公司僵局及其救济问题研究
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摘要
公司僵局在我国公司实践中经常发生,但我国对公司僵局问题及其救济手段的研究刚刚起步,实践中也缺乏相应的解决办法。本文第一章从公司僵局概念的界定出发,探讨了公司僵局的特征、性质、成因,对公司僵局进行了分类并指出了其危害。本文从公司合同理论的角度出发,认为公司僵局的实质是因公司合同当事人之间利益冲突缺乏协调救济机制,导致公司合同的无法履行,从而使公司合同的当事人合理预期的落空。对造成公司僵局的原因进行了深入探讨,认为公司治理结构和决策机制是造成公司僵局的客观原因,而发生在公司内部的不可调和的冲突则是公司僵局形成的根本原因。从公司僵局出现的不同层面等七个方面对公司僵局进行了分类,并指出公司僵局不但对股东、公司、债权人及其他利害关系人的利益造成危害,对市场和社会稳定也将造成重大影响。那么如何应对公司僵局呢?换句话说,一旦出现了公司僵局,我们如何救济?总的来说,我们既要从思想上加强对公司僵局危害性的认识,对公司章程加以完善,以预防公司僵局的发生,同时更要从制度上加以完善,采取多种可能的解决办法,建立可选择的全面的公司僵局救济体系。在公司法修改以前,公司法中没有公司僵局司法救济的相应规定,造成司法实务部门在处理此类纠纷时畏首畏尾。但国外对公司僵局司法救济制度早有相应的规定,特别是美国,长期的大量的公司实践,使美国在实践中确立了多种多样的公司僵局救济方式,如调解-仲裁、临时董事、临时接管人或管理人、强制清购等。本文第二章把这些救济方式按照救济主体的不同总结为股东的自力救济、第三方介入、司法间
This article is about corporate deadlock .Corporate deadlock is a kind of unusual phenomenon, which appears frequently in corporate operation practice. Corporate deadlock means no single person or group of persons has legal control of the business. In recent years, with the development of market economy in China, more and more deadlocks have emerged. Corporate deadlock becomes a social problem, but the research of corporate deadlock and remedies just start, it is also lack of solution in practice .People don't have profound understanding to the definition of corporate deadlock, the characteristics of corporate deadlock, the harm of deadlock, the reason why deadlock emerges and so on. How to avoid and break the deadlock has become a significantly theoretical and actual problem. This article discusses this problem from three parts. The beginning of this article is from the concept of corporate deadlock, the discussing in part I is also about the characteristics, cause of formation, classification and endangerment. This article sets out from the angle of the company contract theories, the substance of corporate deadlock is lacking the remedies to resolve the conflicts, the shareholders could not get what they want form the contract that they made for the company. The impersonal reason for deadlock is corporate governance structure and decision-making mechanism, the ultimately reason is the irreconcilable conflict. This article classifies corporate deadlock into seven aspects, and point out corporate deadlock is not only harmful to the shareholders, companies, creditors and the other relation persons, but also harmful to the market and society. How to break the deadlock? Part II introduces eleven ways to
引文
① E.博登海默:《法理学—法哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社,1997年版,第550页。
    ② Black's Law Dictionary (sixth edition) defines" corporate deadlock" as: Deadlock in a closely held corporation arises when a control structure permits one or more factions of shareholders to block corporate action ff they disagree with some aspect of corporate policy.
    ③ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law. published under license with Merriam-Webster Incorporated,1996.
    ④ 罗伯特·w·汉密尔顿著:《公司法概要》,李存捧译、刘李胜校.中国社会科学出版社1999年8月版,第212页。
    ⑤ Deadlock arises in a corporation when two or more factions have irreconcilable differences and neither faction can obtain snfficient power to enforce its respective view.
    ⑥ 'the inability of management to obtain a required vote for decisions critical to business', James S. Covington, Jr., The Tennessee Corporation Act and Close Corporation for Profit, 43 Tenn. L. Rev. 184,199 (1976).
    ⑦ 'exists when two or more factions, engaged in irreconcilable differences, have enough power in corporate affairs which they may exercise, in enforcement of their respective views, in a way that hampers corporate operations' Annotation, Dissolution of Corporation on Ground of Intracorporate Deadlock or Dissension, 83 A.L.R. 3d 458, 462 n.3 (1978).
    ① Deadlock has been defined as "a decision or indecision of stockholders, which results in the corporation's inability to perform its corporate powers... [or] a state of inaction or neutralization caused by the opposition of persons or of factions." Hendley v. Lee, 676 F. Supp. 1317, 1323 (D.S.C. 1987)
    ② "failure at two consecutive annual meetings at which all voting power was exercised, to elect successors to directors whose terms have expired." E.g., CAL. COPP. CODE § 1800 (West 1990).
    ③ "one which, because of decision or indecision of stockholders, cannot perform its corporate powers." RICO Theatres, Inc, v. Trenton-New Brunswick Theatres Co., 9 N.J. Super. 401, 409, 74 A.2d 914, 918 (1950). 在. Callier v.Callier 一案中法院也阐述了这个观点 See Callier v.Callier, 61 Ill.App.3d 1011,1041 378N.E.2d 405,408,18M.Dec.941,944(5th Dist.1978).
    ④ 周友苏《公司法通论》,四川人民出版社2002年第一版,第701页。
    ⑤ 赵旭东:《公司僵局的司法救济》,http://www.civillaw.com.en/jinrong/search/default.asp
    ⑥ 秦勇 李凤霞:《有限责任公司僵局及其司法救济》载于《商场现代化》,2005年第5期,第153页。
    ① STEVEN C. DRAPEKIN, ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES TO DISSOLUTION UNDER THE 1983 ILLINOIS BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT, 1985, 1985 U. Ⅱ. L. Rev. 709.
    ① "corporate principals" shall mean: (a) the ten largest corporate shareholders; (b) the ten most highly compensated employees of the corporation, with the exception of any employee who did not have any management responsibilities to the corporation; (c) the members of the corporation's highest governing board; (d) any employees or agents of the corporation whose negligent or wrongful acts proximately caused the corporate liabifity in question. According to ASSEMBLY, No. 3823 STATE OF NEW JERSY 210th LEGISLATURE INTRODUCED JUNE 19. 2003.
    ② 因为董事也是由股东选择出来的,股东在这里是以公司的所有者的身份出现的。
    ① 公司治理(corporate governance) 的概念从出现到目前只有二十余年的历史,对它的分析散见于经济学、管理学,法学等诸多学科。台湾学者有将之译为“公司管理”或“公司控制”者。(见刘连煜著:《公司治理与公司社会责任》,中国政法大学出版社,2001年10月版,第11页)由于不同的学者是从不同的角度对公司治理问题进行研究,因此不同的学者对于公司治理的概念的界定就存在明显的不同。下面列举出关于公司治理较为权威的概念。Tricker(1993)指出:“公司治理包含对现代企业行使权利的整个过程,一般以治理机构为中心,这个治理机构通常称为董事会,但也不一定要这样称呼。公司治理可以受到产权股份持有人、高级经理和审计师及其他利益相关者的影响.”Cadbury(1993)指出:“公司治理是掌握、指导和控制公司的制度与过程。”Shleifer & Vishny(1997)指出:“公司治理讨论以何种方式确保公司的资金供应者得到他们的投资收益.”Kevin et al.(1999)指出:“我们一般将公司治理定义成能够使组织成功运作的结构、过程、文化和系统。责任是治理的一个子集,包括监控、评估和控制组织的代理人以确保他们的行为维护股东与其他利益相关者的权益。”公司治理包括公司治理结构和公司治理机制。
    ② 吴敬琏著:《现代公司与企业改革》天津人民出版社,1994年版。
    ③ 奥利弗·哈特(Oliver Hart)在《公司治理理论与启示》一文中提出了公司治理理论的分析框架。他认为,只要以下两个条件存在,公司治理问题就必然在一个组织中产生。第一个条件是代理问题,确切地说是组织成员(可能是所有者、工人或消费者)之间存在利益冲突:第二个条件是,交易费用之大使代理问题不可能通过合约解决。
    ④ 一种典型的情况就是“均衡持股”,即“fifty to fifty”,当然也包括关键性少数的情况。
    ① 蔡元庆 龚建凤:《资本多数决原则与中小股东利益的协涮》载于《当代法学》2003年第11期,第15页。
    ② 布莱恩 R.柴芬斯 著:《公司法:理论、结构和运作》,林华伟、魏旻译。法律岀版社2001年4月版,第17页。
    ① 范黎红《司法介入公司僵局纠纷的分类探讨》,http://www.shezfy.com/Discuss/detail.asp?id=225
    ① 赵旭东:《公司僵局的司法救济》http://www.tyfw.wet/dispnews.asp?id=489
    ② 曾东红 宋佑光:《论有限责任公司僵局及其应对》载《中山大学学报(社会科学版)2004年第3期,第58页。
    ① 对于公司利益和股东利益的关系学界有着不同的理解。一种观点认为公司利益和股东利益完全是同义语;一种观点认为公司利益和股东利益是有着严格区别的,由于股东们利益十分不同,这些利益只有通过以公司利益(而非股东利益)为核心的标准才能调和起来,非股东的其他利害关系人的利益也包含在公司利益中。
    ② Susanna M. Kim, The Provisional Director Remedy for Corporate Deadlock: A Proposed Model Statute, at 120.
    ① 利益相关者理论(Stakeholder tllcory)是20世纪60年代左右,在美国、英国等长期奉行外部控制型公司治理模式的国家中逐步发展起来的。该理论认为任何一个公司的发展都离不开各种利益相关者的投入或参与,比如股东、债权人、雇员、消费者、供应商等。
    ② STEVEN C. DRAPEKIN ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES TO DISSOLUTION UNDER THE 1983 ILLINOIS BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT 1985 U. Ⅲ. L, Rev. 709.
    ① 范黎红:《论司法对公司僵局纠纷的分类介入》载《政治与法律》2005年第1期,第54页。
    ② 股份公司中,投资者以其投入资本的比重,参与公司的利润分配,享有所有者权益;以其股权比重,通过公司股东代表大会、董事会,参与公司的重要决策,其中包括选择经理层,这就是所谓的“用手投票”。
    ① Melvin Aron Eisenberg, The structure of corporation law, Columbia. Law. Review. Vol.89, at 1461.
    ① 王保树,崔勤之主编:《中国公司法原理》社科文献出版社,1998年版,第304页。
    ① 仲裁一词,中文的字面含义指居中公断。英文中的arbitration,源自拉丁文,与中文含义相似。自古代时起,各文明古国的民间都有争议双方将他们之间的争议交给双方都认可的德高望重者评判的习俗。而当这种做法被赋予法律上的约束力时,它就形成了一项法律上的仲裁制度,具有法律强制力。古代罗马时期,仲裁制度开始萌芽,并在中世纪时有所发展。现代仲裁制度发端于英国,首先在海运和贸易界流行。1889年英国制订了《仲裁法》,这是第一部现代仲裁法律。此后,仲裁制度在欧洲得到迅速发展。
    ② Arbitration involves the use of a neutral outsider who considers the claims of the disputing parties and renders a binding decision. G Richard Shell, Arbitration and Corporate Governance, 67N.C L. REV. 517, 521 (1989).
    ① It has become a very common method for resolving disputes in close corporations. G. Richard Shell.
    ② Arbitrators who have business expertise and familiarity with the company or the industry can render a decision that reflects a deeper understanding of the issues, increasing the likelihood that the parties will be satisfied with the judgment. F. HODGE O'NEAL & ROBERT B. THOMPSON, O'NEAL'S CLOSE CORPORATIONS,790. Leo Kanowitz, Alternative Dispute Resolution and the Public Interest: The Arbitration Experience, 38 HASTINGS L.J. 239, 255 (1987) (stating that arbitrators may know more about subject matter of dispute than judges or juries).
    ③ A single arbitration may not be an effective solution if the conflicts are deep and the parties subsequently deadlock over a continuing stream of issues. Susanna M. Kim The Provisional Director Remedy for Corporate Deadlock: A Proposed Model Statute. 60 Wash & Lee L. Rev. 111.
    ④ 所谓临时仲裁,就是当事人并不要求由仲裁机构进行仲裁,而是直接约定双方如何选择仲裁员,仲裁庭如何组成。或者在约定一个仲裁地点。而程序全部由首度仲裁员安排。仲裁庭审理完毕后,就自然解散。
    ① In mediation, a neutral third party facilitates communication and negotiation between the parties to move them toward a mutually acceptable resolution. KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 17 (1994).
    ② The goal is to transform the relationship from conflict to cooperation as the mediator helps the parties move past their hostility to address their real interests. Carole Silver, Models of Quality for Third Parties in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 12 OHIO ST. J. ON DISP. RESOL. 37, 76 (1996).
    ③ The process is less adversarial than arbitration and is conducted much more informally. Edgar A. Jones Jr., Selected Problems of Procedure and Evidence, in ARBITRATION IN PRACFICE 48, 49 (Arnold M. Zack ed., 1984).
    ① The fact that the mediator has no real power to direct the parties' actions or render a final decision may induce the parties to take the mediation less seriously. Sherry Landry, Med-Arb: Mediation with a Bite and an Effective ADR Model, 63 DEF. COUNS. J. 263,264 (1996).
    ① A provisional director is a neutral third party who is appointed by the court and vested with the fights and powers of a director to vote at board meetings. 16AWILLIAM MEADE FLETCHER,FLETCHER CYCLOPEDIA OF THE LAW OF PRIVATE CORPORATIONS § 8043 (perm. ed. rev. vol. 1995).
    ② 超过二十个州授予了法院得在公司陷入僵局时向公司指派临时董事_之权力。ALA.CODE§10-2A-310 (1975) (applying to close corporations only); CAL. CORP. CODE § 308 (grounds for) & § 1802 (appointment of provisional director) (West 1977 & Supp. 1985); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 8, § 353 (1983) (applying to close corporations only); GA. CODE ANN. § 22-703 (1977 & Supp. 1984); ILL. REV. STAT. ch. 32, § 12.55 (Supp. 1983); KAN. STAT. ANN, § 17-7213 (1974) (applying to close corporations only); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 13-A, § 1123(3)(e) (1981); MO. ANN. STAT. § 351.323 (Vernon 1966); N.J. STAT. ANN. § 14A:12-7 (West Supp. 1985); N.C. GEN. STAT. § 55.39 (1982); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 1701.91(Page 1985); PA. STAT. ANN. fit. 15, § 1384 (Purdon Supp. 1985) (for close corporations only); TENN. CODE ANN, § 48-1-809 (1984); TEX. BUS. CORP. ACT ANN. art. 2.30-4 (Vernon Cum. Supp. 1976)
    ③ MODEL BUS. CORP. ACT ANN, MODEL STATUTORY CLOSE CORE SUPPLEMENT' 41 (a) (7) (3ded. Supp. 1998/99)
    ① Provisional director cannot "override a decision of the board ... [nor] take over ultimate management from the owners"In re Annrhon, Inc.,21 Cal. Rptr. 2d399, 604 (Cal. Ct.App. 1993)
    ② N.J. STAT.ANN. § 14A:12-7(West Supp. 1985) (permitting a court to retain the power to remove the appointee).
    ③ The Alabama, California, Georgia, Kansas, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, and Tennessee 等州的法律都要求达到一定数量的股东或董事才能向法院提出指定临时董事的要求。例如Alabama州法律就要求一半以上的董事或者三分之一以上的股东才可以提出。这样的条款实际上限制了临时董事作为救济手段,在这样限制性的要求下,少数派股东就很难有效的向法院提出这样的请求。当然这样的要求也是为了限制少数股东滥用此救济手段。
    ④ Hetherington 和 Dooley 在 Illiquidity and Exploitation: A Proposed Statutory Solution to the Remaining Close Corporation Problem一文中认为:任何法律权利都有可能作为谈判的筹码。我们没有理由不认为对自愿解散公司不需要一定的表决权要求不是过度保护少数派。从另一个方面看对解散公司作一定的表决权比例要求的确造成了公司中的多数派对少数派的压迫,在派生诉讼对压迫者无效的情况下剥夺了他们唯一有效的救济手段。《弗吉尼亚法律评论》第六十三期第1页起,见第18页和第21页,1977年。
    ① Hetherington & Dooley, Illiquidity and Exploitation: A Proposed Statutory Solution to the Remaining Close Corporation Problem, 63 VA. L. REV. 1, 21 (1977).
    ② In re Annrhon, Inc., 21 Cal. Rptr. 2d 599, 604 (Cal. Ct. App. 1993); Lair v. Superior Gourt, 212 Cal. Rptr. 380, 384 (Cal. Ct. App. 1985); cf. Boswoah v. Ehrenreich, 823 F. Supp. 1175, 1182 (D.N.J. 1993) (ordering that provisional director be allowed to cast two votes to break tics when provisional director was added to three-member board).
    ③ 佛罗里达州和新泽西州给临时董事设立了向法院定期报告公司僵局的状况和公司业务状况的义务。
    ④ WILLIAM E. KNEPPER & DAN A. BAILEY, LIABILITY OF CORPORATE OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1-7, (6th ed. 1998 & Supp. 2001)
    ① 在 Merit Insur. Co. v. Leatherby Insur. Co. —案中 Richard Posne 法官阐述了这个观点。714 E2d 673,679 (7th Cir. 1983).
    ② N.J. STAT. ANN. § 14A:12-7(3) (West Supp. 2002)
    ① Cheryl Jean Lew, Comment, The Custodian Remedy for Deadlocks in Close Corporations, 13 U. C. DAVIS L REV 498.508-09 (1980)
    ② [美] Lewis D. Solomon, Alan R. Palmiest, 《公司法》 (注译本),任志毅,张众注,中国方正出版社2004版,第497页。
    ① Deadlock and Dissolution in Close Corporations, 45 IOWA. L. REV. 767, 773 (1960).
    ① See Douglas K. Moll, Shareholder Oppression in Close Corporations: The Unanswered Question of Perpectivc, 53 Vand. L. Rev. 759 (2000).
    ② 版本 MODEL BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT 3rd Edition, OFFICIAL TEXT, Revised through 2002.
    ③ §14.30 (2) in a proceeding by a shareholder flit is established that:(i) the directors are deadlocked in the management of the corporate affairs, the shareholders are unable to break the deadlock, and irreparable injury to the corporation is threatened or being suffered, or the business and affairs of the corporation can no longer be conducted to the advantage of the shareholders generally, because of the deadlock;(ii) the directors or those in control of the corporation have acted, are acting, or will act in a manner that is illegal, oppressive, or fraudulent:(iii) the shareholders are deadlocked in voting power and have failed, for a period that includes at least two consecutive annual meeting dates, to elect successors to directors whose terms have expired: or (iv) the corporate assets are being misapplied or wasted. Model Business Corporation Act 2000/01/02 Supplement,3rd Edition.
    ④ Model Statutory Close Corporation Supplement §40(a)(2),(1).
    ① 胡果威:《美国公司法》,法律出版社1999年版,第240页。
    ② 范黎红:“司法介入公司僵局纠纷的分类探讨”,http://www.shezfy.com/Discuss/detail.asp?id
    ③ 张民安:“公司少数股东的法律救济”,载于《法制与社会发展》1995年第3期,第42页。
    ④ Peter Meinhardt, Company Law in Great Britain, Gower Publishing Company Limited,1982,见第 35页。
    ⑤ 范健等译:《德国有限责任公司法》,载于《中德经济研究所年刊》(1995)。
    ① [日]末永敏和:《现代日本公司法》,金洪玉译,人民法院出版社2000年版,第109页。
    ② [韩]李哲松著:《韩国公司法》,吴日焕译,中国政法大学出版社2000版,第109页。
    ③ 张汉搓:《香港公司法原理与实务》,科学普及出版社,1994年1月第1版,第188到189页.
    ① 柯芳枝:《公司法论》,三民书局1997年增订初版,第68到69页.
    ② [美]理查德.A.波斯纳:《法律的经济分析》(下),蒋兆康译,中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第551页。
    ③ 加州大学、斯坦福大学法学院:《公司法律制度》,《全球竟争体制下的公司法改革》编译组编译,法律出 版社1998年版,第135—136页.
    ① [美]汉密尔顿著,李存捧译:《公司法概论》,中国社会科学出版社1998年版,第214页。
    ② Radom & Neidorff,Inc., In re, 307 N. Y. 1,119 N. E. 2d 563(N. Y. 1954),303.
    ③ 这里可能被牺牲的一方股东既可能是收购方也可能是被收购方。
    ④ 参见 Joshua M. Henderson, Buyout Remedy for Oppressed Minority Shareholders, 47 S.C.L. Rev. 195, 199 (1995).
    ① 如新泽西州,见N.J. Star. Ann. 14 A:12-7(C)(8) (West 2000).
    ② 参见,§14.34 ELECTION TO PURCHASE IN LIEU OF DISSOLUTION, Model Business Corporation Act 2000/01/02 Supplement,3rd Edition.
    ③ [美]罗们特.C.克拉克著,胡平等译《公司法则》,工商出版社1999年版,第653页。
    ① 参见 Model Bus. Corp. Act 14.34(a); Model Statutory Close Corp. Supplement 42(a).
    ② 参见 John C. Coates Ⅳ, "Fair Value" as an Avoidable Rule of Corporate Law: Minority Discounts in Conflict Transactions, 147 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1251, 1260n.27 (1999) (通过此文我们可知有38个州的法律采用了这一定义).
    ③ 参见 Model Bus. Corp. Act 14.34(d); Model Statutory Close Corp. Supplement 42(b)(1).
    ④ 参见 Balsamides v. Protameen Chemicals, Inc —案., 734 A.2d 721, 733 (N.J. 1999).
    ⑤ 参见 Bobbie J. Hollis Ⅱ, The Unfairness of Applying Lack of Marketability Discounts to Determine Fair Value in Dissenters' Rights Cases, 25 J. Corp. L. 141.(1999).
    ⑥ 参见 Advanced Communication Design, Inc. v. Follett 案, 615 N. W.2d 285, 290 (Minn. 2000).
    ⑦ A.L.I., Principles of Corp. Governance: Analysis and Recommendations 7.22 (a).
    ⑧ 参见 Cavalier Oil Corp. v. Hernett, 564 A.2d 1137, 1142 (Del. 1989).
    ⑨ 同上案例,见第1143页。
    ① 参见 Barry M. Wertheimer, The Shareholders' Appraisal Remedy and How Courts Determine Fair Value, 47 Duke L.J. 629 (1998).
    ② 同上,见630页。在诉讼中各方股东都会聘请不同的专家作评估证言,考虑到各方周有的主观性即使他们使用同样的评估方法也可能得出差异很大的不同结果。
    ③ 参见 John D. Ernory, The Role of Discounts in Determining "Fair Value" Under Wisconsin's Dissenters' Rights Statutes: The Case for Discounts, 1995 Wis. L. Rev. 1155, 1158 (1995).
    ① 赵旭东 主编:《新公司法实务精答》,人民法院出版社,2005年12月第1版,见第369页。 可以申请人民法院指定有关人员组成清算组进行清算。人民法院应当受理该申请,并及时组织清算组进行清算。
    ① 《最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国民事诉讼法>若干问题的意见》第2条规定:专利纠纷案件由最高人民法院确定的中级人民法院管辖。
    ② Jose Engracia Antunes, Liability of Corporate Groups, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publisher, Deventer Boston, 1994,第113页。
    ③ Gerald Frug, The City as a Legal Concept, 93 Harv. L. Rev. 1057, 1078-1099 (1980).
    ④ David Millon, Theories of the Corporation, 1990 Duke L.J. 201, 229-231 (1990).
    ① 新《公司法》第五条已经宣示了社会责任成为了公司的法定义务。
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    7、俞秋玮:《公司僵局状态下弱势股东的权利保护——王某与关某、上海福天有限公司股东权纠纷案》《人民司法》2005年第1期。
    8、范黎红:《论司法对公司僵局纠纷的分类介入》《政治与法律》2005年第1期。
    9、秦勇、李凤霞:《有限责任公司僵局及其司法救济》《商场现代化》2005年第6期。
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