两种复合垂直流人工湿地处理生活污水的研究
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摘要
目前可利用的淡水资源在逐渐减少，传统生化处理工艺虽然效果较好，但处理成本高，使得生活污水的处理率低，而人工湿地处理生活污水系统具有成本低、净化效果好、景观价值高的特点，成为今后研究的趋势。本文利用筛选的植物，建立了复合垂直流人工湿地(ⅣCW)系统及改进型复合垂直流人工湿地(ⅡⅤCW)系统。通过对两种不同构型人工湿地植物生长情况、生活污水净化效果、基质酶活性空间分布的研究，探寻运行模式较好、净化效果较佳的复合垂直流人工湿地构型和植物组合方式；分析了基质酶活性与污水净化效果的相关性，初探复合垂直流人工湿地的净化机理，为应用人工湿地处理生活污水提供理论依据和实践经验。主要研究结果如下：
(1)水生植物筛选试验结果表明大水剑、太阳草、水罗兰的生长状况都很好，株高、鲜重增长都非常明显，对TP、COD、TN的净化效果都很好。最后选择了太阳草、大水剑作为人工湿地备用植物。
(2)人工湿地植物生长状况都很好，均无养分缺乏病症。两种构型间植物生长略有差异，除ⅣCW中美人蕉株高、分株数大于ⅡⅤCW中的美人蕉外，其余三种植物均是ⅡⅤCW构型中的生长状况比ⅣCW中的好。
(3)相同构型条件下，不同植物组合的人工湿地处理系统对污水的净化效果不同。与不种植物的人工湿地系统相比，种植植物的人工湿地系统净化效果普遍优于不种植物的湿地系统，其中以彩叶草—太阳草组合的湿地系统净化效果优于美人蕉—大水剑组合的。
(4)两种构型人工湿地对污水都具有较好的净化效果。在相同植物组合条件下，在去除有机污染物(COD)、脱氮(NH_4-N、NO_3-N、TN)方面均是ⅡⅤCW的去除效果要好于ⅣCW的。而对TP的去除则是ⅣCW的去除效果要好于ⅡⅤCW。
(5)人工湿地基质上层的磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性最高。同一构型人工湿地中，彩叶草—太阳草植物组合的酶活性普遍较美人蕉—大水剑植物组合的高。其中磷酸酶与脲酶活性变化规律为：上层(0～5cm)高于中层(5～15cm)，中层高于下层(15-25cm)；而过氧化氢酶活性变化规律为：上层高于下层，下层高于中层。
(6)通过对上层基质酶活性与污水净化效果进行相关性分析，可以看出，基质磷酸酶活性与TP去除率之间存在极显著正相关(r=0.9975)；基质脲酶活性与TN、COD的去除率呈显著正相关(分别r=0.9712，0.9592)。
综合上述研究结果，可以看出，ⅡⅤCW构型净化效果优于ⅣCW；彩叶草—太阳草组合的净化效果优于美人蕉—大水剑组合，为探寻净化效果较佳的复合垂直流人工湿地构型和植物组合方式提供实验支持。
At present, water resources used by us is gradually decreasing. Although the purification effect of sewage with tradition albiochemistry is higher, the processing cost of it is higher, that causes the treatment rate of sanitary sewage very lowly. However, the conducted wetlands sewage treatment system has lower processing cost, better purification effect, higher landscape value, it is henceforth becoming study tendency.We constructed Integrated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (IVCW) System and Improving Integrated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (IIVCW) System with plants selected by us. We studied on the growth situation of wetland plants, the purification effect of sewage treatment, some enzyme activities between IVCW and IIVCW in order to mouse out the pattern with better configuration or plant combination, higher purification effect. And we analyzed the correlation between the purification effect of sewage and enzyme activities for searching initially the purification mechanism of integrated vertical constructed wetlands. The results will provide the theory basis and experience for sewage treatment with integrated vertical constructed wetlands in the future. The main results as follows:
(1) The result of selection hydrophytes indicated that growth condition of Acorus Calamus, Tonina Fluviatilis and Hygrophila Difformis were all well. The plant height, root height and fresh weight have obviously increased. Purification capacity of TP, COD, and TN were all high. So we chose Acorus Calamus, Tonina Fluviatilis as spare plants in the constructed wetlands.
(2) The plants grew well in constructed wetlands, were not in the illness of lack nutrition. The plant growth were slightly different in two kinds of configuration wetlands. The plant height of Canna L..was higher and its division quantity was more in the IVCW than in the IIVCW. But the plant height and division quantity of other three kinds of plants were higher and more in the IIVCW than in the IVCW.
(3) The purification effect of constructed wetlands system with different plant combination in the same tectonic of constructed wetlands are different. Compared with without plants in the constructed wetlands system, the purification effect universally were better in constructed wetlands system with plants. And the purification capacity was higher in the combination system with Coleus blumei Benth—Tonina Fluviatilis than with Canna L.—Acorus Calamus.
(4) The sewage purification effect were well both kinds of tectonic constructed wetlands. The removal rate of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammonia Nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), Nitrate Nitrogen(NO_3~--N), Total Nitrogen(TN) in IIVCW was higher than in IVCW. However the removal rate of Total Phosphor(TP) in IVCW was higher than in IIVCW.
(5) The enzyme activity of the upper lay was highest in the three lays. In the identical artificial wetlands system, the enzyme activity was higher in the combination system with Coleus blumei Benth—Tonina Fluviatilis than with Canna L-Acorus Calamus. The variety orderliness of phosphatase activity and urease activity were the highest in the upper lay (0～5cm), the higher in the intermediate lay (5~15cm), and the lowest in the lower lay (15～25cm). But the enzyme activity was the highest in the upper lay, the higher in the lower lay, and the lowest in the intermediate lay.
(6) Through the correlation analysis between removal rates and enzyme activity of the upper lay, we could see, the phosphatase enzyme activity was fearfully positively correlated to the removal rate of TP (r=0.9975 ) ; urease enzyme activity was positively correlated to the removal rate of TN、COD (r=0.9712, 0.9592) .
Comprehensive results of the study, we knew that the purification effect of sewage by IIVCW was higher than IVCW, and the purification capacity of the combination system with Coleus blumei Benth—Tonina Fluviatilis was higher than one with Canna L.—Acorus Calamus, Tonina Fluviatilis combination system, which provided an important experimental support for mousing out constructed wetlands systems with better configuration or plant combination, higher purification effect.
(1)水生植物筛选试验结果表明大水剑、太阳草、水罗兰的生长状况都很好，株高、鲜重增长都非常明显，对TP、COD、TN的净化效果都很好。最后选择了太阳草、大水剑作为人工湿地备用植物。
(2)人工湿地植物生长状况都很好，均无养分缺乏病症。两种构型间植物生长略有差异，除ⅣCW中美人蕉株高、分株数大于ⅡⅤCW中的美人蕉外，其余三种植物均是ⅡⅤCW构型中的生长状况比ⅣCW中的好。
(3)相同构型条件下，不同植物组合的人工湿地处理系统对污水的净化效果不同。与不种植物的人工湿地系统相比，种植植物的人工湿地系统净化效果普遍优于不种植物的湿地系统，其中以彩叶草—太阳草组合的湿地系统净化效果优于美人蕉—大水剑组合的。
(4)两种构型人工湿地对污水都具有较好的净化效果。在相同植物组合条件下，在去除有机污染物(COD)、脱氮(NH_4-N、NO_3-N、TN)方面均是ⅡⅤCW的去除效果要好于ⅣCW的。而对TP的去除则是ⅣCW的去除效果要好于ⅡⅤCW。
(5)人工湿地基质上层的磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性最高。同一构型人工湿地中，彩叶草—太阳草植物组合的酶活性普遍较美人蕉—大水剑植物组合的高。其中磷酸酶与脲酶活性变化规律为：上层(0～5cm)高于中层(5～15cm)，中层高于下层(15-25cm)；而过氧化氢酶活性变化规律为：上层高于下层，下层高于中层。
(6)通过对上层基质酶活性与污水净化效果进行相关性分析，可以看出，基质磷酸酶活性与TP去除率之间存在极显著正相关(r=0.9975)；基质脲酶活性与TN、COD的去除率呈显著正相关(分别r=0.9712，0.9592)。
综合上述研究结果，可以看出，ⅡⅤCW构型净化效果优于ⅣCW；彩叶草—太阳草组合的净化效果优于美人蕉—大水剑组合，为探寻净化效果较佳的复合垂直流人工湿地构型和植物组合方式提供实验支持。
At present, water resources used by us is gradually decreasing. Although the purification effect of sewage with tradition albiochemistry is higher, the processing cost of it is higher, that causes the treatment rate of sanitary sewage very lowly. However, the conducted wetlands sewage treatment system has lower processing cost, better purification effect, higher landscape value, it is henceforth becoming study tendency.We constructed Integrated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (IVCW) System and Improving Integrated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (IIVCW) System with plants selected by us. We studied on the growth situation of wetland plants, the purification effect of sewage treatment, some enzyme activities between IVCW and IIVCW in order to mouse out the pattern with better configuration or plant combination, higher purification effect. And we analyzed the correlation between the purification effect of sewage and enzyme activities for searching initially the purification mechanism of integrated vertical constructed wetlands. The results will provide the theory basis and experience for sewage treatment with integrated vertical constructed wetlands in the future. The main results as follows:
(1) The result of selection hydrophytes indicated that growth condition of Acorus Calamus, Tonina Fluviatilis and Hygrophila Difformis were all well. The plant height, root height and fresh weight have obviously increased. Purification capacity of TP, COD, and TN were all high. So we chose Acorus Calamus, Tonina Fluviatilis as spare plants in the constructed wetlands.
(2) The plants grew well in constructed wetlands, were not in the illness of lack nutrition. The plant growth were slightly different in two kinds of configuration wetlands. The plant height of Canna L..was higher and its division quantity was more in the IVCW than in the IIVCW. But the plant height and division quantity of other three kinds of plants were higher and more in the IIVCW than in the IVCW.
(3) The purification effect of constructed wetlands system with different plant combination in the same tectonic of constructed wetlands are different. Compared with without plants in the constructed wetlands system, the purification effect universally were better in constructed wetlands system with plants. And the purification capacity was higher in the combination system with Coleus blumei Benth—Tonina Fluviatilis than with Canna L.—Acorus Calamus.
(4) The sewage purification effect were well both kinds of tectonic constructed wetlands. The removal rate of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammonia Nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), Nitrate Nitrogen(NO_3~--N), Total Nitrogen(TN) in IIVCW was higher than in IVCW. However the removal rate of Total Phosphor(TP) in IVCW was higher than in IIVCW.
(5) The enzyme activity of the upper lay was highest in the three lays. In the identical artificial wetlands system, the enzyme activity was higher in the combination system with Coleus blumei Benth—Tonina Fluviatilis than with Canna L-Acorus Calamus. The variety orderliness of phosphatase activity and urease activity were the highest in the upper lay (0～5cm), the higher in the intermediate lay (5~15cm), and the lowest in the lower lay (15～25cm). But the enzyme activity was the highest in the upper lay, the higher in the lower lay, and the lowest in the intermediate lay.
(6) Through the correlation analysis between removal rates and enzyme activity of the upper lay, we could see, the phosphatase enzyme activity was fearfully positively correlated to the removal rate of TP (r=0.9975 ) ; urease enzyme activity was positively correlated to the removal rate of TN、COD (r=0.9712, 0.9592) .
Comprehensive results of the study, we knew that the purification effect of sewage by IIVCW was higher than IVCW, and the purification capacity of the combination system with Coleus blumei Benth—Tonina Fluviatilis was higher than one with Canna L.—Acorus Calamus, Tonina Fluviatilis combination system, which provided an important experimental support for mousing out constructed wetlands systems with better configuration or plant combination, higher purification effect.
引文
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