词汇习得理论及其在词汇教学中的应用
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摘要
词汇是语言最基本的组成部分,抑或说是其精华。正如wilkins(1972)所描述:“离开语法,可传达的信息及其有限;但离开了词汇,人们就无法表达”。因此,在学习一门外语的时候,我们应该首先了解词汇知识。提到外语的学习,我们会想到两个术语“学习”和“习得”。根据定义,这两个术语的区别在于学习者的目的性。然而,严格意义上而言,只有母语的学习才能称为“习得”,因为这种学习不存在任何文化和情感上的障碍。在本论文中,“学习”和“习得”将会交互使用。
语言学家归纳了多种词汇习得方法,例如“刻意学习"和“附带习得”。两者的区别在于学习过程中主观意识是否参与其中。虽然两种学习方式各有利弊,但对于第二语言的学习来说,都是起到了积极的作用,在一定程度上提高了学习的效率。词汇习得并不是自动形成的,它需要利用一定的策略。各种策略的使用能针对学习者起到不同的学习效果。根据我自己的理解与经验,文章中引入了三种类型的习得策略。然而,除开这些策略的使用,学习者的个体差异也会影响词汇学习的效果。
众所周知,教与学在学习过程中是相辅相成的。学的过程是一个学习者全身心投入的过程;除此之外,老师的辅助对学习的效果也至关重要。指导学生使用科学有效的方法,学习才会更有成效。教师如何在课堂中运用一定的教学方法来促进学生的学习也是本文探讨的一个方面。
因此,在此篇论文中,我引入了词汇习得理论来分析第二语言的学习,并探究什么是词汇学习和教学中更为有效的方法。
Vocabulary is a fundamental component in a language,even its essence.As Wilkins said "without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed." Therefore,vocabulary knowledge should be the top priority when it comes to learning a foreign language.
When referring to the study of a second language,it is quite common that we use learning and acquisition interchangeably.According to the definition,these two words can be distinguished from the perspective of learners' intention.However,strictly speaking,only the process of learning first language can be defined as acquisition,for there are no barriers of culture and emotion.So in this thesis,acquisition and learning will be used interchangeably.
Linguists classify vocabulary acquisition into various approaches,such as incidental vocabulary acquisition and intentional vocabulary learning.The distinction between these two terms is the involvement of consciousness.Though there are disadvantages and disadvantages in each of them,they still greatly influence the effectiveness of learning a second language.Vocabulary acquisition does not happen automatically,based on my own understanding and experience,I generalize three strategies in my thesis.Besides the application of acquisition strategies,learners' individual differences also affect the learning result.
As far as we know,teaching and learning are two parts that complement each other in the process of learning a second language.Learning is a process that needs the full dedication of one's own energy.Besides that,the teacher's assistance also significantly affects students' learning result.With a more scientific and effective method,students would definitely have a better achievement.
Therefore in this thesis,I introduce vocabulary acquisition theory in the analysis of learning a second language.It also has been used to investigate what are the most useful and effective ways in vocabulary teaching and learning.
语言学家归纳了多种词汇习得方法,例如“刻意学习"和“附带习得”。两者的区别在于学习过程中主观意识是否参与其中。虽然两种学习方式各有利弊,但对于第二语言的学习来说,都是起到了积极的作用,在一定程度上提高了学习的效率。词汇习得并不是自动形成的,它需要利用一定的策略。各种策略的使用能针对学习者起到不同的学习效果。根据我自己的理解与经验,文章中引入了三种类型的习得策略。然而,除开这些策略的使用,学习者的个体差异也会影响词汇学习的效果。
众所周知,教与学在学习过程中是相辅相成的。学的过程是一个学习者全身心投入的过程;除此之外,老师的辅助对学习的效果也至关重要。指导学生使用科学有效的方法,学习才会更有成效。教师如何在课堂中运用一定的教学方法来促进学生的学习也是本文探讨的一个方面。
因此,在此篇论文中,我引入了词汇习得理论来分析第二语言的学习,并探究什么是词汇学习和教学中更为有效的方法。
Vocabulary is a fundamental component in a language,even its essence.As Wilkins said "without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed." Therefore,vocabulary knowledge should be the top priority when it comes to learning a foreign language.
When referring to the study of a second language,it is quite common that we use learning and acquisition interchangeably.According to the definition,these two words can be distinguished from the perspective of learners' intention.However,strictly speaking,only the process of learning first language can be defined as acquisition,for there are no barriers of culture and emotion.So in this thesis,acquisition and learning will be used interchangeably.
Linguists classify vocabulary acquisition into various approaches,such as incidental vocabulary acquisition and intentional vocabulary learning.The distinction between these two terms is the involvement of consciousness.Though there are disadvantages and disadvantages in each of them,they still greatly influence the effectiveness of learning a second language.Vocabulary acquisition does not happen automatically,based on my own understanding and experience,I generalize three strategies in my thesis.Besides the application of acquisition strategies,learners' individual differences also affect the learning result.
As far as we know,teaching and learning are two parts that complement each other in the process of learning a second language.Learning is a process that needs the full dedication of one's own energy.Besides that,the teacher's assistance also significantly affects students' learning result.With a more scientific and effective method,students would definitely have a better achievement.
Therefore in this thesis,I introduce vocabulary acquisition theory in the analysis of learning a second language.It also has been used to investigate what are the most useful and effective ways in vocabulary teaching and learning.
引文
[1] Anderson, R.C. and P. Freebody. 1981 Vocabulary Knowledge. In J. T. Guthrie(Ed.) Comprehension and Teaching: Research Review. Newark, DE: International Reading Association
[2] Barcroft, J. Second Language Acquisition: a lexical input processing approach. Foreign Language Annals, 2004
[3] Coady, J. &others. 1993. Second language reading and vocabulary learning [J]. 217 - 227.Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
[4] Coady, J. 1993. Research on ESL/EFL vocabulary acquisition: Putting it in context. In T.Huckin, M. Haynes, & J. Coady (Eds.), Second language reading and vocabulary learning (pp.3-23). Norwood, NJ; Albex.
[5] Cruse, D.A., 1986, Lexical semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
[6] Press
[7] DeBot K., T. S. Paribakht & M. B. Wesche. 1997. "Toward a lexical processing model for the study of second language vocabulary acquisition". SSLA19/ 2.
[8] De Ridder, I. 2002. "Visible or invisible links: Does the highlighting of hyperlinks affect incidental vocabulary learning, text comprehension, and the reading process?". Language Learning & Technology 6/1.
[9] Diane Larsen-Freeman & Michael H. Long 2000. An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[10] Ellis, N. Implicit and explicit language learning-An overview. In N.C. Ellis (Ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of languages. London: Academic Press.
[11] Ellis, R. & X. He. 1999. "The roles of modified input and output in the incidental acquisition of word meanings". SSLA 21/ 2.
[12] Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.
[13] Ellis, R. 1999. Learning a Second Language Through Interaction. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
[14] Ellis, N. C. & Beaton, A.1993. Psychological Determinants of Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning. Language Learning, 43: 559-617.
[15] Eysenck, M. W. 1982. Incidental Learning and Oriental Tasks. In Puff, C. P. (eds). 1982.Handbook of Research Methods in Human Memory and Cognition,(pp. 197-288). New York:Academic Press.
[16] Fraser, C. A. 1999. "Lexical processing strategy use and vocabulary learning through reading".SSLA21/2.
[17] Gass, S. 1999. "Discussion: Incidental vocabulary learning". SSLA 21/ 2.
[18] Henrikson, B. 1999. Three Dimensions of Vocabulary Development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21:303-317
[19] Halliday, MAK, Mclntosh, A & Strevens, P1964. The Linguistic Sciences and
[20] Language Teaching. London: Longman.
[21] Hanson-Smith, E 2000. Technology- Enhanced Learning Environments. Alexandria,
[22] Virginia:TESOL Inc.
[23] Huckin, T. & J. Coady. 1999. "Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: A review". SSLA21/2.
[24] Huckin, T. 1993. Second language reading and vocabulary learning [J]. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
[25] Hulstijn, J., M. Hollander & T. Greidanus. 1996. "Incidental vocabulary learning by advanced foreign language students: The influence of marginal glosses, dictionary use, and reoccurrence of unknown words". Modern Language Journal 80/ 3.
[26] Hulstijn, J. H. & B. Laufer. 2001. "Some empirical evidence for the involvement load hypothesis in vocabulary acquisition". Language Learning 51/ 3.
[27] Hulstijn J.H. Intentional and incidental second-language vocabulary learning: A reappraisal of elaboration, rehearsal and automaticity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.2001:258-286.
[28] Joe, A. 1995. Text-based tasks and incidental vocabulary learning [J]. Second Language Research, (11) :149 -158.
[29] Joe, A. 1998. "What effects do text based tasks promoting generation have on incidental vocabulary acquisition?" Applied Linguistics 19/3.
[30] James, G & Hartmann, P.R. K., 2000, Dictionary of lexicography. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[31] Krashen, W. 1989. We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: Additional evidence for the input hypothesis [J]. Modern Language Journal, (73):440 - 464.
[32] Kirser, K. Second Language Vocabulary Learning: The role of Implicit Processes. In N. C.Ellis (Ed.), Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages. London: Academic Press. 1994:283-312.
[33] Laufer, B. 2003. "Vocabulary acquisition in a second language: Do learners really acquire most vocabulary by reading? Some empirical evidence". The Canadian Modern Language Review 59/ 4.
[34] Laufer, B. & M. Hill. 2000. "What lexical information do L2 learners select in a CALL dictionary and how does it affect word retention?". Language Learning & Technology 3/ 2.
[35] Laufer, B. &J. H. Hulstijn. 2001. "Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: The construct of task-induced involvement". Applied Linguistics 22/1.
[36] Lawson, M.J. & Hogben, D. 1996. The vocabulary learning strategies of foreign language students [J]. Language Learning, (46):101 -135.
[37] Li, Xiaolong. 1988. "Effects of contextual cues on inferring and remembering meanings of new words". Applied Linguistics 9/ 4.
[38] Luppescu, S. & Day, R.R. Reading, Dictionaries, and Vocabulary Learning. Language Learning.1993,43 (2): 263-287.
[39] McLaughlin. 1990. Restructuring. Applied Linguistics, 11:113-128. Mitchell, R. & Myles, F.1998. Second Language Learning Theories. Oxford University Press
[40] Meara, P. Vocabulary acquisition: A neglected aspect of language learning. Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstract. 1980,13(4): 221-246.
[41] Nation, I.S.P. Teaching and learning vocabulary. New York: Newbury House.1990.
[42] Nation, P & R. Waring, 1997. Vocabulary Size, Text Coverage and Word Lists. In Schmitt, N &M. McCarthy, (eds.), Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition, and Pedagogy [C]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[43] Naiman, N., M. Frohlich, H.H. Stern and A. Todesco, 1975, The good language learner,TESL Talk, Vol.6.
[44] Nagy, W. E., Herman, P. A., & Anderson, R. C. 1985: Learning words from context. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 233-253.
[45] O'Malley, J. M.., and Chamot, A. U. 1990. Learning Strategies in Second language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press
[46] Oxford, R. 1990. Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should know. Boston:Heinle & Heinle
[47]Paribakht.T.S.& m.Wesche.(1997).Vocabulary enhancement activities and reading for meaning in second language vocabulary acquisition.In J.Coady.& T.Huckin.(Eds.)Second language vocabulary acquisition:A rational for pedagogy.New York:Cambridge University Press.
[48]Paribakht.T.S.& m.Wesche.(1999).Reading and "incidental" L2 vocabulary acquisition:An introspective study of lexical inferencing.Studies in Second language Acquisition,21,195-224
[49]Rubin,J.,1987,Learner strategies:Theoretical assumptions,research history and typology.In Wenden& Rubin(Ed.).
[50]Schmidt,R.1990.The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning[J].Applied Linguistics,(11):129-158.
[51]Schmitt,N.(1997).Vocabulary learning strategies[A].Schmitt,N.& McCarthy,M.(Eds.)Vocabulary description,acquisition and pedagogy[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
[52]Solso,R.L.2001.Cognitive Psychology(6th ed.)[M].Reno:Allyn & Bacon.
[53]Wallace,M.1982.Teaching Vocabulary[M].London:Heinemann Educational Press.
[54]Wilkins,D.1972.Linguistics in Language Teaching.[M]London:Edward Arnold.
[55]戴曼纯,2000.论第二语言词汇习得研究[J].《外语教学与研究,(2).
[56]盖淑华,2003,英语专业学生词汇附带习得实证研究,《外语教学与研究》第4期.
[57]盖淑华,2003b,词汇附带习得研究概述,《解放军外国语学院学报》第3期.
[58]何家宁,词汇呈现方式对词汇记忆影响的实验研究[J].山东外语教学,1998.
[59]胡壮麟,2004,认知隐喻学[M,北京:北京大学出版社。
[60]刘丹丹,2002,中国英语学习者的阅读策略研究,《外语界》第6期.
[61]刘津开,20002,第二语言阅读中的策略迁移,《现代外语》第2期.
[62]刘亦春,2002,学习成功者与不成功者使用英语阅读策略差异的研究,《国外外语教学》第3期.
[63]刘津开,外语学习策略研究—猜词能力与外语水平[J].外语教学,1999(3).
[64]吕长,词汇量与语言综合能力,词汇深度知识之关系[J].外语教学与研究,2004(2).
[65]陆国强,现代英语词汇学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.2001.
[66]孟悦,2004,大学英语阅读策略训练的实验研究,《外语与外语教学》第2期.
[67]束定芳,庄智象.现代外语教学——理论、实践与方法[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
[68]文秋芳,1995,英语学习策略论,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
[69]吴丽林,英语学习者词汇记忆差异个案研究[J].外语教学与研究,2001(3).
[70]王文宇,观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究,1998(1).
[71]张庆宗,吴喜燕,认知加工层次与外语词汇学习——词汇认知直接学习法[J].现代外语,2002(2).
[72]张淑静,从联想测试看二语心理词汇之间的联系[J].解放军外语学院报,2005(2).
[2] Barcroft, J. Second Language Acquisition: a lexical input processing approach. Foreign Language Annals, 2004
[3] Coady, J. &others. 1993. Second language reading and vocabulary learning [J]. 217 - 227.Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
[4] Coady, J. 1993. Research on ESL/EFL vocabulary acquisition: Putting it in context. In T.Huckin, M. Haynes, & J. Coady (Eds.), Second language reading and vocabulary learning (pp.3-23). Norwood, NJ; Albex.
[5] Cruse, D.A., 1986, Lexical semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
[6] Press
[7] DeBot K., T. S. Paribakht & M. B. Wesche. 1997. "Toward a lexical processing model for the study of second language vocabulary acquisition". SSLA19/ 2.
[8] De Ridder, I. 2002. "Visible or invisible links: Does the highlighting of hyperlinks affect incidental vocabulary learning, text comprehension, and the reading process?". Language Learning & Technology 6/1.
[9] Diane Larsen-Freeman & Michael H. Long 2000. An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[10] Ellis, N. Implicit and explicit language learning-An overview. In N.C. Ellis (Ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of languages. London: Academic Press.
[11] Ellis, R. & X. He. 1999. "The roles of modified input and output in the incidental acquisition of word meanings". SSLA 21/ 2.
[12] Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.
[13] Ellis, R. 1999. Learning a Second Language Through Interaction. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
[14] Ellis, N. C. & Beaton, A.1993. Psychological Determinants of Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning. Language Learning, 43: 559-617.
[15] Eysenck, M. W. 1982. Incidental Learning and Oriental Tasks. In Puff, C. P. (eds). 1982.Handbook of Research Methods in Human Memory and Cognition,(pp. 197-288). New York:Academic Press.
[16] Fraser, C. A. 1999. "Lexical processing strategy use and vocabulary learning through reading".SSLA21/2.
[17] Gass, S. 1999. "Discussion: Incidental vocabulary learning". SSLA 21/ 2.
[18] Henrikson, B. 1999. Three Dimensions of Vocabulary Development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21:303-317
[19] Halliday, MAK, Mclntosh, A & Strevens, P1964. The Linguistic Sciences and
[20] Language Teaching. London: Longman.
[21] Hanson-Smith, E 2000. Technology- Enhanced Learning Environments. Alexandria,
[22] Virginia:TESOL Inc.
[23] Huckin, T. & J. Coady. 1999. "Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: A review". SSLA21/2.
[24] Huckin, T. 1993. Second language reading and vocabulary learning [J]. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
[25] Hulstijn, J., M. Hollander & T. Greidanus. 1996. "Incidental vocabulary learning by advanced foreign language students: The influence of marginal glosses, dictionary use, and reoccurrence of unknown words". Modern Language Journal 80/ 3.
[26] Hulstijn, J. H. & B. Laufer. 2001. "Some empirical evidence for the involvement load hypothesis in vocabulary acquisition". Language Learning 51/ 3.
[27] Hulstijn J.H. Intentional and incidental second-language vocabulary learning: A reappraisal of elaboration, rehearsal and automaticity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.2001:258-286.
[28] Joe, A. 1995. Text-based tasks and incidental vocabulary learning [J]. Second Language Research, (11) :149 -158.
[29] Joe, A. 1998. "What effects do text based tasks promoting generation have on incidental vocabulary acquisition?" Applied Linguistics 19/3.
[30] James, G & Hartmann, P.R. K., 2000, Dictionary of lexicography. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[31] Krashen, W. 1989. We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: Additional evidence for the input hypothesis [J]. Modern Language Journal, (73):440 - 464.
[32] Kirser, K. Second Language Vocabulary Learning: The role of Implicit Processes. In N. C.Ellis (Ed.), Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages. London: Academic Press. 1994:283-312.
[33] Laufer, B. 2003. "Vocabulary acquisition in a second language: Do learners really acquire most vocabulary by reading? Some empirical evidence". The Canadian Modern Language Review 59/ 4.
[34] Laufer, B. & M. Hill. 2000. "What lexical information do L2 learners select in a CALL dictionary and how does it affect word retention?". Language Learning & Technology 3/ 2.
[35] Laufer, B. &J. H. Hulstijn. 2001. "Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: The construct of task-induced involvement". Applied Linguistics 22/1.
[36] Lawson, M.J. & Hogben, D. 1996. The vocabulary learning strategies of foreign language students [J]. Language Learning, (46):101 -135.
[37] Li, Xiaolong. 1988. "Effects of contextual cues on inferring and remembering meanings of new words". Applied Linguistics 9/ 4.
[38] Luppescu, S. & Day, R.R. Reading, Dictionaries, and Vocabulary Learning. Language Learning.1993,43 (2): 263-287.
[39] McLaughlin. 1990. Restructuring. Applied Linguistics, 11:113-128. Mitchell, R. & Myles, F.1998. Second Language Learning Theories. Oxford University Press
[40] Meara, P. Vocabulary acquisition: A neglected aspect of language learning. Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstract. 1980,13(4): 221-246.
[41] Nation, I.S.P. Teaching and learning vocabulary. New York: Newbury House.1990.
[42] Nation, P & R. Waring, 1997. Vocabulary Size, Text Coverage and Word Lists. In Schmitt, N &M. McCarthy, (eds.), Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition, and Pedagogy [C]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[43] Naiman, N., M. Frohlich, H.H. Stern and A. Todesco, 1975, The good language learner,TESL Talk, Vol.6.
[44] Nagy, W. E., Herman, P. A., & Anderson, R. C. 1985: Learning words from context. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 233-253.
[45] O'Malley, J. M.., and Chamot, A. U. 1990. Learning Strategies in Second language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press
[46] Oxford, R. 1990. Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should know. Boston:Heinle & Heinle
[47]Paribakht.T.S.& m.Wesche.(1997).Vocabulary enhancement activities and reading for meaning in second language vocabulary acquisition.In J.Coady.& T.Huckin.(Eds.)Second language vocabulary acquisition:A rational for pedagogy.New York:Cambridge University Press.
[48]Paribakht.T.S.& m.Wesche.(1999).Reading and "incidental" L2 vocabulary acquisition:An introspective study of lexical inferencing.Studies in Second language Acquisition,21,195-224
[49]Rubin,J.,1987,Learner strategies:Theoretical assumptions,research history and typology.In Wenden& Rubin(Ed.).
[50]Schmidt,R.1990.The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning[J].Applied Linguistics,(11):129-158.
[51]Schmitt,N.(1997).Vocabulary learning strategies[A].Schmitt,N.& McCarthy,M.(Eds.)Vocabulary description,acquisition and pedagogy[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
[52]Solso,R.L.2001.Cognitive Psychology(6th ed.)[M].Reno:Allyn & Bacon.
[53]Wallace,M.1982.Teaching Vocabulary[M].London:Heinemann Educational Press.
[54]Wilkins,D.1972.Linguistics in Language Teaching.[M]London:Edward Arnold.
[55]戴曼纯,2000.论第二语言词汇习得研究[J].《外语教学与研究,(2).
[56]盖淑华,2003,英语专业学生词汇附带习得实证研究,《外语教学与研究》第4期.
[57]盖淑华,2003b,词汇附带习得研究概述,《解放军外国语学院学报》第3期.
[58]何家宁,词汇呈现方式对词汇记忆影响的实验研究[J].山东外语教学,1998.
[59]胡壮麟,2004,认知隐喻学[M,北京:北京大学出版社。
[60]刘丹丹,2002,中国英语学习者的阅读策略研究,《外语界》第6期.
[61]刘津开,20002,第二语言阅读中的策略迁移,《现代外语》第2期.
[62]刘亦春,2002,学习成功者与不成功者使用英语阅读策略差异的研究,《国外外语教学》第3期.
[63]刘津开,外语学习策略研究—猜词能力与外语水平[J].外语教学,1999(3).
[64]吕长,词汇量与语言综合能力,词汇深度知识之关系[J].外语教学与研究,2004(2).
[65]陆国强,现代英语词汇学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.2001.
[66]孟悦,2004,大学英语阅读策略训练的实验研究,《外语与外语教学》第2期.
[67]束定芳,庄智象.现代外语教学——理论、实践与方法[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
[68]文秋芳,1995,英语学习策略论,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
[69]吴丽林,英语学习者词汇记忆差异个案研究[J].外语教学与研究,2001(3).
[70]王文宇,观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究,1998(1).
[71]张庆宗,吴喜燕,认知加工层次与外语词汇学习——词汇认知直接学习法[J].现代外语,2002(2).
[72]张淑静,从联想测试看二语心理词汇之间的联系[J].解放军外语学院报,2005(2).