英语诗歌中间接回指释义的认知研究
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摘要
作为篇章的重要衔接手段之一,间接回指越来越受到学术界的重视。在以往的间接回指研究中,人们较多地关注其句法层面的因素。随着语言学的发展和进步,人们逐渐意识到间接回指基本上不可能进行纯粹的形式句法分析,只有把语用,认知,语义等因素有机结合起来才能对其进行有效的阐释。
为了说明诗歌中间接回指的特殊性以及突出本研究的意义,本文的作者部分地借用了王军在其博士论文中对英语叙事文体中间接回指实例的统计结果,通过英语叙事文体和英语诗歌中的间接回指的对比分析,以期获得有意义的发现。
为了获取特别的诗歌表达效果,诗人在诗歌创作中往往都会设法避免常规思维模式。此外,诗歌语言时常会违反和背离日常语言的表达习惯,这些表达技巧不可避免地会影响到诗歌中间接回指的表现形式,因此,许多用于解释基于叙事文体中间接回指的理论就不能令人满意地在诗歌体裁中应用。本文在总结分析的基础上认为概念整合理论能较好地解决这一难题。根据分析,诗歌中间接回指的可能先行项所构成的心理空间之间往往具有一定的关联性,每一个可能先行项又与其回指项构成特定的间接回指关联,并又赋予该先行项一定的角色地位。
As an important means to establish coherence in discourse, indirect anaphora is gaining more and more attention from the academic community. In the early and traditional research on indirect anaphora, scholars put emphasis on the syntactic level. With the development of linguistics, they come to realize that indirect anaphora resolution is more a mental process than a pure syntactic linking, and cognitive and pragmatic factors must be taken into consideration.
In order to present the special features of indirect anaphora instances in English poetry and demonstrate the significance of the present study, the author borrows the statistical results of indirect anaphora instances in English narrative discourses analyzed by Wang Jun in his doctoral dissertation for comparison. From that, the author obtains some valuable findings.
The creative poet tends to avoid conventional ways of thinking. Poetic language usually violates or deviates from the generally observed rules of language. All these are conducive to achieving extraordinary poetic effects, but at the same time, exert great influence on the representation of indirect anaphora inevitably. Consequently, some very useful principles and theories, such as the topic/focus model, the scenario model, the relevance model, frame theory, comparatively-privileged associative strength and so on appear to be powerless to indirect anaphora resolution in English poetry. The author suggests that such a linguistic phenomenon can be desirably explained in light of Conceptual Blending Theory. Connections are established between or among the mental spaces, formed by all the possible antecedents in the process of mapping and blending, which provides strong evidence and basis for one antecedent to be the deep antecedent for indirect anaphora resolution, although its relation with the anaphor is not obvious.
为了说明诗歌中间接回指的特殊性以及突出本研究的意义,本文的作者部分地借用了王军在其博士论文中对英语叙事文体中间接回指实例的统计结果,通过英语叙事文体和英语诗歌中的间接回指的对比分析,以期获得有意义的发现。
为了获取特别的诗歌表达效果,诗人在诗歌创作中往往都会设法避免常规思维模式。此外,诗歌语言时常会违反和背离日常语言的表达习惯,这些表达技巧不可避免地会影响到诗歌中间接回指的表现形式,因此,许多用于解释基于叙事文体中间接回指的理论就不能令人满意地在诗歌体裁中应用。本文在总结分析的基础上认为概念整合理论能较好地解决这一难题。根据分析,诗歌中间接回指的可能先行项所构成的心理空间之间往往具有一定的关联性,每一个可能先行项又与其回指项构成特定的间接回指关联,并又赋予该先行项一定的角色地位。
As an important means to establish coherence in discourse, indirect anaphora is gaining more and more attention from the academic community. In the early and traditional research on indirect anaphora, scholars put emphasis on the syntactic level. With the development of linguistics, they come to realize that indirect anaphora resolution is more a mental process than a pure syntactic linking, and cognitive and pragmatic factors must be taken into consideration.
In order to present the special features of indirect anaphora instances in English poetry and demonstrate the significance of the present study, the author borrows the statistical results of indirect anaphora instances in English narrative discourses analyzed by Wang Jun in his doctoral dissertation for comparison. From that, the author obtains some valuable findings.
The creative poet tends to avoid conventional ways of thinking. Poetic language usually violates or deviates from the generally observed rules of language. All these are conducive to achieving extraordinary poetic effects, but at the same time, exert great influence on the representation of indirect anaphora inevitably. Consequently, some very useful principles and theories, such as the topic/focus model, the scenario model, the relevance model, frame theory, comparatively-privileged associative strength and so on appear to be powerless to indirect anaphora resolution in English poetry. The author suggests that such a linguistic phenomenon can be desirably explained in light of Conceptual Blending Theory. Connections are established between or among the mental spaces, formed by all the possible antecedents in the process of mapping and blending, which provides strong evidence and basis for one antecedent to be the deep antecedent for indirect anaphora resolution, although its relation with the anaphor is not obvious.
引文
Aoun, Joseph. A Grammar of Anaphora[M]. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1985.
Bolinger, Dwight. Pronouns in discourse[A]. T. Givon (ed.): Syntax and Semantics[C]. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Bosch, Peter. Agreement and Anaphora: A study of the role pronouns in syntax[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1983.
Charolles, M. Associative anaphora and its interpretation[J]. Journal of Pragmatics[M]. 1999(31).
Clark, Herbert H. Bridging[A]. P. Wason & P. Johnson-laird (eds.): Thinking: Reading in Cognitive Science[C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Clark, Herbert H. & S.E. Haviland. Comprehension and the given-new contract[A]. R. Freedle(ed.): Discourse Comprehension and Production[C]. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1977.
Collins, A. M. & E. F. Loftus. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing[J]. Psychological Review. 1975(82).
Emmott, Catherine. Embodied in a constructed world: Narrative processing, knowledge representation, and indirect anaphora[A]. Karen van Hoek et al. (eds.): Discourse Studies in Cognitive Linguistics[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999.
Erku, Feride & Jeannette Gundel. Indirect Anaphors[A]. J. Verschueren & M. Bertuccelli-Papi(eds.): The Pragmatic Perspective[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1987.
Fauconnier, G. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Fauconnier, G. Mappings in Thought and Language[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Fauconnier, G. & Mark Turner. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities[M]. New York: Basic Book, 2002.
Gee, J. P. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method[M]. London: Routledge, 1999.
Givon, T. Syntax: A Functional–typological Introduction[M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1984.
Gundel et al. Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse[J]. Language, 1993 (69).
Kleiber, Georges. Associative anaphora and part-whole relationship: The condition of alienation and the principle of ontological congruence[J]. Journal of Pragmatics[M], 1999 (31).
Langacker, R. W. Foundation of Cognitive Grammar, Vol.Ⅰ: Theoretical Prerequisites[M]. Stanford/California: Stanford University Press, 1987.
Matsui, Tomoko. Bridging reference and the notions of “topic” and “focus”[J]. Lingua, 1993a (90).
Matsui, Tomoko. Assessing a scenario-based account of bridging reference assignment[P]. In UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 1993b (5).
Matsui, Tomoko. Bridging and Relevance[M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000.
Minsky, M. A framework for representing knowledge[A]. In Winston, P. H.(ed.) The Psychology of Computer Vision[C]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
Sanford, A. K. Moar & S. Garrod. Understanding Written Language: Exploration in Comprehension Beyond the Sentence[M]. Chichester: John Wiley, 1981.
Sanford, A. K. Moar & S. Garrod. What, when and how: Questions of immediacy in anaphoric reference resolution[J]. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1989 (4).
Sidner, Candace L. Towards a Computational Theory of Definite Anaphora Comprehension in English Discourse [P]. MIT Technical Report, 1979.
Ungerer, F. & H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996.
van Hoek, Karen, A. A. Kibrik & L. Noordman. Discourse Studies in Cognitive Linguistics[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999.
Wang, Jun. A Cognitive Approach to Indirect Anaphora Resolution in English Narrative Discourses[D]. Doctoral dissertation of Shanghai International Studies University, 2004.
Wilson, D. & T. Matsui. Recent approaches to bridging: truth, coherence, relevance[A]. In UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 1998.
波西·比西·雪莱. 最美的诗歌[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.
陈平. 释汉语中与名词性成分相关的四组概念[J]. 中国语文, 1987(2).
何自然. 语用推理的照应[J]. 福建外语, 2000(1).
何自然. 语用含意推理和照应[J]. 福建外语, 2001(4).
胡壮麟. 语境研究的多元化[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2002(5).
梁艳春. 合成空间对委婉语的阐释力[J]. 暨南大学学报, 2003 (2).
廖秋忠. 廖秋忠文集[M]. 北京: 北京语言学院出版社, 1982.
刘礼进. 英语话语中的间接照应[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2001(3).
宋苏玲. 合成空间理论对语篇连贯解读的解释意义[J]. 外语与外语教学, 2000(5).
苏晓军, 张爱玲. 概念整合理论的认知力[J]. 外国语, 2001(3).
王军. 论间接回指的释义基础[J]. 外语教学, 2003(6).
王军. 论关联度在间接回指释义中的主导作用[J]. 现代外语, 2004(3).
汪少华. 概念合成与隐喻的实时意义建构[J]. 当代语言学, 2002(2).
项成东. 间接照应与语篇理解[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2004(3).
熊学亮. 英汉前指现象对比[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 1999.
许余龙. 英汉指称词语表达的可及性[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2000(9).
杨朝军. 照应关系的篇章功能研究[J]. 福建外语, 2002(4).
Bolinger, Dwight. Pronouns in discourse[A]. T. Givon (ed.): Syntax and Semantics[C]. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Bosch, Peter. Agreement and Anaphora: A study of the role pronouns in syntax[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1983.
Charolles, M. Associative anaphora and its interpretation[J]. Journal of Pragmatics[M]. 1999(31).
Clark, Herbert H. Bridging[A]. P. Wason & P. Johnson-laird (eds.): Thinking: Reading in Cognitive Science[C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Clark, Herbert H. & S.E. Haviland. Comprehension and the given-new contract[A]. R. Freedle(ed.): Discourse Comprehension and Production[C]. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1977.
Collins, A. M. & E. F. Loftus. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing[J]. Psychological Review. 1975(82).
Emmott, Catherine. Embodied in a constructed world: Narrative processing, knowledge representation, and indirect anaphora[A]. Karen van Hoek et al. (eds.): Discourse Studies in Cognitive Linguistics[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999.
Erku, Feride & Jeannette Gundel. Indirect Anaphors[A]. J. Verschueren & M. Bertuccelli-Papi(eds.): The Pragmatic Perspective[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1987.
Fauconnier, G. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Fauconnier, G. Mappings in Thought and Language[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Fauconnier, G. & Mark Turner. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities[M]. New York: Basic Book, 2002.
Gee, J. P. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method[M]. London: Routledge, 1999.
Givon, T. Syntax: A Functional–typological Introduction[M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1984.
Gundel et al. Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse[J]. Language, 1993 (69).
Kleiber, Georges. Associative anaphora and part-whole relationship: The condition of alienation and the principle of ontological congruence[J]. Journal of Pragmatics[M], 1999 (31).
Langacker, R. W. Foundation of Cognitive Grammar, Vol.Ⅰ: Theoretical Prerequisites[M]. Stanford/California: Stanford University Press, 1987.
Matsui, Tomoko. Bridging reference and the notions of “topic” and “focus”[J]. Lingua, 1993a (90).
Matsui, Tomoko. Assessing a scenario-based account of bridging reference assignment[P]. In UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 1993b (5).
Matsui, Tomoko. Bridging and Relevance[M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000.
Minsky, M. A framework for representing knowledge[A]. In Winston, P. H.(ed.) The Psychology of Computer Vision[C]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
Sanford, A. K. Moar & S. Garrod. Understanding Written Language: Exploration in Comprehension Beyond the Sentence[M]. Chichester: John Wiley, 1981.
Sanford, A. K. Moar & S. Garrod. What, when and how: Questions of immediacy in anaphoric reference resolution[J]. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1989 (4).
Sidner, Candace L. Towards a Computational Theory of Definite Anaphora Comprehension in English Discourse [P]. MIT Technical Report, 1979.
Ungerer, F. & H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996.
van Hoek, Karen, A. A. Kibrik & L. Noordman. Discourse Studies in Cognitive Linguistics[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999.
Wang, Jun. A Cognitive Approach to Indirect Anaphora Resolution in English Narrative Discourses[D]. Doctoral dissertation of Shanghai International Studies University, 2004.
Wilson, D. & T. Matsui. Recent approaches to bridging: truth, coherence, relevance[A]. In UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 1998.
波西·比西·雪莱. 最美的诗歌[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.
陈平. 释汉语中与名词性成分相关的四组概念[J]. 中国语文, 1987(2).
何自然. 语用推理的照应[J]. 福建外语, 2000(1).
何自然. 语用含意推理和照应[J]. 福建外语, 2001(4).
胡壮麟. 语境研究的多元化[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2002(5).
梁艳春. 合成空间对委婉语的阐释力[J]. 暨南大学学报, 2003 (2).
廖秋忠. 廖秋忠文集[M]. 北京: 北京语言学院出版社, 1982.
刘礼进. 英语话语中的间接照应[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2001(3).
宋苏玲. 合成空间理论对语篇连贯解读的解释意义[J]. 外语与外语教学, 2000(5).
苏晓军, 张爱玲. 概念整合理论的认知力[J]. 外国语, 2001(3).
王军. 论间接回指的释义基础[J]. 外语教学, 2003(6).
王军. 论关联度在间接回指释义中的主导作用[J]. 现代外语, 2004(3).
汪少华. 概念合成与隐喻的实时意义建构[J]. 当代语言学, 2002(2).
项成东. 间接照应与语篇理解[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2004(3).
熊学亮. 英汉前指现象对比[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 1999.
许余龙. 英汉指称词语表达的可及性[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2000(9).
杨朝军. 照应关系的篇章功能研究[J]. 福建外语, 2002(4).