格的隐私保护会加剧信息不对称,不利于金融市场的健康发展。
本文的出发点正是为了解决隐私保护与金融交易权衡的问题,试图通过对金融隐私产权界定、权利体系、宏观影响效应等问题,运用严谨的经济学工具加以研究,梳理世界主要发达国家金融隐私保护制度,分析我国金融隐私立法、执法现状,探讨如何构建金融隐私保护体系。全文的主要研究内容如下：
一、国内外研究现状。本部分从隐私权由来、价值等基本问题出发,重点梳理了国外学者关于金融隐私共享效应、与信息披露制度和信贷市场发展关系、隐私保护立法实践等方面的研究成果,介绍了国内学者在这一领域的研究进展,并对国内外研究现状进行了评述,明确了本文的研究方向。
二、阐述金融隐私的基本理论、权利体系以及关注原因。从金融消费者和金融机构角度可以对金融隐私做出不同角度的定义。金融隐私信息范围涉及很广既有静态也有动态信息的积累。就采集范围而言,不同的国家规定有很大差异,比较有代表性的是美英两国。从我国《征信业管理条例》来看,从行政法规的角度明确了金融隐私信息的采集范围问题。理论上来说,金融隐私权是一个权利束,应该包含控制权、知情权、修改权、损害赔偿权等。
三、从博弈视角分析了金融隐私的产权界定问题。金融隐私本身具有财产属性,似乎产权的归属比较明确。然而,事实并非如此。金融隐私既有静态信息,也有不断变动的交易信息积累,产权界定具有复杂性。本部分的研究结果表明,将金融隐私产权仅仅界定给消费者或金融机构一方并不是最优的选择,而由其两者共同享有能够带来社会福利最大化的结果。当今世界征信发展的不同模式就从不同角度界定了金融隐私产权问题。
四、金融隐私利用、共享和披露。本部分对金融隐私利用的形式进行了类型化探讨。从消费者行为选择的角度,对金融机构保护和共享金融隐私的决策问题进行了分析。隐私保护与信息披露是共生的,如何解决二者在实践中的冲突是要解决的重要问题。在金融隐私信息披露和使用上,比较有代表性机构是金融集团,代表性的业务是资产证券化。
五、金融隐私产权保护的规则选择。本部分首先梳理了法经济学关于产权保护的基本规则：财产规则、责任规则、不可转让规则和管制规则,其次是对金融隐私保护规则的选择进行比较,提出适用财产规则和责任规则保护金融隐私产权是最优的选择。最后,选择实际案例对保护规则行使和举证责任问题进行考察。
六、金融隐私保护与金融市场发展的实证研究。这是本文研究的重点内容、也是创新点之一。本部分整理了96个国家和地区隐私保护法律体系现状,设计了金融隐私保护指数,比较了各国隐私立法差异。提出了金融隐私保护水平越高、征信发展水平越高的理论假设,并实证验证了这一假说。金融隐私保护具有双重效应,对于与个人紧密相关的消费信贷发展能否起到推动作用值得关注,这也是如何改进金融隐私立法需要考量的重要因素。本部分对隐私保护的效应进行模型化分析以后,收集大量数据进行了检验,结果显示：金融隐私保护水平与消费信贷增长呈正相关关系。但是,美国学者通过一个实证案例的研究,也让我们看到了隐私权的绝对保护会带来一定的的负面影响。
七、金融隐私的监管决策。我们对监管部门管理个人金融信息目标进行了简单假设,即保护金融隐私和促进金融信息利用是履行监管职责时需要关注的两个目标。本部分借鉴无差异曲线理论,分析了隐私监管的决策模型,运用博弈论展现了消费者、监管部门和金融机构在金融隐私保护方面的行为选择问题,并求出了金融隐私保护最优监管力度。
八、国外金融隐私保护的法律实践与体系评述。本部分考察了美国、欧盟、日本和瑞士四个经济体关于金融隐私保护的立法、执法状况,总结了隐私立法的共同特点和影响因素,并在此基础上,阐述了隐私保护的法律体系和金融隐私相关利益者责任问题。
九、我国金融隐私保护现状与路径选择。此部分在前面研究的基础上,考察并评估了我国金融隐私法律体系及存在问题,提出了推进金融隐私保护的建议。
With the development and innovation of financial market, financial services have been influencing people's lifestyle and habits in a large extent. Nowadays, going to the bank for business and purchase, which including deposit and withdrawal, exchange, paying utilities, financial products, fund investment, savings insurance, and other innovative financial products and financial derivatives etc, has become an essential part of people'life. When financial institutions make business with individuals, they will get information of their clients definitely through collecting, using, storage and processing because of their special subject in financial market. That information they get will be defined as personal financial information in this article, including but not limited to basic personal information, financial transactions and other information of customers. In practice, it was also known as financial privacy. As for the relationship between financial privacy and personal financial information, personal information includes personal financial information, and financial privacy is the core component of personal financial information.
In everyday's life, people often receive telephones with a strong sense of target which pursue them to buy financial products and services. Sometimes these telephones come from the financial institutions. Obviously, the consumers' information has been disclosed without their guarantee, and this issue has aroused a wide concern by the society. It has been widely considering that financial privacy, which is an important part of personal privacy, should be strictly protected by all the people. In practice, some countries'financial Regulatory agencies have issued a series of regulations to strengthen the protection of people's financial privacy. However, it was also suggested that modest sharing and disclosure of information is an important means to overcome information asymmetry of financial markets. In the financial markets, disclosure or demise of financial privacy of consumers'is a prerequisite to the establishment of financial contracts. The strict of the privacy protection, the intense the information asymmetry will be, which is not good for the development of the financial markets.
This paper will try to discuss how to solve the issue of trade-off between financial privacy protection and financial transactions. We will attempt to study the problems such as the property rights definition of financial privacy, the right system and the macro-impact by rigorous economics tools. We will also summarize the developed countries'financial privacy protection system, and analysis what's the station about legislation and enforcement of financial privacy in our country. At last, how to establish our country's financial privacy protection system will be discussed. The main content of this paper is as follows:
First,the research status at home and abroad.In this part, we will begin from some basic problems such as how the privacy right comes from and its value, then we will focus our attention on foreign scholars'research findings on the problems of effects of financial privacy share, the relationship between information disclosure system and credit market development, practice of privacy protection legislation. Finally, we will introduce what's the research of domestic scholars'going on in this field and give it a review, thus a clear research direction can be found at last.
Second, describe the basic theory of financial privacy, the right system and the reasons for concern. We can define financial privacy from the standpoint of financial institutions'or the consumer'. Financial privacy information involves a lot, both static and dynamic accumulation. On the aspect of collection, there are many differences in different countries. Between them, the representatives are United States and Britain. Our country's "Credit Management Act" has defined the scope of financial private information collection from the perspective of administrative regulations. It says that financial privacy right is a bundle which should include the right to control, the right to be informed, the right to amend and the right to clime etc.
Third,discuss how to define what property right of financial privacy is from the perspective of Game Theory.It seems clear that the ownership of financial privacy property for it has property's attribute. However, this is not true. There is not only static information but dynamic information that accumulated constantly of financial privacy, so it is complicated to give it a definition exactly. The results of our study indicate that give financial privacy right to consumers or financial institutions are all not the best choice, it is the share that could bring the maximize welfare to the whole society. Now we can see that financial privacy right has defined from different perspectives because different country has different way of development on their credit system all over the world.
Fourth, using, sharing and disclosure of financial privacy.In this part we will discuss the forms that financial privacy can be used. We also analyze how the financial institutions make choose between protection and sharing of financial privacy from the theory of consumer behavior. From above study of this paper we know that we can not discuss protect privacy without disclosure, so how to resolve the conflict between the two in practice is an important problem need to be concerned. In the issue of using and disclosure of financial privacy information, the representative group is financial institutions and the representative business is asset securitization.
Fifth,how to design the rules to protect financial privacy property.At beginning of this part, we will reviews the basic rules on property right protection of the law-economics which including property rules, liability rules, non-transferable rules and control rules. Then with compare of the rules, we believe that the property rules and the liability rules are suitable to protect financial privacy property. Finally, we will select some cases to study how the rules we have choose into practice and how to allocate the burden of proving for every parts.
Six,research on financial privacy protection and financial market development.The problem studied in this part is very important and also one of the innovation.We will review96countries'financial privacy protection system and compare the differences between them from designing index of financial privacy protection.We conduct a theoretical hypothesis that the better the financial privacy protection is,the higher level of development of credit system.Financial privacy protection is a double-edged sword,so whether consumer credit which is closely related to each of us can be promoted should be taken into our attention. It is also an important factor that needs to be considered on how to improve the financial privacy legislation.In this part, we will use a model to analyze the effects of privacy protection, and collect large amounts of data to make test. The results show that the growth of consumer credit is positively correlated with the level of financial privacy protection. However,a case study of a American scholar made us realize that the absolute protection of privacy right will bring some negative impact as well.
Seven,choice of financial privacy regulatory.We made a assumption on what goals our regulators want to achieve for their management on personal finance information.To protect financial privacy and promote the use of financial information are the main two objectives to fulfill when regulators take responsibilities. In this part, we will analyze the decision model privacy regulation by the theory of draw indifference curve, and we will show the behavior of consumers, regulators and financial institutions in the choice of financial privacy protection issues.Based on this, we will give optimal supervision strategy of financial privacy protection.
Eight, Review of justice practice and system of foreign financial privacy protection.This section examines the situation of legislation and enforcement on financial privacy protection of U.S., EU, Japan and Switzerland and sums up the common characteristics and influencing factors. Based on this, we will describe the issues of legal system and stakeholder's responsibilities on privacy financial privacy protection.
Nine, current situation and path selection of our country's financial privacy protection.Beyond the previous research,we will investigate and assess the law system and problems of financial privacy of our country,then give some suggestions to promote it.
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