氢能燃料电池电能变换技术研究
摘要
随着化石能源的日益枯竭和环境污染问题的日渐加剧,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)以其高能量转换效率、环境友好等优点,成为了21世纪最有发展前景的新能源利用技术。然而燃料电池系统是一个多变量、强耦合系统,为了充分了解它的动态特性,需要对其进行数学建模和系统仿真。并且燃料电池发出的是不稳定的直流电,必须配备电能变换装置来调节电能输出,得到符合负载要求的直流电或交流电。针对以上问题本文的主要工作如下：
1、在研究PEMFC电化学反应机理的基础上,以质量能量守恒定律及电化学动态学等为理论依据建立了PEMFC的数学模型,该模型可用于实验分析与PEMFC结构设计的优化。
2、设计了一种用于PEMFC电能变换的低压直流输入、低成本、高效率的电能变换器,并通过在变换器中加入辅助蓄电池和前级Boost电路,提高了变换器的转换效率、改善了带载特性偏软及动态性能较差的缺点。
3、参与设计了一个集成有电池电堆、加湿器、流量系统、温度系统的“氢能反应堆动力系统控制平台”,以此为实验平台测试了包括电堆温度、反应气体压力、电堆电压以及输出电流密度等对燃料电池系统运行状态的影响,建立了电堆的极化曲线。并通过实验数据与模型输出数据的对比验证了模型的有效性。
4、完成了2KW质子交换膜燃料电池电能变换器的硬件搭建和调试,并在上述实验平台中使用,得到了输出稳定的直流电和符合负载要求的交流电。改善了燃料电池的输出特性,为并网逆变提供了基础。
As the ever-increasing energy crisis and serious environmental pollutions around the world, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with its high efficiency, low pollution became one of the most promising energy-conversion technologies of efficiency and clean for the 21th century. However, fuel cell is a multi-variable and strongly coupling system. In order to draw a clear picture of the dynamic characteristic of fuel cell, the work of extensive and systematic mathematical modeling and simulation are needed. What is worse, because of the generation of unstable direct current, fuel cell must be equipped with a power conversion system to produce standard DC or AC power through regulation, control and management of the output. The process of the preparation consists of:
(1) A theoretical model of a PEMFC system is proposed on the basis of the principles of energy conservation and mass conservation, and the theory of electrochemistry and circuit. It can be used for experimental analysis and optimization of structural design of PEMFC.
(2) A two-step DC-DC and DC-AC converter with low voltage input, low pollution and high efficiency is researched. The feature and conversion efficiency of the fuel cell is improved by adding auxiliary battery and Boost circuit in the converter.
(3) The hydrogen reactor power system control platform is build up including a fuel cell stack, a humidification system, a flow control system, a temperature control system. And important parameters of the test bench are measured including the rating stack temperature, the rating reactant pressure, the stack current. The theoretical model is validated by comparison with experimental data.
(4) A power conversion system of 2kw PEMFC is build up. And the DC output can stable. AC output can drive the AC load. Improve the output characteristics of fuel cells, to provide the basis for grid inverter.
1、在研究PEMFC电化学反应机理的基础上,以质量能量守恒定律及电化学动态学等为理论依据建立了PEMFC的数学模型,该模型可用于实验分析与PEMFC结构设计的优化。
2、设计了一种用于PEMFC电能变换的低压直流输入、低成本、高效率的电能变换器,并通过在变换器中加入辅助蓄电池和前级Boost电路,提高了变换器的转换效率、改善了带载特性偏软及动态性能较差的缺点。
3、参与设计了一个集成有电池电堆、加湿器、流量系统、温度系统的“氢能反应堆动力系统控制平台”,以此为实验平台测试了包括电堆温度、反应气体压力、电堆电压以及输出电流密度等对燃料电池系统运行状态的影响,建立了电堆的极化曲线。并通过实验数据与模型输出数据的对比验证了模型的有效性。
4、完成了2KW质子交换膜燃料电池电能变换器的硬件搭建和调试,并在上述实验平台中使用,得到了输出稳定的直流电和符合负载要求的交流电。改善了燃料电池的输出特性,为并网逆变提供了基础。
As the ever-increasing energy crisis and serious environmental pollutions around the world, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with its high efficiency, low pollution became one of the most promising energy-conversion technologies of efficiency and clean for the 21th century. However, fuel cell is a multi-variable and strongly coupling system. In order to draw a clear picture of the dynamic characteristic of fuel cell, the work of extensive and systematic mathematical modeling and simulation are needed. What is worse, because of the generation of unstable direct current, fuel cell must be equipped with a power conversion system to produce standard DC or AC power through regulation, control and management of the output. The process of the preparation consists of:
(1) A theoretical model of a PEMFC system is proposed on the basis of the principles of energy conservation and mass conservation, and the theory of electrochemistry and circuit. It can be used for experimental analysis and optimization of structural design of PEMFC.
(2) A two-step DC-DC and DC-AC converter with low voltage input, low pollution and high efficiency is researched. The feature and conversion efficiency of the fuel cell is improved by adding auxiliary battery and Boost circuit in the converter.
(3) The hydrogen reactor power system control platform is build up including a fuel cell stack, a humidification system, a flow control system, a temperature control system. And important parameters of the test bench are measured including the rating stack temperature, the rating reactant pressure, the stack current. The theoretical model is validated by comparison with experimental data.
(4) A power conversion system of 2kw PEMFC is build up. And the DC output can stable. AC output can drive the AC load. Improve the output characteristics of fuel cells, to provide the basis for grid inverter.
引文
[1]苏亚欣,毛玉如,赵敬德.新能源与可再生能源概论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006.1
[2]毛宗强.氢能离我们还有多远-我国燃料电池现状、差距及对策[J].电源技术,2003,27
[3]Heinzel A, C Heblinga, M. Mullera, M Zeddaa, C. Mullerb. Fuel cells for low power application[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2002,105
[4]衣宝廉.燃料电池-高效、环境友好的发电方式[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2000.1-2
[5]L.S. Martins, J.E.F.C Gardolinski, J.V.C. Vargas, J.C. Ordonez, S.C. Amico, M.M.C. Forte. The experimental validation of a simplified PEMFC simulation model for design and optimization purposes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2009,29:3036-3048
[6]李瑛,王林山.燃料电池[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2000.5-10
[7]唐伦成,杨阁亭,王佳.燃料电池技术及应用[J].化工进展,1995,4
[8]Hirschenhofe R J H, Stauffer D B. Fuel cell handbook[M]. Morgantown:Parsons Corporation,1998.1-36
[9]衣宝廉.燃料电池现状与未来[J].电源技术,1998,22：216-221
[10]刘驰,沈卫东,阮喻,杜明磊.质子交换膜燃料电池作为军事通信电源的应用前景分析[J].能源技术,2004,25
[11]Rongjong Wai, Rouyong Duan. High-Efficiency Power Conversion for Low Power Fuel Cell Generation System [J]. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2005,20
[12]Gang Wang, Pradeep Pant, Hasan Mohammad. High Efficiency Low Cost Inverter System for Fuel Cell Application. [J]. Fuel Cell Seminar:2003,6技术能量系统-基本概念[S].1999
[13]刘志祥,毛宗强,王诚.质子交换膜燃料电池模型研究现状.[J].电池,2004,34
[14]邵庆龙,曹广义,朱新坚.质子交换膜燃料电池数学模型的现状与发展[J].电源技术,2003,27
[15]王振.质子交换膜燃料电池系统特性仿真研究[D].山东大学,2007
[16]Jaouen F, Lindbergh G, Sundholm G Investigation of mass-transport limitation in the solid polymer fuel cell cathode. [J] J Electrochem Soc.2002,149
[17]Baschu K JJ, Lixian G Modeling of polymer electrolyte memebrane fuel cells with variable degrees of water flooding.[J]. J Power Sources,2000,86
[18]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000.1
[19]朱选才.燃料电池发电系统功率变换及能量管理[D].浙江大学,2009
[20]田玉冬,朱新坚,曹广益.质子交换膜燃料电池移动电源温度模糊控制[J].电源技术,2005,29
[21]Shengzhou Chen, Fei Ye, Weiming Lin. Carbon nanotubes-Nafion composites as Pt-Ru catalyst support for methanol electrooxidation in acid media[J]. 天然气化学杂志, 2009,18
[22]Michael W. Ellis, Michael R. Von Sparkovsky, Douglas J. Nelson, Fuel cell system:Efficient, flexible energy conversion for 21st century[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2001,89
[23]Suh K W, Stefanopoulou AG Coordination of converter and fuel cell controllers.[J]. Int J Energy Res,2005,29
[24]Henk Huisseune, Arnout Willockx, Michel De Paepe. Semi-empirical along-the-channel model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell.[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen, 2008,33
[25]张传福,黎昌俊,曾德文.燃料电池及其结构材料[J].新能源,1998,22
[26]谢晓峰,范星河.燃料电池技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004,52-53
[27]Yi JS, Nguyen TV. An along-the-channel model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2001,94
[28]黄得成.聚合物膜燃料电池用电催化剂的研究和进展.[J]2000,12.
[29]陈晓勇.燃料电池用质子交换膜[J].化学推进剂与高分子材料,2009,7
[30]任素贞.直接甲醇燃料电池用新型质子交换膜的研究[D].大连理工大学,2005
[31]L.S. Martin, J.E.F.C. Gardolinski, J.V.C. Vargas, J.C. Ordonez, S.C. Amico, M.M.M.C FORTE. The experimental validation of a simplified PEMFC simulation model for design and optimization purposes[J]. Appied Thermal Engineering,2009,29
[32]张传福,黎昌俊,曾德文.燃料电池及其结构材料[J].新能源,1998,22
[33]蒋鹤麟,王瑛,吴志鸿.质子交换膜燃料电池的研究与开发[J].稀有金属,2000,24
[34]Claire H. Woo, J.B. Benziger. PEM fuel cell current regulation by fuel feed control[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2007,62
[35]刘建国,孙公权.燃料电池概述[J].物理学与性能源材料专题,2004,33
[36]D.T. Santa Rosa, D.G. Pinto, V.S. Silva, R.A. Silva, C.M. Rangel.[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,32
[37]李晓光.混合建模方法研究及其在化工过程中的应用.[D].北京化工大学,2008
[38]詹姆斯拉米尼,安德鲁.燃料电池系统-原理、设计、应用.[M].北京：科学出版社2006,20-23,38-40,47
[39]莫志军,朱新坚,曹广益.质子交换膜燃料电池建模与稳态仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17.
[40]Larminie J, Dicks A. Fuel cell systems explained. [M]. Wiley, London,2001,102-105
[41]F Blaabjerg, Z Chen, B kjar. Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation system. [J]. IEEE Trtans on Power Electronic,2004,19
[42]李鑫.燃料电池DC/AC变换器主电路及其EMC研究[D].上海：同济大学,2008
[43]李宇Buck-Boost变换器的研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2006
[44]王彬.燃料电池DC-DC变换器的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.
[45]白志红,张仲超.一种单相电流型多电平逆变器拓扑及PWM方法的研究.[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,5
[46]Xunwei Zhou, Bo Yang, Luca Amoroso. A Novel High-input-voltage, High Efficiency and Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Module-Push-pull Forward Converter.[J]. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.1999,2
[47]孔丽.电动汽车电气特性研究.[D].西安：长安大学,2004
[48]郭世明,黄念慈.电力电子技术[M].成都：西南交通大学,2002
[49]鲁莉容,李晓帆,蒋平.功率MOSFET高速驱动电路的研究[J].电力电子技,2001,35
[50]Ahmad W, Al-Dabbagh, Lixuan Lu, Antonio Mazza. Modelling simulation and control of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power system.[J]. International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy.2008,18
[51]伍家驹,章义国,任吉林等.单相PWM逆变器的滤波器的一种设计方法.[J].电气传 动,2003,3.
[52]丁道宏.电力电子技术.[M].北京：航空工业出版社,1999,171-225
[53]Hong Li A, Bo Zhang B, Zhong Li A,Wolfgnag A, Hanlang A, Guanrong Chen C. Controlling DC-DC converters by chaos-based pulse width modulation to reduce EMI.[J]. Chao Solitons and Fractals,2009,42
[2]毛宗强.氢能离我们还有多远-我国燃料电池现状、差距及对策[J].电源技术,2003,27
[3]Heinzel A, C Heblinga, M. Mullera, M Zeddaa, C. Mullerb. Fuel cells for low power application[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2002,105
[4]衣宝廉.燃料电池-高效、环境友好的发电方式[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2000.1-2
[5]L.S. Martins, J.E.F.C Gardolinski, J.V.C. Vargas, J.C. Ordonez, S.C. Amico, M.M.C. Forte. The experimental validation of a simplified PEMFC simulation model for design and optimization purposes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2009,29:3036-3048
[6]李瑛,王林山.燃料电池[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2000.5-10
[7]唐伦成,杨阁亭,王佳.燃料电池技术及应用[J].化工进展,1995,4
[8]Hirschenhofe R J H, Stauffer D B. Fuel cell handbook[M]. Morgantown:Parsons Corporation,1998.1-36
[9]衣宝廉.燃料电池现状与未来[J].电源技术,1998,22：216-221
[10]刘驰,沈卫东,阮喻,杜明磊.质子交换膜燃料电池作为军事通信电源的应用前景分析[J].能源技术,2004,25
[11]Rongjong Wai, Rouyong Duan. High-Efficiency Power Conversion for Low Power Fuel Cell Generation System [J]. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2005,20
[12]Gang Wang, Pradeep Pant, Hasan Mohammad. High Efficiency Low Cost Inverter System for Fuel Cell Application. [J]. Fuel Cell Seminar:2003,6技术能量系统-基本概念[S].1999
[13]刘志祥,毛宗强,王诚.质子交换膜燃料电池模型研究现状.[J].电池,2004,34
[14]邵庆龙,曹广义,朱新坚.质子交换膜燃料电池数学模型的现状与发展[J].电源技术,2003,27
[15]王振.质子交换膜燃料电池系统特性仿真研究[D].山东大学,2007
[16]Jaouen F, Lindbergh G, Sundholm G Investigation of mass-transport limitation in the solid polymer fuel cell cathode. [J] J Electrochem Soc.2002,149
[17]Baschu K JJ, Lixian G Modeling of polymer electrolyte memebrane fuel cells with variable degrees of water flooding.[J]. J Power Sources,2000,86
[18]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000.1
[19]朱选才.燃料电池发电系统功率变换及能量管理[D].浙江大学,2009
[20]田玉冬,朱新坚,曹广益.质子交换膜燃料电池移动电源温度模糊控制[J].电源技术,2005,29
[21]Shengzhou Chen, Fei Ye, Weiming Lin. Carbon nanotubes-Nafion composites as Pt-Ru catalyst support for methanol electrooxidation in acid media[J]. 天然气化学杂志, 2009,18
[22]Michael W. Ellis, Michael R. Von Sparkovsky, Douglas J. Nelson, Fuel cell system:Efficient, flexible energy conversion for 21st century[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2001,89
[23]Suh K W, Stefanopoulou AG Coordination of converter and fuel cell controllers.[J]. Int J Energy Res,2005,29
[24]Henk Huisseune, Arnout Willockx, Michel De Paepe. Semi-empirical along-the-channel model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell.[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen, 2008,33
[25]张传福,黎昌俊,曾德文.燃料电池及其结构材料[J].新能源,1998,22
[26]谢晓峰,范星河.燃料电池技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004,52-53
[27]Yi JS, Nguyen TV. An along-the-channel model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2001,94
[28]黄得成.聚合物膜燃料电池用电催化剂的研究和进展.[J]2000,12.
[29]陈晓勇.燃料电池用质子交换膜[J].化学推进剂与高分子材料,2009,7
[30]任素贞.直接甲醇燃料电池用新型质子交换膜的研究[D].大连理工大学,2005
[31]L.S. Martin, J.E.F.C. Gardolinski, J.V.C. Vargas, J.C. Ordonez, S.C. Amico, M.M.M.C FORTE. The experimental validation of a simplified PEMFC simulation model for design and optimization purposes[J]. Appied Thermal Engineering,2009,29
[32]张传福,黎昌俊,曾德文.燃料电池及其结构材料[J].新能源,1998,22
[33]蒋鹤麟,王瑛,吴志鸿.质子交换膜燃料电池的研究与开发[J].稀有金属,2000,24
[34]Claire H. Woo, J.B. Benziger. PEM fuel cell current regulation by fuel feed control[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2007,62
[35]刘建国,孙公权.燃料电池概述[J].物理学与性能源材料专题,2004,33
[36]D.T. Santa Rosa, D.G. Pinto, V.S. Silva, R.A. Silva, C.M. Rangel.[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,32
[37]李晓光.混合建模方法研究及其在化工过程中的应用.[D].北京化工大学,2008
[38]詹姆斯拉米尼,安德鲁.燃料电池系统-原理、设计、应用.[M].北京：科学出版社2006,20-23,38-40,47
[39]莫志军,朱新坚,曹广益.质子交换膜燃料电池建模与稳态仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17.
[40]Larminie J, Dicks A. Fuel cell systems explained. [M]. Wiley, London,2001,102-105
[41]F Blaabjerg, Z Chen, B kjar. Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation system. [J]. IEEE Trtans on Power Electronic,2004,19
[42]李鑫.燃料电池DC/AC变换器主电路及其EMC研究[D].上海：同济大学,2008
[43]李宇Buck-Boost变换器的研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2006
[44]王彬.燃料电池DC-DC变换器的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.
[45]白志红,张仲超.一种单相电流型多电平逆变器拓扑及PWM方法的研究.[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,5
[46]Xunwei Zhou, Bo Yang, Luca Amoroso. A Novel High-input-voltage, High Efficiency and Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Module-Push-pull Forward Converter.[J]. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.1999,2
[47]孔丽.电动汽车电气特性研究.[D].西安：长安大学,2004
[48]郭世明,黄念慈.电力电子技术[M].成都：西南交通大学,2002
[49]鲁莉容,李晓帆,蒋平.功率MOSFET高速驱动电路的研究[J].电力电子技,2001,35
[50]Ahmad W, Al-Dabbagh, Lixuan Lu, Antonio Mazza. Modelling simulation and control of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power system.[J]. International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy.2008,18
[51]伍家驹,章义国,任吉林等.单相PWM逆变器的滤波器的一种设计方法.[J].电气传 动,2003,3.
[52]丁道宏.电力电子技术.[M].北京：航空工业出版社,1999,171-225
[53]Hong Li A, Bo Zhang B, Zhong Li A,Wolfgnag A, Hanlang A, Guanrong Chen C. Controlling DC-DC converters by chaos-based pulse width modulation to reduce EMI.[J]. Chao Solitons and Fractals,2009,42