汉英形容词对比研究
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摘要
本文主要根据语言类型学的词类理论,研究和对比了汉语和英语形容词的句法特征,确定了汉英形容词的词类属性。本文弥补了以往研究中的一些缺陷,将语言的词类系统看作一个内部成员相互影响的有机体,因此我们需要采用了一种动态的眼光来考察形容词。这样做对揭示具有柔性词类系统的语言(例如汉语)尤为重要。全文一共分为六章,具体如下：
第一章主要回顾了以往词类研究的理论,并指出这些研究的优势与劣势。在基于前人的研究成果之上,同时提出本文的研究框架及研究内容和目标。
第二章介绍了人类语言词类系统中可能存在的大致类型,重点说明了汉英名词和动词之间关系的异同,澄清了词类理论中的一些关键问题,并为后续的形容词词类研究提供了理论背景和支持。
第三章主要分析了在汉语和英语中形容词和其他词类之间的划界手段,重点说明了汉英形容词的词类地位问题。进而证明汉语具有柔性的词类系统,而英语具有刚性的词类系统。因此,汉语中没有一类专门化的形容词词类,这一点和英语形容词差别巨大。最后,本章还证明在汉语的词类系统中,状词和大名词的对立是首要的,而名动形的区分相对不重要。
第四章分析了汉英形容词做谓语的句法语义差别。本章说明汉语形容词在做谓语时句法表现接近不及物动词,因而汉语形容词倾向于直接做谓语；虽然英语的形容词和名词依靠系词做谓语时句法结构相近,但由于英语的形容词属于专门化的词类,因此形容词倾向于在谓语中做定语。综合汉英整体的词类系统,汉语在谓语中的首要区分是摹状和非摹状,而英语在谓语中的首要区分是动词和非动词。
第五章主要分析了汉英形容词做定语的相关问题。首先,通过扩展测试可以说明汉语的“AN”具有强烈的成词倾向；而英语的“AN”的句法性质是词组。其次,汉语的“A的N”是关系小句结构,其背后的原因是汉语的形容词是动词。同时这也符合语言类型学的普遍共性。最后,本章运用标记理论分析了汉英名动形做定语的句法语义特征,本文得出的主要结论是：汉语首先看重摹状和非摹状的区分；而英语则主要区分动词和非动词。此外,我们同时证明汉语的形容词靠近动词,而英语的形容词靠近名词。这些和本文之前的分析结果保持一致。
第六章总结了全文的主要观点,说明了本文的不足之处,并对将来的研究方向做出了展望。
This dissertation, based upon the typological theories on word classes, makes a contrastive study of syntactic and semantic features of adjectival class in Chinese and English and identifies the linguistic property of adjectival class in both languages. This research has compensated for some weaknesses in previous studies by considering the word class system of a language as an organic mechanism in which different word classes interact with each other. Therefore, we should observe adjectival class with a dynamic view, which is of great importance to investigate the languages of flexible word class system, e.g. Chinese. The whole dissertation consists of six chapters as follows:
Chapter1is mainly a review of the previous studies on word class and makes some remarks on the advantages and disadvantages of them. At the end of the chapter, the theoretical framework, the research plan and objectives for this dissertation are raised.
Chapter2first presents a bird's view of the potential types of word class system in human languages, and then lays much emphasis on the relation between nouns and verbs in Chinese and English and clarifies some critical moot points, which theoretically contributes to the following investigation of adjectival class in this dissertation.
The major work of Chapter3concentrates on the demarcation of adjectival class with regard to noun, verb and adverb in Chinese and English and tries to crystallize the word class identity of adjective in both languages, which further proves that Chinese has a flexible word class system while English a rigid one. As a result, the absence of a specialized adjectival class in Chinese constitutes a sharp contrast with adjective in English. The end of this chapter holds that the primary distinction of Chinese word class system lies between depictive and super-noun while the differentiation between noun, verb and adjective is comparatively less important.
Chapter4analyzes the syntactic and semantic features of adjective in Chinese and English with reference to predicate position. The chapter first demonstrates that Chinese adjective behaves much closer to verb so that it tends to function directly as sentence predicate. In comparison, English adjective, which, like its noun, can be the sentence predicate with the help of copula verb, tends be the modifier in predicate largely due to the fact that English has a specialized adjectival class. Considering the entire word class system of Chinese and English, the primary distinction in predicate of Chinese is between depictive and non-depictive while the primary distinction in predicate of English lies between verb and non-verb.
Chapter5focuses on the modifier function of adjective in Chinese and English. Firstly, the extension test can prove that the 'AN' construction in Chinese is strongly prone to be a word while the equivalent construction in English to be a phrase. Secondly, the'A de(的) N'construction in Chinese is a relative clause modifying a noun which conforms to the language universal discovered by previous studies and also re-states the fact that Chinese adjective is a subcategory of verb. Lastly, this chapter, in the light of markedness theory, analyzes the syntactic and semantic properties of adjective as modifier. The conclusion is that the primary distinction in Chinese still lies between depictive and non-depictive while that in English between verb and non-verb. Moreover, it is proved again that adjective in Chinese functions much closer to verb, and English adjective closer to noun, which remains consistent with our earlier conclusion related.
Chapter6presents a generalization of the major points of view of the dissertation, pointing out some weaknesses in this study and making an expectation for the future research.
第一章主要回顾了以往词类研究的理论,并指出这些研究的优势与劣势。在基于前人的研究成果之上,同时提出本文的研究框架及研究内容和目标。
第二章介绍了人类语言词类系统中可能存在的大致类型,重点说明了汉英名词和动词之间关系的异同,澄清了词类理论中的一些关键问题,并为后续的形容词词类研究提供了理论背景和支持。
第三章主要分析了在汉语和英语中形容词和其他词类之间的划界手段,重点说明了汉英形容词的词类地位问题。进而证明汉语具有柔性的词类系统,而英语具有刚性的词类系统。因此,汉语中没有一类专门化的形容词词类,这一点和英语形容词差别巨大。最后,本章还证明在汉语的词类系统中,状词和大名词的对立是首要的,而名动形的区分相对不重要。
第四章分析了汉英形容词做谓语的句法语义差别。本章说明汉语形容词在做谓语时句法表现接近不及物动词,因而汉语形容词倾向于直接做谓语；虽然英语的形容词和名词依靠系词做谓语时句法结构相近,但由于英语的形容词属于专门化的词类,因此形容词倾向于在谓语中做定语。综合汉英整体的词类系统,汉语在谓语中的首要区分是摹状和非摹状,而英语在谓语中的首要区分是动词和非动词。
第五章主要分析了汉英形容词做定语的相关问题。首先,通过扩展测试可以说明汉语的“AN”具有强烈的成词倾向；而英语的“AN”的句法性质是词组。其次,汉语的“A的N”是关系小句结构,其背后的原因是汉语的形容词是动词。同时这也符合语言类型学的普遍共性。最后,本章运用标记理论分析了汉英名动形做定语的句法语义特征,本文得出的主要结论是：汉语首先看重摹状和非摹状的区分；而英语则主要区分动词和非动词。此外,我们同时证明汉语的形容词靠近动词,而英语的形容词靠近名词。这些和本文之前的分析结果保持一致。
第六章总结了全文的主要观点,说明了本文的不足之处,并对将来的研究方向做出了展望。
This dissertation, based upon the typological theories on word classes, makes a contrastive study of syntactic and semantic features of adjectival class in Chinese and English and identifies the linguistic property of adjectival class in both languages. This research has compensated for some weaknesses in previous studies by considering the word class system of a language as an organic mechanism in which different word classes interact with each other. Therefore, we should observe adjectival class with a dynamic view, which is of great importance to investigate the languages of flexible word class system, e.g. Chinese. The whole dissertation consists of six chapters as follows:
Chapter1is mainly a review of the previous studies on word class and makes some remarks on the advantages and disadvantages of them. At the end of the chapter, the theoretical framework, the research plan and objectives for this dissertation are raised.
Chapter2first presents a bird's view of the potential types of word class system in human languages, and then lays much emphasis on the relation between nouns and verbs in Chinese and English and clarifies some critical moot points, which theoretically contributes to the following investigation of adjectival class in this dissertation.
The major work of Chapter3concentrates on the demarcation of adjectival class with regard to noun, verb and adverb in Chinese and English and tries to crystallize the word class identity of adjective in both languages, which further proves that Chinese has a flexible word class system while English a rigid one. As a result, the absence of a specialized adjectival class in Chinese constitutes a sharp contrast with adjective in English. The end of this chapter holds that the primary distinction of Chinese word class system lies between depictive and super-noun while the differentiation between noun, verb and adjective is comparatively less important.
Chapter4analyzes the syntactic and semantic features of adjective in Chinese and English with reference to predicate position. The chapter first demonstrates that Chinese adjective behaves much closer to verb so that it tends to function directly as sentence predicate. In comparison, English adjective, which, like its noun, can be the sentence predicate with the help of copula verb, tends be the modifier in predicate largely due to the fact that English has a specialized adjectival class. Considering the entire word class system of Chinese and English, the primary distinction in predicate of Chinese is between depictive and non-depictive while the primary distinction in predicate of English lies between verb and non-verb.
Chapter5focuses on the modifier function of adjective in Chinese and English. Firstly, the extension test can prove that the 'AN' construction in Chinese is strongly prone to be a word while the equivalent construction in English to be a phrase. Secondly, the'A de(的) N'construction in Chinese is a relative clause modifying a noun which conforms to the language universal discovered by previous studies and also re-states the fact that Chinese adjective is a subcategory of verb. Lastly, this chapter, in the light of markedness theory, analyzes the syntactic and semantic properties of adjective as modifier. The conclusion is that the primary distinction in Chinese still lies between depictive and non-depictive while that in English between verb and non-verb. Moreover, it is proved again that adjective in Chinese functions much closer to verb, and English adjective closer to noun, which remains consistent with our earlier conclusion related.
Chapter6presents a generalization of the major points of view of the dissertation, pointing out some weaknesses in this study and making an expectation for the future research.
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