缺氧—好氧SBR处理城市污水的中试研究
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摘要
随着水环境污染和水质富营养化问题的尖锐化以及人们公共环境意识的日益增强,迫使污水排放标准中对氮的要求越来越严格。污水处理技术逐渐地从以单一去除有机物为目的的阶段进入既要去除有机物,又要脱氮的深度处理阶段
本论文以序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)为主体,以生活污水为处理对象,研究其在缺氧-好氧运行条件下,同步硝化反硝化脱氮的效能。对影响同步硝化反硝化的各种因素进行了详细研究,并对脱氮机理进行了探讨。
缺氧-好氧SBR反应器在处理生活污水试验中,对COD、氨氮、总氮的平均去除率分别为83.0%,86.0%,36.5%。运行后期虽然进水的污染物浓度波动变化比较大,但系统对COD、氨氮仍能保持较好的去除能力。系统具有一定的抗冲击负荷能力。对反应器运行过程中典型周期的分析,反映出SBR系统具有一定的同步硝化反硝化效果,但是效果不够理想。当处理低浓度城市污水时,要想达到较高的脱氮效果,可能需外加碳源。
在小试实验中发现高有机负荷有助于提高缺氧-好氧SBR系统的同步硝化反硝化性能;反应器溶解氧控制在2.0~2.5 mg/L范围内时,有利于污泥的稳定和脱氮的效果。在试验条件下,系统中发生SND脱氮作用的主要作用机理是微环境理论和生物学理论,在反应初期以微环境理论为主导,而反应后期则是以生物学理论为主导。
The standard of nitrogen discharge in wastewater was controlled more and more strictly with severe water pollution and eutrophication question occurred and the sense of environmental protection enhanced. The wastewater techniques developed gradually from the period of COD removal to simultaneous, nitrogen removal.
The experiment about simultaneous nitrification denitrification(SND) was carried out operated with municipal wastewater by sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Some factors that effect SND were studied particularly. The mechanism of SND was analysised too.
When the granular sludge SBR was applied to treat municipal wastewater, the average removal efficiencies of COD, NH4+-N, TN were 83.0%,86.0%,36.5%, respectively. Although the influent concentration varied a lot, the active sludge SBR still had good removal performance. The active sludge SBR had a certain ability to adapt shock loadings. Analysis of typical cycle showed that the active sludge has some nitrogen removal performance but not very good. When the low concentration of urban sewage is treated, in order to reach a higher nitrogen removal, it may take additional carbon.
In a lab-scale anoxic-aerobic SBR, high organic loading is benefit for SND. The influent DO controlled in the range of 2.0~2.5 mg/L is good for maintain sludge stabilization and the nitrogen removal. During the trial conditions, the main mechanism of the system is micro-environment theory and biological theory. In the initial reaction, the micro-environment is the main, and the reaction later is the biological theory-driven.
本论文以序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)为主体,以生活污水为处理对象,研究其在缺氧-好氧运行条件下,同步硝化反硝化脱氮的效能。对影响同步硝化反硝化的各种因素进行了详细研究,并对脱氮机理进行了探讨。
缺氧-好氧SBR反应器在处理生活污水试验中,对COD、氨氮、总氮的平均去除率分别为83.0%,86.0%,36.5%。运行后期虽然进水的污染物浓度波动变化比较大,但系统对COD、氨氮仍能保持较好的去除能力。系统具有一定的抗冲击负荷能力。对反应器运行过程中典型周期的分析,反映出SBR系统具有一定的同步硝化反硝化效果,但是效果不够理想。当处理低浓度城市污水时,要想达到较高的脱氮效果,可能需外加碳源。
在小试实验中发现高有机负荷有助于提高缺氧-好氧SBR系统的同步硝化反硝化性能;反应器溶解氧控制在2.0~2.5 mg/L范围内时,有利于污泥的稳定和脱氮的效果。在试验条件下,系统中发生SND脱氮作用的主要作用机理是微环境理论和生物学理论,在反应初期以微环境理论为主导,而反应后期则是以生物学理论为主导。
The standard of nitrogen discharge in wastewater was controlled more and more strictly with severe water pollution and eutrophication question occurred and the sense of environmental protection enhanced. The wastewater techniques developed gradually from the period of COD removal to simultaneous, nitrogen removal.
The experiment about simultaneous nitrification denitrification(SND) was carried out operated with municipal wastewater by sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Some factors that effect SND were studied particularly. The mechanism of SND was analysised too.
When the granular sludge SBR was applied to treat municipal wastewater, the average removal efficiencies of COD, NH4+-N, TN were 83.0%,86.0%,36.5%, respectively. Although the influent concentration varied a lot, the active sludge SBR still had good removal performance. The active sludge SBR had a certain ability to adapt shock loadings. Analysis of typical cycle showed that the active sludge has some nitrogen removal performance but not very good. When the low concentration of urban sewage is treated, in order to reach a higher nitrogen removal, it may take additional carbon.
In a lab-scale anoxic-aerobic SBR, high organic loading is benefit for SND. The influent DO controlled in the range of 2.0~2.5 mg/L is good for maintain sludge stabilization and the nitrogen removal. During the trial conditions, the main mechanism of the system is micro-environment theory and biological theory. In the initial reaction, the micro-environment is the main, and the reaction later is the biological theory-driven.
引文
[1]孙锦宜等.含氮废水处理技术与应用,北京:化学工业出版社,2003,27～29.
[2]郑兴灿,李亚新.污水除磷脱氮技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.
[3]秦麟源.废水生物处理[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1998.
[4]张自杰.环境工程手册—水污染防治篇[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997.
[5]宗宫功.污水脱氮技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1987.
[6]刘连成.中国湖泊富营养化的现状分析[J].灾害学, 1997, 12(3):61~65.
[7]郭劲松,黄天寅,龙腾锐.生物脱氮除磷工艺中的微生物及其相互关系[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2000,1(1):8-15.
[8]徐亚同,史家棵,张明.污染控制微生物工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[9]李军,杨秀山,彭永臻.微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[10]D Barnes,P J Bliss. Biological control of nitrogen in wastewater treatment[M]. Great Britain at the University Press Cambridge,1983.
[11]任延丽,靖元孝.反硝化细菌在污水处理作用中的研究[J].微生物学杂志, 2005,25(2):88~92.
[12]肖爱国,潘立慧,丰恒夫.焦化污水生物脱氮技术的应用分析[C].中国金属学会2003中国钢铁年会论文集(2),2003,883-886.
[13]徐亚同.废水反硝化除氮工艺及其设计[J].环境与开发,1994,9(2):241-247.
[14]Broda E. Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature[J]. Z Allg Microbiol, 1977,l7:491～493.
[15]Mulder A A A, Vandegraaf L A. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrification fluidized bed reactor[J]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol,1995,16:177～183.
[16]Vandegraaf L A,Mulder A A A. Anaerobic Oxidation of ammomium is a biologically mediated process[J]. Appl Envir Microbiol,1995,64(4):1246～1251.
[17]李飞,胡燕.新型SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的研究[J].贵州环保科技,2006,(4):17～19.
[18]Beun J J, Heijnen J J, van Loosdrecht M C M. N-removal in a granular sludge sequencing batch airlift reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2001, 75 (1):82~92.
[19]Lin Y M,Liu Y,Tay J H.. Development and characteristics of phosphorus accumulating microbial granules in sequencing batch reactors. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2003, 62 (4): 430~435.
[20]Barbosa R A, Sant’Anna G L. Treatment of raw domestic sewage in an UASB reactor. Water Research, 1989, 23 (12): 1483~1490.
[21]Frette L, Gejlsbjerg B, Westernmann P. Aerobic denitrifiers isolated from an alternating activated sludge system[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,1997,24:363～370.
[22]张光亚,方柏山,闵航等.好氧同时硝化反硝化菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析[J].应用与环境微生物学报,2005,11(2):226～228.
[23] Alleman J. E.. Elevated nitrite occurrence in biological wastewater treatment system[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech. 1984, 17: 409～419.
[24] Mike S M Jetten, Mare Strous, Katinka T, et al. The anaerobic oxidation ammonium. FEMS. Microbiology Revieves, 1999, 22: 421～437.
[25] Bernet N. Nitrification at low oxygen concentrate ion in biofilm reactor[J]. Environ Engrg, 2001, 127(3): 266～271.
[26] Sauter L.J., Alleman J.E.. A streamlined approach to biological nitrogen removal [J]. ASCE special conference in Environ. Eng, New York, 1980, 296～306.
[27] C.Hellinga, A.A.J.C. Schellen, J.W. Mulder, et al. The SHARON Process: An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech. 1998, 37(9): 135～142.
[28] Rods J.L.,Mauret M.Rahmani H.,Nguyen K.M.,Capadeville B. Population dynamics and nitrite build-up in activated sludge and biofilm process for nitrogen removal[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech., 29(7): 43～51.
[29] U.Abeling and C.F.Seyfrid. Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of High Strength Ammonium Wastewater-Nitrogen Removal via Nitrite[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech, 1992, 26(5/6): 1007～1015.
[30]Masuda S, Watanable Y Ishiguro M. Bio-film properties and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic rotating biological contactors[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1991,23(12):1355～1363.
[31]Gupta S K, Raja S. Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in a rotating biological contactor[J]. M Environmental Technology,1994,15(2):145～153.
[32]Hong W Zhao, Donald S, Mavinic. Controlling factore for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a two stege intermittent aeration process treating domestic sewage[J]. Wat Res,1999,33(4):961～970.
[33]Klangduen Pochana, Jurg Keller. Study of factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1999,39(6):61～68.
[34]李峰,吕锡武.序批式反应器(SBR)处理氨氮废水的初步研究[J].江苏环境科技,1999,2:14～17.
[35]李丛娜,吕锡武,稻森悠平.同步硝化反硝化脱氮研究[J].给水排水,2001,27(1):22～4.
[36]胡宇华,丁富新,范轶等.有机碳源对同时硝俗反硝化(SND)过程的影响[J].环境工程,2001,19(4):17～20.
[37]赵玲,张之源.复合SBR系统中同步稍化反硝化现象及其脱氮效果[J].工业用水与废水,2002,33(2):4～6.
[38]Helmer CH, Kunst S. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in an aerobic biofilm system[J]. Water Science Technology,1998,37(4):183～187.
[39]Elisabeth V Munch, Paul Lant, Jurg Keller. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in bench-scale seguencing batch reactors[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1996,30(2):277～284.
[40]邹联沛,张立秋.MBR中DO对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(60):10～14.
[41]Christine Helmer, Sabine Kunst. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in an aerobic biofilm system[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1998,37(4):183～187.
[42]徐伟锋,孙力平,古建国等.DO对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(1):8～10.
[43]吕锡武,李丛娜,稻森悠平.溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(1):33～35.
[44]冯叶成,王建龙,钱易等.同时硝化反硝化的试验研究[J].上海环境科学,2002,21(9):527～529.
[45]赵玲,张之源.复合SBR系统中同步稍化反硝化现象及其脱氮效果[J].工业用水与废水,2002,33(2):4～6.
[46]高廷耀,周增炎,朱晓君等.生物脱氮工艺中的同步硝化反硝化现象[J].给水排水,1998,(12):6～9.
[47]邹联沛,刘旭东,张立秋等.MBR中影响同步硝化反硝化的生态因子[J].环境科学,2001,22(4):51～55.
[48]Ketchum L.First cost analysis of sequencing batch biological reactors [J].WPCF, 1985,57(8):173～185.
[49]Irvine R L.Controlled unsteady state processes and technologies an overview [J].Wat.Sci.Tech, 1997, 35(1):1～10.
[50]彭永臻.SBR法的五大优点[J].中国给水排水, 1993, 9(2):29～31.
[51]李健,陈双星,石凤林等.大型SBR工艺启动特点及活性污泥培养驯化[J]给水排水,2001,27(5):30～33.
[52]周雹.SBR工艺的分类和特点[J].给水排水,2001,27(2):31～33.
[53]王福珍.污泥膨胀问题与序列间歇式活性污泥法[J].中国环境科学,1959,(4):131～134.
[54]Yoo H S.Ahn K H,Lee H J,et al.Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrifyication (SND)vianitrite in a intermi-ttently-aerated reactor[J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(1):145～154.
[55]Zhao H W ,Mavinic D S,Oldham W Ketal. Controlling factors for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a two-stage intermittent aeration process treating domestic sewage[J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(4):961～970.
[56]Robertson L A, Kuenen J G. Aerobic denitrification: a controversy revived [J]. Arch-Microbiol, 1984, 139:351～354.
[57]马放,王弘宇,周丹丹.好氧反硝化生物脱氮机理分析及研究进展[J].工业用水与废水, 2005,36(2):11～14. [ 58 ]李平,张山,刘德立.细菌好氧反硝化研究进展[J].微生物学杂志, 2004,25(1):60～64.
[2]郑兴灿,李亚新.污水除磷脱氮技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.
[3]秦麟源.废水生物处理[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1998.
[4]张自杰.环境工程手册—水污染防治篇[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997.
[5]宗宫功.污水脱氮技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1987.
[6]刘连成.中国湖泊富营养化的现状分析[J].灾害学, 1997, 12(3):61~65.
[7]郭劲松,黄天寅,龙腾锐.生物脱氮除磷工艺中的微生物及其相互关系[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2000,1(1):8-15.
[8]徐亚同,史家棵,张明.污染控制微生物工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[9]李军,杨秀山,彭永臻.微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[10]D Barnes,P J Bliss. Biological control of nitrogen in wastewater treatment[M]. Great Britain at the University Press Cambridge,1983.
[11]任延丽,靖元孝.反硝化细菌在污水处理作用中的研究[J].微生物学杂志, 2005,25(2):88~92.
[12]肖爱国,潘立慧,丰恒夫.焦化污水生物脱氮技术的应用分析[C].中国金属学会2003中国钢铁年会论文集(2),2003,883-886.
[13]徐亚同.废水反硝化除氮工艺及其设计[J].环境与开发,1994,9(2):241-247.
[14]Broda E. Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature[J]. Z Allg Microbiol, 1977,l7:491～493.
[15]Mulder A A A, Vandegraaf L A. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrification fluidized bed reactor[J]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol,1995,16:177～183.
[16]Vandegraaf L A,Mulder A A A. Anaerobic Oxidation of ammomium is a biologically mediated process[J]. Appl Envir Microbiol,1995,64(4):1246～1251.
[17]李飞,胡燕.新型SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的研究[J].贵州环保科技,2006,(4):17～19.
[18]Beun J J, Heijnen J J, van Loosdrecht M C M. N-removal in a granular sludge sequencing batch airlift reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2001, 75 (1):82~92.
[19]Lin Y M,Liu Y,Tay J H.. Development and characteristics of phosphorus accumulating microbial granules in sequencing batch reactors. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2003, 62 (4): 430~435.
[20]Barbosa R A, Sant’Anna G L. Treatment of raw domestic sewage in an UASB reactor. Water Research, 1989, 23 (12): 1483~1490.
[21]Frette L, Gejlsbjerg B, Westernmann P. Aerobic denitrifiers isolated from an alternating activated sludge system[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,1997,24:363～370.
[22]张光亚,方柏山,闵航等.好氧同时硝化反硝化菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析[J].应用与环境微生物学报,2005,11(2):226～228.
[23] Alleman J. E.. Elevated nitrite occurrence in biological wastewater treatment system[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech. 1984, 17: 409～419.
[24] Mike S M Jetten, Mare Strous, Katinka T, et al. The anaerobic oxidation ammonium. FEMS. Microbiology Revieves, 1999, 22: 421～437.
[25] Bernet N. Nitrification at low oxygen concentrate ion in biofilm reactor[J]. Environ Engrg, 2001, 127(3): 266～271.
[26] Sauter L.J., Alleman J.E.. A streamlined approach to biological nitrogen removal [J]. ASCE special conference in Environ. Eng, New York, 1980, 296～306.
[27] C.Hellinga, A.A.J.C. Schellen, J.W. Mulder, et al. The SHARON Process: An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech. 1998, 37(9): 135～142.
[28] Rods J.L.,Mauret M.Rahmani H.,Nguyen K.M.,Capadeville B. Population dynamics and nitrite build-up in activated sludge and biofilm process for nitrogen removal[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech., 29(7): 43～51.
[29] U.Abeling and C.F.Seyfrid. Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of High Strength Ammonium Wastewater-Nitrogen Removal via Nitrite[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech, 1992, 26(5/6): 1007～1015.
[30]Masuda S, Watanable Y Ishiguro M. Bio-film properties and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic rotating biological contactors[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1991,23(12):1355～1363.
[31]Gupta S K, Raja S. Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in a rotating biological contactor[J]. M Environmental Technology,1994,15(2):145～153.
[32]Hong W Zhao, Donald S, Mavinic. Controlling factore for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a two stege intermittent aeration process treating domestic sewage[J]. Wat Res,1999,33(4):961～970.
[33]Klangduen Pochana, Jurg Keller. Study of factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1999,39(6):61～68.
[34]李峰,吕锡武.序批式反应器(SBR)处理氨氮废水的初步研究[J].江苏环境科技,1999,2:14～17.
[35]李丛娜,吕锡武,稻森悠平.同步硝化反硝化脱氮研究[J].给水排水,2001,27(1):22～4.
[36]胡宇华,丁富新,范轶等.有机碳源对同时硝俗反硝化(SND)过程的影响[J].环境工程,2001,19(4):17～20.
[37]赵玲,张之源.复合SBR系统中同步稍化反硝化现象及其脱氮效果[J].工业用水与废水,2002,33(2):4～6.
[38]Helmer CH, Kunst S. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in an aerobic biofilm system[J]. Water Science Technology,1998,37(4):183～187.
[39]Elisabeth V Munch, Paul Lant, Jurg Keller. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in bench-scale seguencing batch reactors[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1996,30(2):277～284.
[40]邹联沛,张立秋.MBR中DO对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(60):10～14.
[41]Christine Helmer, Sabine Kunst. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in an aerobic biofilm system[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1998,37(4):183～187.
[42]徐伟锋,孙力平,古建国等.DO对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(1):8～10.
[43]吕锡武,李丛娜,稻森悠平.溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(1):33～35.
[44]冯叶成,王建龙,钱易等.同时硝化反硝化的试验研究[J].上海环境科学,2002,21(9):527～529.
[45]赵玲,张之源.复合SBR系统中同步稍化反硝化现象及其脱氮效果[J].工业用水与废水,2002,33(2):4～6.
[46]高廷耀,周增炎,朱晓君等.生物脱氮工艺中的同步硝化反硝化现象[J].给水排水,1998,(12):6～9.
[47]邹联沛,刘旭东,张立秋等.MBR中影响同步硝化反硝化的生态因子[J].环境科学,2001,22(4):51～55.
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